高考英语 语法专项突破 情态动词与虚拟语气课件 外研版.ppt

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路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索,走向高考 英语,外研版 高考总复习,语法专项突破,第二部分,语法专项突破(九) 情态动词与虚拟语气,第二部分,考 纲 解 读,命 题 分 析,知 识 归 纳,语 法 专 练,2,3,4,1,情态动词一直是高考英语单项填空中非常重要的一个语法项目。高考对情态动词的考查主要有:(1)情态动词的基本用法;(2)情态动词表示推测;(3)“情态动词have done”结构。高考对虚拟语气的考查力度呈现出了上升趋势,含蓄条件句和特殊结构中的虚拟语气将是语法填空的一个考查重点。,情态动词 一、考点知识归纳 考点一 情态动词表示推测和可能性 1情态动词can可用于肯定句中表示客观的(理论的)可能性,也可以表示“一时或暂时的”情况,而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时,can一般不用于肯定句中。如: Accidents can happen on such rainy days. 这样的多雨天气可能会发生事故。(客观的可能性) Peter may come with us tonight,but he isnt sure yet. 彼得今晚可能来我们这儿,但他还没确定。(实际可能性,不用can),2表示具体事情实际发生的可能性: (1)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次比较(见下表),(2)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时,may,must常用于肯定句中,一般不用于否定句和疑问句中(may not表示“可能不”);can常用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中,表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思;could既可用于肯定句中,又可用于否定句、疑问句中。如: This cant/couldnt be done by him. 这不可能是他干的。(表不相信) This may not be done by him. 这可能不是他干的。(表不确定),He could be on his way home now. 他现在可能在回家的路上。(could不如may/might常用) Can this be done by him? 这可能是他干的吗?(表示疑惑、惊讶) I didnt hear the phone.I must have been asleep. 我没听见电话铃响。当时我一定睡着了。(表肯定) Are you going to Jeffs party? 你要去参加杰弗的聚会吗? Im not sure.I might go to the concert instead. 我不确定。我可能去听音乐会。(表不确定),(3)would, could, should, might并不一定与过去时间有关,而表示可能性弱于它们相应的现在时形式。如: This may/might be done by him. 这件事有可能是他干的。(语气依次递减) (4)should用来表示推测时意为“应该”,即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。,(5)表示对现在正在发生的事情进行推测要用“情态动词be现在分词”这种结构。这种结构在高考题中出现的次数不太多,但也要引起注意。如: My mother must be watering the flowers in the garden now. 我妈妈现在肯定正在花园里浇花。 The students may be climbing the mountain at the moment. 此刻学生们可能正在登山。 3情态动词后跟完成式表示对过去事情的推测参见考点三。,考点二 情态动词表示必要性 must常用来表示必要性,意为“必须”。表示现在或将来必须做某事用“must动词原形”;表示现在或将来不必做某事时,用dont have to do sth.或dont need to do sth.或neednt do sth.;表示过去没必要做某事时,分为以下情况:表示过去没必要做某事,但事实上却做了,用neednt have done sth.表示过去没必要做某事,而不涉及是否做,可用didnt have to do sth.或didnt need to do sth.或It was not necessary to do sth.等。如:,You neednt have worked that late last night.It was harmful to your health. 你昨晚不必工作到那么晚。那对你的身体没好处。 Did you work very late last night? 你昨天晚上工作到很晚吗? No, I didnt. I didnt need to work very late. 不是很晚。我没必要工作到很晚。 should也可以表示必要性,意为“(义务上)应该”。should表示必要性时,在语气上比must(必须)弱。“should动词原形”,表示现在或将来应该做某事(的必要性);“shouldhave过去分词”,表示过去本该做某事(的必要性)。如:,I should go and visit him this afternoon, but I wonder if I will be free. 今天下午我应该去看望他,但我不知道我是否有空。(表示将来的必要性) You should have come to the conference yesterday. What was the reason for your absence? 你昨天应该参加那个会议。你缺席的原因是什么?(表示过去的必要性),考点三 “情态动词完成式”表示推测、必要性等用法一览,如:I am starving to death. I can eat two bowls of rice now. 我快饿死了,现在我能吃两碗米饭。(现在的能力) If you have a good sleep, you will be able to work out this problem. 如果你好好睡一觉,你将能够解出这道题。(将来的能力) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了整个宾馆,但是每个人都能够逃出去。(过去有能力做并且成功地做了某事) I could have worked out the problem,but l didnt. 我本来可以解决这个问题,但没有解决。(过去有能力做但却未做),2表示请求、允许、允诺 当对方是决策者时,你代表你(们)自己(I,we),或代表第三者(he,she,they)向对方(you)请示或提出建议时用(shall常用于一、三人称,will/would常用于第二人称):Shall/May(Might)/Can(Could)I/we.?Shall he/she/they.?Would/Will you.?如: Shall we begin our class? 我们可以开始上课吗? Shall the driver wait outside? 司机在外边等着可以吗?,When shall my father be able to leave hospital? 我父亲什么时候可以出院? Would you do me a favor?请帮我一下,好吗? could/might/would/should表委婉的语气。如: Could/Might I use your bike tomorrow morning? 明天上午我能用一下你的自行车吗? Yes,you can/may.(No,Im afraid not.) 行,你可以用。(不,恐怕不行。),不可说:Yes,you could/might.回答允许时,用could/might表委婉是不恰当的。如: Could I borrow your dictionary? 我能借你的词典吗? Yes,of course you can. 是的,当然可以。 当你自己()是决策者,给对方(you)或第三者(he,she,they)以命令、警告、允诺或威胁时,要用shall。此外,当颁布法律、规定时,也要用shall。如:,You shall leave the room at once,and he also shall.(I order you and him to leave the room at once.) 你马上滚出去,他也一样。(说话者的命令) It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 在所有试卷收上来之前,应试者必须留在座位那里。(规则或规定),3其他用法 (1)“can not but动词原形”表示“不得不,只好”。如: I can not but choose to go. 我只好去。 (2)may well和may/might as well结构 “may well动词原形”是一种常用结构,意为“完全能,很可能”,相当于be very likely to。如: Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her. 她的模样变化太大,你很可能认不出她了。,“may/might as well动词原形”意为“最好,满可以,不如”。如: You may as well do it at once. 你最好马上就做这件事。 cannot(或never等否定词)与enough连用表示“再也不为过”。如: You cannot be careful enough to cross the road. 过马路时你怎么小心都不为过。 may可以用于祈使句中,表示祝愿。如: May you return in safety. 愿你平安归来。,“Why/Howshould”结构表示说话人对某事不能理解、感到意外、惊异等,意为“竟会”。如: Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么来得这么晚? How should I know? 我怎么会知道?(意为:我不知道。) must表示“偏要、硬要(做某事)”。如: Must you make so much noise? 你非得弄出这么多噪音吗?,考点五 情态动词常规用法 1can和could(could为can的过去式)的基本用法 (1)表示能力; (2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑,猜测”或“可能性”; (3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用; (4)如果要表示委婉的语气,可用could代替can,这时could不再是can的过去式; (5)can和be able to都可表示能力。但是can只有现在式和过去式,而be able to则有更多的形式;can表示有能力做某事,而be able to则表示通过努力,克服困难做成某事。,2may和might(might为may的过去式)的基本用法 (1)表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”之意。如:You may use my dictionary.在回答对方说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时,一般不用may或may not,以避免语气生硬,而是用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如:May I use this dictionary?Yes,please.或Im afraid not.在请求对方许可时,如果用Might I就比用May I语气更婉转些。如:Might I have a look at your new computer?但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时,要用must not代替may not。如:May I swim in this lake?No,you mustnt. Its too dangerous.,(2)may和might都可以表示可能性,表示“或许,可能”之意, 如果用might表示可能性,则语气更加不肯定。如:They may(might)be in the library now. 3must的基本用法 (1)must表示“必须,应该”之意,其否定式为must not,缩写形式为mustnt,表示“不准,不许可,禁止”之意。如:We must study hard and make progress every day./You mustnt touch the fire.,(2)对以must开头的疑问句作否定回答时,要用neednt或dont (doesnt) have to,而不用mustnt,因为mustnt表示的是“禁止,不许可”之意。如:Must we finish the work tomorrow?No,you neednt(dont have to),but you must finish it in three days. (3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测,表示“一定,必定”之意。 如:Whose new bike can it be? It must be Liu Dongs.His father just bought him a new one.,4have to的基本用法 have to和must的意思相近,只是must侧重表示说话人的主观看法,而have to则表示客观需要。如:I must study hard./I had to give it up because of illness. 5ought to的基本用法 (1)表示义务,意为“应当”,语气比should强。如:Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2)表示推测,注意与must表示推测时的区别:He must be home by now.(断定他已到家)/He ought to be home by now.(不十分肯定)/This is where the oil must be.(比较直率)/This is where the oil ought to be.(比较含蓄),(3)在美国英语中ought to用于否定句和疑问句时to可以省略。如:Ought you smoke so much?/You oughtnt smoke so much. 6dare的基本用法 (1)dare作情态动词时,主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。如:Dare he break the traffic regulations again? (2)在现代英语中dare常作实义动词,其用法与其他实义动词相同。如:She dares to stay at home alone at night.,7need的基本用法 (1)need作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句和条件句中。如:He neednt worry about us now. (2)need也可作实义动词,用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中,其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带to的动词不定式作宾语。如:You need to practise reading aloud every day.,8shall的基本用法 (1)shall用于第二、第三人称时,表示说话人的意愿,可表示命令、警告、强制、威胁或允诺等。如:He shall go first,whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑问句中,shall用于第一、第三人称,表示说话人征询对方意见或请求指示。如:Shall I open the door? (3)在比较正式的书面语中,如法律条文中所规定的权利或义务往往用shall来表示。,典例示例 What does the sign over there read? No person _ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette,cigar or pipe in this area. 剖析:shall 答语所表达的是警告,故选shall。,9should的基本用法 (1)should可以表示建议或劝告,表示“应该”之意。如:You should learn from each other. (2)should可以用在条件状语从句中,表示语气较强的假设,译作“万一,竟然”,这时也可将should置于从句之首,即将should放在主语前面,而省略if。如:If anyone should come(Should anyone come),say I am not at home.万一有人来访,就说我不在家。 (3)should还可以表示谦逊、客气、委婉之意,译为“可,倒”。如:I should say that it would be better to try it again.我倒是认为最好再试一试。,10will的基本用法 (1)用于各种人称,可以表示意志或决心。如:I have told him again and again to stop smoking,but he will not listen. (2)在疑问句中,用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿。如:Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作,有“总是”或“总要”之意。如:Every morning he will have a walk along this river.,11would的基本用法 (1)would作为will的过去式时,可用于各种人称,表示过去的意志或决心。如:He promised he would never smoke again. (2)在疑问句中,用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿,语气比will委婉。如:Would you like some more coffee? (3)在日常生活中,用“I would like to.”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意,以使语气委婉。如:I would like to do Exercise 2 first.,(4)would可以表示过去的习惯性动作,比used to正式,但没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如:Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. (5)表猜测。如:It would be about ten when he left home./What would she be doing there?/I thought he would have told you about it.,12used to,had better,would rather的基本用法 (1)used to表示过去的习惯性动作或状态,现在已不存在。 在间接引语中,其形式可以不变。如:He told us he used to play football when he was young.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句中,可有两种形式。疑问句:Did you use to/Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句:I usednt to/didnt use to go there.(usednt也可写作usent)否定疑问句:Usent you to/Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre?在其反义疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式。如:She used to be very fat,didnt/use(d)nt she?/Used you to get up early in the morning?Yes,I did/used to.,(2)had better意为“最好”,后接不带to的不定式。如:We had better go now.Yes,we had(wed better/we had better)/Hadnt we better stop now?(Had we better not stop now?)/I think Id better be going.(用于进行时态,表示“最好立即”)/You had better have done that.(用于完成时态,表示未完成的动作) had better对同辈或晚辈使用,对长辈不可用。,(3)would rather意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带to的不定式。如:Id rather not say anything./Would you rather work on a farm?/Wouldnt you rather stay here?No,I would not.Id rather go there.would rather表选择,其后可接than。如:I would rather work on a farm than in a factory./I would rather watch TV than go to see a film./Id rather you didnt talk about this to any one.,二、方法技巧总结 方法一:语境分析法 情态动词体现的是说话人的一种语气,所以在解答此类问题时,一定不能单凭翻译,一定要注意说话者的语气,结合具体的情境来进行分析。并且要运用已有的知识,作出正确合理的判断。如,表示请求许可时,常分为三种情况:can/could/may/might多与I连用。would/will多与you连用。shall多与第一、三人称连用。,典题示例 _ he come to see you? 剖析:Shall 从形式上看,这是一个问句,是对请求许可的考查,从人称上看是第三人称,所以用shall表提议。 (2010四川改编)_ I take the book out? Im afraid not. 剖析:May 句意:“我可以将这本书带出去吗?”“恐怕不行”。从句意可以看出,这是对“请求许可”的考查,用may符合句意。,提示:若表示推测又可分为几种情况:cant表示“不可能”;can用于疑问句时表示“可能吗?”;may/might用于肯定句,表示“可能”(语气不强烈,而且有语境提示);may/might not表示“可能不”,也有语境提示;must用于肯定句,表示“一定”,语气强烈;should用于肯定句,表示“排除特殊情况下按说/理应该”;can用于肯定句时,表示“客观上理论上的可能性”,即理论上看是可能的,但实际未必发生,也可表示“一时或暂时的情况”;mustnt不是表推测的用法,而是“禁止干某事”。,Its usually warm in my hometown in March,but it _ be rather cold sometimes. 剖析:can 句意:三月份,我的家乡通常比较温暖,但有时也非常寒冷。本题考查can用在肯定句中表示“一时的或暂时的情况”。,方法二:正确把握某些情态动词的特殊用法。 在有些情况下,可能用好几个情态动词都合理,但有些情况下,必须是唯一的。如:can not(never)动词tooadj./adv.,can not(never)动词(adj./adv.)enough(再也不为过);cant help doing(禁不住干);cant help but do./can not but do(不得不做);may/might well(很可能);may/might as well(还是为好);How could it be.(怎么可能);Why/How should(人称代词he,she.)陈述句(表示说话人对某事感到意外);should表示“竟然”,must表示“硬要,一定要”。,典题示例 My mother is a great cook and we _ never get enough of her cookies. 剖析:can 句意:我妈妈是个很棒的厨师,我们永远吃不够她做的饼干。can not/never与enough连用,表示“再也不为过”。,Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How_ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? 剖析:could 句意:布什先生干任何事情都很守时,开幕式他迟到了,这怎么可能?How could it be.?“怎么可能?”为常用搭配。若第二句改为How _ he be late for the opening ceremony?就应该选用should表示“竟然”。,虚拟语气 一、考点知识归纳 考点一 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用,If I had time, I would attend the meeting. 如果有时间,我就会参加会议。 If I were you, I should seize the opportunity to go abroad. 如果我是你,我就该抓住这次出国的机会。 If I had taken your advice,I would not have failed in the exams. 如果我听了你的劝告,我就不会考试不及格了。,If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting. 如果你明天来,我们就开会。 If it were to rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off. 如果明天下雨,运动会将会推迟。 If he should not come tomorrow,we should put off the meeting till next Monday. 如果他明天不来,我们就将会议推迟到下周一。,使用虚拟条件句时要注意以下几点: 1在条件句中的省略 如果虚拟条件句中含有were,should,had三个词,可将if省略,把这三个词前置到主语之前,形成部分倒装。如: If I were in your position,I would do the same. Were I in your position,I would do the same. 如果我处于你的位置,我也会这样做。,If you had come earlier,you would have met her. Had you come earlier,you would have met her. 如果你早点来,你就会见到她了。 If he should come tomorrow,I would give him the dictionary. Should he come tomorrow,I would give him the dictionary. 如果他明天来,我就把这本词典给他。,2错综时间虚拟句 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,这种虚拟条件句称为错综时间虚拟句。动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如: If you had taken the doctors advice,you would be better now. 如果你听从了医生的建议,你现在就会好多了。 If you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now. 如果你以前努力学习,你现在就是一名大学生了。,3含蓄条件句 有时假设的情况并不以条件句表示出来,而是暗含在上下文中,比如通过with,without,but for,otherwise,or等词或短语来表示。如: What would you do with a million dollars?(if you had a million dollars)你会用一百万美元来干什么? We couldnt have finished the work in time without your help.(if we hadnt got your help) 没有你的帮助我们不会及时完成这项工作。,I was so busy then.Otherwise,I would have told him the answer.(If I had not been so busy then) 那时我是如此的忙。否则我会告诉他答案的。 He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would have known nothing about it.(If he had not telephoned to inform.) 他打电话告知我你的生日,否则我会对此一无所知。,考点二 虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用 1虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法 在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary,.)that.”句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should动词原形”结构,should可以省略,表示某事是“重要的”;“奇怪的”;“自然的”;“必要的”等。如:It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.重要的是每个成员都应该知道这些规则。,2虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法 (1)虚拟语气用在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的一种主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句谓语动词用过去式(be动词一般用were)。如:I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道);表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句谓语动词常用“had过去分词”。如:I wish(wished) I hadnt spent so much money.我后悔不该花那么多钱。,3虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的用法 在suggestion,demand,order,proposal,request,advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。如: We all agree to his suggestion that we(should)go to Dalian for sightseeing. 我们都同意他的建议,我们应该去大连观光。,4虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法 (1)在even if/even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Even if he had been ill,he would have gone to his office.即使生了病,他也要去办公室。 (2)由as if/as though引导方式状语从句时,从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be动词的过去式一般用were)或“had过去分词”。如:He treated me as if I were a stranger.他那样对待我,好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样。 提示:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。,5虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法 在“It is time (that)”句型中,定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来的动作,动词形式一般用过去式或should do (should不省略),意思是“该干某事了”。如:Its (high) time we did our homework.我们(早)该做作业了。,6虚拟语气在简单句中的用法 (1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、 客气、礼貌或委婉的语气,常见于日常会话中。如:It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。 (2)用在一些习惯表达中。如:I would rather not tell you.我宁愿不告诉你。 (3)用“may动词原形”可表示“祝愿,但愿”,此时may需置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如:May you be happy!祝你快乐! May good luck be yours!祝你顺利!,二、方法技巧总结 方法一:体会时间概念,准确应用虚拟语气中条件句与主句的形式 在虚拟语气中,有时主句与条件句表示的时间不一致,这时要分别对待,依据各自的时间,使用正确的形式。,典题示例 If you hadnt taken such a long time to get dressed, we _(be) there by now. 剖析:would be 句意:如果不是你穿衣服花了那么长时间的话,我们现在就到那里了。从句用了与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,而主句是与现在情况相反,这时主句应该用would。,方法二:把握特殊动词,使用正确的表达方式 虚拟语气常用在某些特殊动词后的名词性从句中,常见的有insist, command, order, suggest, advise, propose, recommend, urge, require, request, demand。这些词后的从句常用的虚拟语气式是(should) do,同时也要注意这些动词的同根名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中也要用(should do)表示虚拟语气。看到句式Its time.,以及would rather后跟从句都要注意用正确的形式。但也要注意insist表示“坚持说”,suggest表示“表明,暗示”时,其后的从句不用虚拟语气。,典题示例 The order came that the medical supplies _(send) to Beijing for the H1N1 flu soon. 剖析:be sent 当表示愿望、请求、建议、命令等意义的动词后面接从句时,从句要用虚拟语气,同时他们对应的名词后跟的同位语从句或表语从句也要用虚拟语气。形式为should do, should可省略,句中that引导同位语从句修饰order,所以用(should) be sent, should可省略。,
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