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六、并列句和状语从句,一、并列句 1. 并列连词 (1)并列连词按照在句中的作用可分为: 表并列关系的连词(and, as well as, both. . . and. . . , not only. . . but also. . . , neither. . . nor. . . 等)、表转折关系的连词(but, yet, while等)、表选择关系的连词(or, either. . . or. . . 等)、表因果关系的连词(for, so等)。,*(2013全国卷)People can either give them as gifts to friends or hang them in their houses.,(2)when和while可作并列连词。when表示“在那时, 此时突然”; while表示“然而, 而”, 表对比或转折关系。并列连词when常用于以下句型中: . . . was/were doing. . . when. . . (正在做突然) . . . was/were about to do. . . when. . . (刚要做突然),. . . was/were on the point of doing. . . when. . . (刚要做突然) . . . had just done. . . when. . . (刚/一就) *The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motorbike.,2. 祈使句+and/or/otherwise句式 (1)祈使句+and+陈述句=if. . . , +主句。 *Find ways to praise your children often, and youll find they will open their hearts to you. =If you find ways to praise your children often, youll find they will open their hearts to you.,(2)祈使句+or/otherwise+陈述句=if. . . not. . . , +主句。 *Hurry up or we will be late. =If you dont hurry up, we will be late.,【典例剖析】用适当的连词填空 (2016四川高考)It was time for her to have a new baby, _it was also time for the young panda to be independent. 解题关键: 此处两个分句之间为并列关系, 故使用连词and。 答案判定: and,【高考题组】改错/用适当的连词填空 1. (2016全国卷)If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money. (改错) _ 2. (2016四川高考)Mom has a full-time job, so she has to do most of the housework. (改错) _,but改为and,so改为but,3. (2015四川高考)In fact, I dont like to go anymore, so Im afraid Ill lose their friendship. (改错) _ 4. (2015全国卷)There the air is clean or the mountains are green. (改错) _,so改为but,or改为and,5. (2014天津高考)Give me a chance, or Ill give you a wonderful surprise. (改错) _ 6. (2015四川高考)West hasnt tested his idea on larger blocks, _ he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.,or改为and,but,7. (2014全国卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, _ some of them looked very anxious.,and,二、状语从句 考点1 让步状语从句 1. though/although: 在句子中一般用了“虽然(though/although)”就不能再用“但是(but)”, 但可以与yet或still连用; though与although意义相同, 用法基本一样, 前者通俗, 口语化, 后者正式, 多放在主句的前面。,*Frank insisted that he was not asleep although I had great difficulty in waking him up.,2. even if和even though的意思为“即使, 纵使”, 有退一步设想的意味, 多用于书面语中。 *Even if the connections were visible, they would remain beyond the understanding of most people.,3. as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语, 从句常放在句首, 语序部分倒装。被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形。若表语是单数可数名词, 则该名词提前时, 省去其前的冠词。 *Tired as they were, they walked on without any rest.,4. no matter(who, what, when, where, which, how. . . ): no matter. . . 与wh-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一样, no matter. . . 引导的从句可位于主句前或主句后。 *No matter how dry a desert may be, it is not necessarily lifeless.,5. wh-ever(whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/ whichever); however。 wh-ever从句中的动词有时可以和may连用; wh-ever可引导让步状语从句也可引导名词性从句, no matter. . . 只能引导让步状语从句。 *To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with.,6. while也可以引导让步状语从句, 意为“尽管”, 一般放在句首。 *While volleyball is her main focus, shes also good at basketball.,【典例剖析】单句改错 (2015浙江高考)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it. 解题关键: 从句意思是“当我在那间教室学习时我只是一个孩子”, 而主句意思是“我永远不会忘记”, 主从句的关系应该是让步, 而不是条件。 答案判定: If改为Although或者Though,考点2 时间状语从句 1. when指的是“某一具体的时间”, 从句中谓语是延续性动词或非延续性动词。 *When we handed him the bag of food, he lit up and thanked us with watery eyes. 2. whenever指的是“在任何一个不具体的时间”。 *You can ask for help whenever you need it.,3. while指“在某一段时间里”, “在期间”, while引导的动作必须是持续性的。 *While he was watching Nirvana in Fire, his deskmate learned all the new words by heart. 4. as(一边一边)引导持续性动作, 强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。 *He hurried home, looking behind as he went.,5. before意为“在之前, 在之后才, 不等就”。 *The girl had hardly rung the bell before the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her. 6. after意为“在之后”。 *Several years after theyd split up they met again by chance in Beijing.,7. till/until: 如果主句动词是延续性动词, 常用肯定式, 表示“直到为止”; 如果主句动词是瞬间性动词, 要用否定式, 表示“直到才”“在以前不”, 从句放在句首表示强调, 一般用until。 *I enjoyed the long summer evenings until school began in the fall.,8. since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时, 谓语通常是短暂性动词, 主句用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。 *I have been teaching here since I left college.,9. as soon as/hardly. . . when/no sooner. . . than/the moment/the instant/the second/immediately/directly/ instantly: hardly. . . when和no sooner. . . than的意义相当于as soon as, 但只表示过去发生的事情, 主句为过去完成时, 从句为过去时, 如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强, 而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装。 *Just use this room for the time being, and well offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.,10. every time/each time/last time/next time/by the time: 在时间状语从句中, 不能用一般将来时或过去将来时, 而要用一般现在时或一般过去时代替将来时。 *Next time you come here, I will tell you.,【点津】时间状语从句的3个重点句型 (1)It will be. . . before. . . 过多久才 *It will be long before they come back. 他们很久才能回来。 (2)It wont be. . . before. . . 不久就 *John thinks it wont be long before he is ready for his new job. (3)It is/has been. . . since. . . 自从以来时间,注意: since引导的从句如果用瞬间性动词, 表示的时间是从谓语动作开始算起; 如果用延续性动词表示的时间是从动作或状态的结束算起。 *It has been a decade since he joined the club. 他加入这个俱乐部已10年了。(从加入俱乐部后算起) *It is two years and a half since he was an ambassador to France. 他不担任驻法大使已两年半了。(从不再担任驻法大使算起),【典例剖析】单句改错 (2013全国卷)He even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.,解题关键: during是介词, 不能引导状语从句, when是连词, 可以引导状语从句, 从句中的动词既可以是短暂性动词也可以是延续性动词。此处需要表示时间的连词, 且谓语动词是短暂性动词, 所以用when。 答案判定: during改为when,【高考题组】用适当的连词填空 1. (2016全国卷)Over time, _ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. 2. (2016浙江高考)_ online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.,as,While/Though/Although,3. (2016四川高考)_ it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats. 4. (2014全国卷)_ more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing. 5. (2014浙江高考)_ I was a child, my parents gave me a piggy bank to teach me that, if I wanted something, I should save money to buy it.,When,As,When,6. (2014辽宁高考)Stare at him _ he gets aware of it and quiets down. 7. (2013上海高考)They promised to develop a software package by the end of this year, _ difficulty they might have.,until,whatever,考点3 地点状语从句和条件状语从句 1. 地点状语从句常考查: (1)where与wherever意义基本相同, 但后者语气较强, 多用于书面语。 *Today, we will begin where we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out. (2)地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。 *Where theres a will, theres a way.,【点津】where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别 where引导地点状语从句直接修饰主句的谓语动词, 而在定语从句中where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面, 即此时有明显的地点名词。,*When solving the problem a second time, youd better be more careful where you made a mistake. =When solving the problem a second time, youd better be more careful in the place where you made a mistake.,2. 条件状语从句常用引导词: if/unless/as long as/so long as/in case/so far as/as far as。 (1)unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式; unless和if. . . not同义, unless是书面语, if. . . not是口语, 二者通常可以换用。 *The little boy wont go to sleep unless his mother tells him a story.,(2)条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。 *So long as you work hard, you will succeed.,【典例剖析】用适当的连词填空 (2014重庆高考)Half an hour later, Lucy still couldnt get a taxi_the bus had dropped her. 解题关键: 把握所填空前后的关系, 从couldnt get a taxi与the bus had dropped her的逻辑关系上看应表示地点。 答案判定: where,【高考题组】用适当的连词填空 1. (2014辽宁高考)_ you dont mind, Ill stop and take a deep breath. 2. (2014湖南高考)You will never gain success _ you are fully devoted to your work. 3. (2013上海高考)I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise _ I am sitting.,If,unless,where,考点4 其他状语从句 1. 目的状语从句 (1)so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句中需用情态动词can, could等。 *The police officers in our city work hard in order that the rest of us can live a safe life.,(2)for fear that(唯恐, 以防)与in case所引导的目的状语从句中, 谓语动词有时也用should/might/could+动词原形。 *The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father might see him. *Take your umbrella in case it should rain.,【点津】in case当“万一, 如果”讲时, 引导条件状语从句。 *In case he leaves, please inform me.,(3)目的状语从句可以用so as to, in order to等代替, 但主句和从句的主语必须一致。 *He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus. =He got up early so as to/in order to catch the early bus.,2. 结果状语从句 (1)so that前有逗号, 引导结果状语从句。 *We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news. (2)so. . . that中so后面跟形容词或副词。 *He was so excited that he couldnt say a word.,(3)such. . . that中such后面跟名词, 如果名词是单数就要用such a/an. . . that, 还可以转换为so+adj. +a/an+n. +. . . that, 语气较强。 *Jack is so honest a worker that we all believe him. =Jack is such an honest worker that we all believe him.,3. 原因状语从句 (1)because用来回答why的提问, 语气最强, 一般放在主句之后。 *The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife. (2)since表示既然或已知的理由, 稍加分析即可表明的原因, 多放在句首。 *Since everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.,(3)as引导的从句常放在句首, 说明次要的原因, 主句说明结果, 常用于口语中(注意比较: for连接的是并列句)。 *As he didnt know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary.,【知识拓展】 considering that, seeing that, now that和since意义相似, 都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思, that可以省去。 *He finished his task very well, considering (that) it was quite different. 鉴于这项任务相当特殊, 他完成得很不错。,4. 方式状语从句 (1)as引导状语从句, 意为“按照”。 *Do as you are told to. (2)as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样; 从句中可以用陈述语气表示极可能符合事实, 也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实相反。 *Jack wasnt saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.,5. 比较状语从句 (1)as. . . as; not so/as. . . as; the same. . . as表示同程度级的比较, 肯定句用as. . . as, 否定句可用not as. . . as或not so. . . as。 *He doesnt run so/as fast as Jack (does). (2)than表示不同程度的比较, 主句中用形容词或副词的比较级。 *He runs less fast than me. 他跑得不如我快。,【典例剖析】单句改错 (2014浙江高考)Cathy had quit her job when her son was born such that she could stay home and raise her family. 解题关键: 由关键信息quit her job以及stay home and raise her family可知, stay home and raise her family是辞职的目的。so that引导目的状语从句。 答案判定: such改为so,【高考题组】用适当的连词填空 1. (2016北京高考)I really enjoy listening to music _ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day. 2. (2015全国卷)The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home _ I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night.,because,that,3. (2014北京高考)_ this student worked so hard on the posters, she deserves a prize, too. 4. (2014江苏高考)He withdrew from many school activities _ he didnt have the time or the clothes.,Since,because,
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