高考英语一轮复习 语法精讲系列 讲座五 情态动词和虚拟语气课件.ppt

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,语法精讲系列,讲座五 情态动词和虚拟语气,一、情态动词 考点一 情态动词的基本用法 1can和could的用法 (1)表示“能力”。 No one can be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball. Oh,you are really his big fan. 在打篮球方面,无人能与姚明相媲美。 你真是姚明的铁杆粉丝。,(2)表示礼貌地请求别人做某事或允许别人做某事,意为“能,可以”。 What should I wear to the party? Well,it isnt very formal.You can wear whatever you like. 晚会我应该穿什么? 晚会不太正式,你可以穿自己喜欢的任何衣服。 (3)表示惊讶,常用在否定句和疑问句中。 How could you do such a silly thing? 你怎么能做那样的蠢事呢?,2may和might的用法 (1)may和might表示“许可”。 May I take the book out? Im afraid not. 我能将书带出去吗? 恐怕不行。 (2)You may come if you wish. 你想来就来吧。,3must的用法 (1)表示必要性,意为“必须”。 The children must be back by 4 oclock. 孩子们必须4点钟以前回来。 Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? I am afraid you must,in case he comes late for the meeting. 我现在通知他日程表的变动吗? 恐怕你必须通知他,以免他开会迟到。 (2)表示禁止(用于否定句)。 You mustnt park here!Its an emergency exit. 你不可以在这儿停车!这是紧急情况出口处。,4shall和should的用法 (1)shall的用法 用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 Shall I go out for a walk after supper? 晚饭后我可以散散步吗? shall与第二、三人称连用,用于陈述句中,表示说话者的意志,用来表达说话者给对方以命令、指示或允诺。此外,当宣布法律、规定时,也用shall来表达。如:,Will you read me a story,Mummy? OK.You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. 妈妈,给我讲个故事好吗? 好,如果你尽快上床睡觉,我就给你讲一个。(允诺) It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 已宣布,在所有试卷收上来之前,应试者必须留在自己的座位上。(规则或规定),(2)should的用法 should意为“(义务上)应该”,在语气上比must(必须)弱。“should动词原形”表示现在或将来应该。如: I should go and visit him this afternoon,but I wonder if I will be free. 今天下午我应该去看望他,但我不知道我是否有空。(表示将来应该) The children should be taken good care of. 这些孩子应该受到好的照顾。,5will和would的用法 (1)表示意志、意愿和决心,would用于过去的情况。 I have told him again and again to stop smoking,but he will not listen. 我已再三告诉他戒烟,但是他就是不听。 You can stay here as long as you can,if you will. 如果你愿意,你能在这里待多长时间就待多长时间。(表示主语的意愿) Mr.Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon.Dont forget it! OK,I wont.(表示决心) 戈登先生让我提醒你今天下午有会议。可别忘了! 好的,我不会忘的。,(2)will(wont)可用来叙述真理,还可叙述目前的习惯,would(wouldnt)可以用来叙述过去的习惯。如: Oil will float on water. 油能浮在水面上。 Engines wont run without lubricants. 没有润滑剂发动机就不能运转。 She will listen to records alone in her room for hours. 她独自一人在屋里听唱片,常常一听就是几个小时。 He would spend hours in the bathroom or on the telephone. 他以前一进洗澡间或是一打电话,往往就是几个小时。,特别注意:would和used to都可表示过去的习惯,但前者表示过去反复的动作,常与every day,often,frequently等连用;后者表示过去的状态或过去的习惯,但现在已不存在。如: When he was abroad,he would read as many books as possible.在国外时,他总是尽可能多读书。 She doesnt get up so early as she used to. 她不像以前那样起得那么早了。,6need和dare的用法 need和dare两者既可用作情态动词也可用作实义动词。作实义动词时,有人称和数的变化,可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句中,构成否定句或疑问句时要用助动词do,does,did;作情态动词时,没有人称和数的变化,直接接动词原形,只用于否定句和疑问句中,构成否定句和疑问句时不用助动词。 另外,dare作情态动词时,还可用于条件句中,过去式为dared;作实义动词时,dare常用于疑问句或否定句,后面的to也可省略;I dare say是习惯说法,意为“我想,大概”。如:,He neednt do it.(情态动词) He doesnt need to do it.(实义动词) 他不必做这件事。 I didnt know whether he dared say that to him.(情态动词,有时态变化) 我不知道他是否敢对他说那话。 He didnt dare(to) do it.(实义动词) He dared not do it.(情态动词) 他不敢那么做。,考点二 情态动词表示推测的用法 1can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性,意为“有时会”。 Accidents can happen on such rainy days. 这样的多雨天气可能会发生事故。(客观的可能性) can用于否定句中表推测时,语气较强。如: After what had happened he could not continue to work there. 鉴于所发生的事情,他不可能继续在那里工作下去了。 You cant mistake their car;its got a bright red line all over it. 你不可能会认错他们的车,那辆车上有道亮红色的条纹。 can,could在疑问句中,常表示困惑、不相信等。如:,Theres someone outsidewho can it be? 外面有人会是谁呢? What can they be doing? 他们可能在干些什么呢? Could he be serious? 他当真是这个意思吗? Where can she have put it? 她能把它放在哪儿呢?,2may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测,意为“有可能”;用于否定句中也可以表示推测,may not意为“可能不”,表示一种不太确定的语气。 The traffic is heavy these days.I might arrive a bit late,so could you save me a place? 这些天交通很繁忙,我可能会来晚一点儿。请你帮我保留个位置好吗?,3must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中,意为“一定,必定”,表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。 Its the office!So you must know eating is not allowed here. Oh,sorry. 这是办公室!所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。 噢,对不起。 4should用来表示推测时意为“应该”,即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。 There shouldnt be any difficulty passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school. 因为你在驾校训练了那么多,通过路考应该没什么困难。,考点三 情态动词的特殊用法 1cannot butdo sth.表示“不得不/只好做某事”。如: I could not but admit that he was right and I was wrong. 我不得不承认他对了,我错了。 I cannot choose but go. 我只好去。,2cannot/can never.enough/too.表示“再也不为过”。 You cannot be careful enough to cross the road. 过马路时你怎么小心都不为过。 3may可以用于祈使句,表示祝愿。如: May we never forget each other. 愿我们彼此永不相忘。 May you return in safety. 愿你平安归来。,4may well和may as well结构。 (1)“may well动词原形”是一种常用结构,意为“完全能,很可能”,相当于“be very likely to do”。如: He may well be proud of his son. 他大可为他的儿子感到自豪。 Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her. 她的模样变化太大,你很可能认不出她了。 (2)“may as well动词原形”意为“最好,倒不如”。如: You may as well do it at once. 你最好马上就做这件事。 We may as well stay where we are. 我们留在现在的地方倒也不错。,5“should”有时表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等,意为“竟会”。如: Its odd that she should think I would want to see her again. 她竟然认为我会想再次见到她,真奇怪。 6must表示“偏要、硬要”。如: If you must go,at least wait until the storm is over. 如果你偏要走,你至少要等到暴风雨停止。 Must you make so much noise? 你非得弄出这么大声响吗?,考点四 “情态动词have done”的用法 1should/ought tohave done表示“过去本应该做而(实际)没有做的事情”,含有责备或遗憾的语气,意为“本应该”。其否定形式为“should not/ought not tohave done”,表示某种行为本不该发生但实际上发生了。 You ought to have done this exercise more carefully. 你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。 You shouldnt have told her the truth. 你本不该告诉她真相。,2musthave done,用于肯定句,表示“过去一定做过某事”,是一种很有把握的推测。注意:对过去发生的情况的否定推测常用“cant/couldnthave done”表示。 Ye Shiwen won two gold medals in London Olympic Games. She must have gone through tough training. 叶诗文在伦敦奥运会上获得了两枚金牌。 她肯定受过严格的训练。 It must have rained last night,for the road is quite muddy. 昨晚一定下雨了,因为路很泥泞。,3may/mighthave done是对过去情况的一种不太有把握的推测,表示“可能已做了某事”,否定句表示“可能还没有”。 Sorry,Im late.I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. 对不起,我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。 4couldhave done表示“过去本来可以做,但实际上没有做”;can/couldhave done表示“过去可能做过”。 I could have saved the poor rabbit,but I didnt have the right drugs with me at that moment. 我本来可以拯救那只可怜的兔子的,可是我当时没有合适的药品。,5neednthave done表示“过去没有必要做某事,但实际上做了某事”。 Mark neednt have hurried.After driving at top speed,he arrived half an hour early. 马克本没必要那么匆忙。他以最快速度开车,结果早到了半个小时。 You neednt have taken a taxi here,for it was very near to my house. 你本来不必打车来这里的,因为这里离我家很近。,二、虚拟语气 考点一 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法 1if条件句,(1)与现在事实相反 If I were you,I should seize the chance to go abroad. 如果我是你,我就抓住这次出国的机会。 (2)与过去事实相反 If you had taken my advice,you would not have failed in the exams. 如果你早听了我的建议,你考试就能通过了。 (3)与将来事实相反 If he should not come tomorrow,we should put off the meeting till next Monday. 如果明天他不来,我们就把会议推迟到下周一。,2错综时间条件句 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。 I actually believe that we would be in Xian now if you hadnt been caught drunk driving last month. 事实上,我认为如果上个月你没因酒驾被逮住的话,我们现在就在西安呢。 特别注意:如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should,有时可把if省略,将were/had/should提至主语之前,形成倒装句。否定形式的not不可提到主语前。,Had you taken my advice,you wouldnt have failed in the examination. 如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格了。 Should it rain tomorrow,we would have to cancel the football match. 如果明天下雨,我们将不得不取消足球赛。 Were it not for the expense,I would go abroad now. 如果不是因为费用问题,我现在就出国了。 3含蓄条件句 有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示,而是由otherwise,if only,but,or,without,but for等来引导或者通过上下文表示。 If only I had taken your advice. 我要是听了你的建议就好了。,But for your help,we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. 没有你的帮助,我们是不可能提前完成这项工作的。 He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or/otherwise I would have known nothing about it. 他打电话通知了我你的生日,否则,我对此一点儿都不知道。 I would have come sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting for me. 我本该早一些到,但我不知道他们在等我。,I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky. 我希望我是只小鸟,能在天空自由飞翔。 I wish(that) I had met that film star yesterday. 我希望昨天见到那个影星了。 How I wish it werent raining now. 我多希望现在没下雨啊。,(2)用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中,常见的动词有:demand,order,require,insist,suggest,propose,advise,request,urge,command,prefer,desire,recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should动词原形”,should可以省略。如: He suggested that we(should) start off early the next day. 他建议我们第二天早点出发。 They insisted that the boy(should) go with them. 他们坚决主张那个男孩子跟他们一起去。,此类动词记忆小窍门: 一坚持(insist) 二命令(order,command) 三建议(advise,suggest,propose) 四要求(require,request,demand,desire),特别注意:当suggest表示“暗示,表明”之意,insist表示“坚持说”之意时,suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气,应使用陈述语气。如: The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。 The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. 那个人坚持说他没有偷钱。,2虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法 It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/ strange/natural/a pity/essentialthat从句,从句的谓语动词用“should动词原形”,should可以省略。如: It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 人们建议会议推迟到下周。 It is strange that he (should) have acted toward his parents like that.(从句谓语动词的动作在主句谓语动词的动作之前发生时,要用“should have过去分词”) 真奇怪他竟然那样对他父母。,3用于表语从句和同位语从句中 在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,其构成是“should动词原形”,should可以省略。如: My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it. 我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。 We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Dalian for sightseeing. 我们都同意他让我们去大连旅游的建议。,4虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法 在It is(high/about)time (that)句型中,定语从句中的谓语动词用过去式,或用should动词原形(should通常不省略)。此句型意为“(现在)该”,用来表示提议。 It is (high) time that you went to school. 你该去上学了。 5as if/as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句常用虚拟语气 He stood up and offered her his seat,as if he had read her mind. 他站起来给她让座,他好像读懂了她的心思。,特别注意:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。 It looks as if its going to rain. 天看上去似乎要下雨。,
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