2019-2020年高考英语大题精做08完形填空说明文含解析新人教版.doc

2019-2020年高考英语大题精做08完形填空说明文含解析新人教版说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为：1. 开头点题在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。2.结构清晰说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。3.难度较大说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。4.遣词用字简练说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。5.条理清晰说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。【解题技巧】1. 快速弄清文章大意对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。2. 弄清楚说明的顺序把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。4. 注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服思维定势，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。（2）语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文一种新型管理理论授权管理及其作用。38215分钟In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western panies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will bee more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach mon goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in panies. After de-layering in this way, a pany may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations bee more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.1. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 2. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 3. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise4. A. outsideB. insideC. belowD. above 5. A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD. encouraging 6. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply7. A. agreementB. practiceC. electionD. impression8. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 9. A. askingB. trainingC. warningD. firing 10. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 11. A. honored B. leftC. crowdedD. pared12. A. economicallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally 13. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD. ensure14. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene15. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD. attractiveness【文章大意】本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论授权管理及其作用。正确。5. C 根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。6. B refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。7. A agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商的基础上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。12. B economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地。根据后句Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B项正确。13. D deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。14. A virtual虚拟的；ineffective无效果的，低效率的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。根据后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法。故A项正确。15. C opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力。根据后半句in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品，而不是他们的工作时间。故C项正确。Cloze 2（xx新课标全国卷I）体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。24917分钟 As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this 1at work in people of all 2.For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 3with their new toys. But their 4soon wears off and by January those 5toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of 6stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someones 7interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child 8bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the 9of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great 10but are soon looking forward to 11.The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many 12, who now plain (抱怨) about the long drives to work, 13drove for hours at a time when they first 14their drivers licenses(执照)?Before people retire, they usually 15to do a lot of 16things, which they never had 17to do while working. But 18after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes bee as boring as the jobs they 19.And, like the child in January, they go searching for new 20.1. A. principleB. habitC. wayD. power2. A. partiesB. racesC. countriesD. ages3. A. workingB. livingC. playingD. going4. A. confidenceB. interestC. anxietyD. sorrow5. A. sameB. extraC. funnyD. expensive6. A. well-organizedB. colorfully-printedC. newly-collectedD. half-filled7. A. broadB. passingC. differentD. main8. A. silentlyB. impatientlyC. gladlyD. worriedly9. A. promiseB. burdenC. rightD. game10. A. courageB. calmnessC. confusionD. excitement11. A. graduationB. independenceC. responsibilityD. success12. A. childrenB. studentsC. adultsD. retirees13. A. carefullyB. eagerlyC. nervouslyD. bravely14. A. requiredB. obtainedC. noticedD. discovered15. A. needB. learnC. startD. plan16. A. greatB. strangeC. difficultD. correct17. A. timeB. moneyC. skillsD. knowledge18. A. onlyB. wellC. evenD. soon19. A. lostB. choseC. leftD. quit20. A. petsB. toysC. friendsD. colleagues【文章大意】本文通过举例说明这样一个道理：各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。1. A 其实，我们可从各年龄段的人们身上看到这个准则是如何起作用的。第一段的第一句出现短语As a general rule，本空填principle呼应名词rule。13. B 而当他们刚刚拿到驾照时，他们翘首企盼(eagerly)一次开好几个小时。eagerly渴望地，符合文意。14. B obtain得到。这里指考取驾照。15. D 在退休前，人们通常计划(plan)做很多事情。16. A 这些事情是他们上班时没有时间做的大事(great things)。17. A 参见上题解析。他们上班太忙了，没有时间(time)做这些事情。18. D 但是，退休后不久(soon)，像打高尔夫、钓鱼、阅读及其他所有的消遣方式都变得没有意思了。19. C 那些消遣方式就像他们刚离开(leave)的工作一样，非常乏味。20. B 这些退休老人遭遇的处境，就像一月的孩子一样，开始找新玩具(toys)，寻求刺激了。Cloze 3（xx新课标全国卷）体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文身势语在交际中的重要性24618分钟Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks 1than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more 2than we realize. In fact, non-verbal(非言语) munication takes up about 50% of what we really 3. And body language is particularly 4when we attempt to municate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so 5a part of us that its actually often unnoticed.And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. 6, different societies treat the 7between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having 8contact(接触)even with friends, and certainly not with 9. People from Latin American countries, 10, touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, its possible that in 11, it may look like a Latino is 12a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving 13. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep 14 which the Latino will in return regard as 15.Clearly, a great deal is going on when people 16. And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from 17cultures, theres a strong possibility of 18. But whatever the situation, the best 19is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be 20.1. A. straighterB. louderC. harderD. further2. A. soundsB. invitationsC. feelingsD. messages3. A. hopeB. receiveC. discoverD. mean4. A. immediateB. misleadingC. importantD. difficult5. A. wellB. farC. muchD. long6. A. For exampleB. ThusC. HoweverD. In short7. A. tradeB. distanceC. connectionsD. greetings8. A. eyeB. verbalC. bodilyD. telephone9. A. strangersB. relativesC. neighboursD. enemies10. A.in other wordsB. on the other hand C.in a similar wayD.by all means11. A. troubleB. conversationC. silenceD. experiment12. A. disturbingB. helpingC. guidingD. following13. A. closerB. fasterC.inD. away14. A. stepping forwardB. going onC. backing awayD. ing out15. A. weaknessB. carelessnessC. friendlinessD. coldness16. A. talkB.travelC. laughD. think17. A. differentB. EuropeanC. LatinoD. rich18. A. curiosityB. excitement C. misunderstandingD. nervousness19. A. chanceB. timeC. resultD. advice20. A. noticedB. treatedC. respectedD. pleased【文章大意】本文主要讲身势语在交际中的重要性，并举了一些相关的例子。8.C 根据下文可知，北欧人通常不太喜欢身体接触。9.A 本句中提到北欧人甚至不喜欢与朋友进行身体接触，由此可知他们当然不会与陌生人进行身体接触。10.B 上一句提到北欧人不喜欢身体接触，而本句提到拉美国家的人身体接触很多，所以用on the other hand， 表示另一方面，与上文形成对比。11.B 身势语在交谈中才能体现出来，其余选项都与交际的关系不密切。12.D 根据People from Latin American countries， , touch each other quite a lot.可知，在交谈中，拉丁美洲人看起来总是跟着挪威人满房间跑。13.A 由上文内容可知，拉丁美洲人会不断地靠近，以示亲近。14.C 北欧人不喜欢身体接触，由此可知挪威人很可能认为这种亲近行为很粗鲁并不断后退。15.D 拉丁美洲人不断靠近对方以示亲近，可对方不断后退躲避，由此可知，拉丁美洲人会将这种行为看做冷淡。16. A 文叙述的是身势语，身势语属于交谈的范畴。显然，当人们交谈的时候，很多东西在进行。只有很少一部分是用语言来完成的。Cloze 1(xx安徽省皖南八校高三次联考)体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文人际交往中一个重要的原则30317分钟People are always asking what the most important element to a healthy relationship is. The 1is there are many. But there is one really important thing that all great and healthy relationships have in mon2. Yes, of course, there are some little 3lies even in the best of relationships4surprises or unexpected birthday partiesbut the truth is that happy couples municate honestly and dont 5to protect their own interests. So how can you have more open 6in your own relationship?First, remember that honesty is the best policy even 7your partner might not like what you have to say. Yes, it may be 8to tell your guy that you dont like one of his friends. But lying or holding things9will make things worse in the long run.The next thing to be 10is to say what you have to say 11. If your partner feels 12,he will be less 13to what you have to say and may even bee defensive. Your delivery is of utmost importance when you are discussing sensitive issues. Think through what you want to say 14before you bring it up. You dont want to 15the person that you love. You just want them to be 16of the truth.One last thing to keep in mind about municating openly is that it enhances your relationship. If you arent honest about any dirty little 17you may have, they will probably e up eventually and 18you in the backside. And if you keep things to yourself, your relationship will not be based on the truth, which 19a solid foundation. Hard 20the truth may be sometimes, honesty really is the best policy.1. A. phenomenonB. truthC. theoryD. evidence2. A. honestyB. enthusiasmC. cooperationD. persistence3. A. redB. purpleC. whiteD. black4. A. securityB. privilegeC. anniversaryD. ambition5. A. lieB. bargainC. plainD. interact6. A. appreciationB. reputationC. selectionD. munication7. A. whyB. whenC. howD. where8. A. toughB. immediateC. plicatedD. plain9. A.inB. onC. aboveD. back10. A. serious aboutB. proud ofC. expert atD. worthy of11. A. obviouslyB. rudelyC. nicelyD. smoothly12. A. puzzledB. attackedC. astonishedD. satisfied13. A. creativeB. relativeC. sensitiveD. receptive14. A. slightlyB. thoroughlyC. frequentlyD. briefly15. A. suspectB. convinceC. insultD. frighten16. A. afraidB. awareC. ashamedD. capable17. A. uniformsB. secretsC. blanketsD. courts18. A. trainB. consultC. understandD. bite19. A. picks outB. turns onC. makes forD. es across20. A. althoughB. whileC. untilD.as【语篇解读】文章介绍人际交往中一个重要的原则要以诚相待。1.B根据下文but the truth is that happy couples municate honestly可知，真相有很多。truth真相。故选B。2.A根据下文municate honestly可知，但是有一个真正重要的，所有非常好的和健康的关系共同具备的东西是诚实。honesty诚实。故选A。6.D根据下文One last thing to keep in mind about municating openly可知，那么你怎样才能在你自己的关系中进行更坦率的交流呢？munication交流。故选D。7.B句意：首先要记住即使当你的伙伴也许不喜欢你不得不说的内容时，诚实仍然是最上策。when当时候。故选B。8.A根据下文that you dont like one of his friends.可知，也许告诉你的伙伴你不喜欢他的其中一位朋友有困难。tough困难的。故选A。13.D根据下文to what you have to say可知，他会更不愿意接纳你必须说的。receptive接受的。故选D。14.B句意：在你谈到某事之前，彻底地想清楚你想要说的。thoroughly完全地，彻底地。故选B。15.C根据下文You just want them to be of the truth.可知，你不想侮辱你爱的那个人。insult侮辱。故选C。16.B句意：你只是想他们知晓真相。aware意识到。故选B。17.B根据下文if you keep things to yourself,可知，如果你对于你也许有的任何不雅的小秘密不坦诚的话， 它们可能最终会出现，咬你的后背。secrets故选B。18.D根据下文in the backside可知，它们可能最终会出现，咬你的后背。bite咬。故选D。19.C句意：如果你把事情藏在心底，你的关系不是建立在事实之上，而事实有助于建立坚实的基础。make for导致，有助于，走向。故选C。20.D句意：尽管真相有时候可能会不近人情，但是诚实确实是最上策。使用as引导的倒装句，表示让步状 语。故选D。Cloze 2(xx河北省衡水中学高三第二次模拟考试)体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率记叙文节约钱买圣诞礼物29818分钟Hello, Mr. Wi-Fi. Life without you is next to impossible. Were happy to sing your name from morning till evening, sometimes till dawn.1I know you help me, sometimes youre making me do things with2attention. Many times I promise myself that Ill3my feelings towards you, but youre4me closer and closer Youve entered both my home and my5. Youre just a window for our6and information. But we people arent7only with the window. So we open all our8for you. Is this a(n)9or some kind of attachment? If this is an illness, is it curable? And if this is an attachment will you10me to the lifelong togetherness?We want you 24/7. Cant you take a few days off so that both you and I can11? Youre a poisonnot a slow one but a super12poison which holds our mind and makes us dance13its tune. Nowadays youre so14that anyone can buy and make you our15. Youll never be bothered about our health but well16be concerned about your “health”. Because you acpany us everywhere and never let us be alone.If you were a17person made of flesh and blood(血肉之躯)would we love you the same? You18us with your numerous talents and we even cant get rid of you. Were all your19. Sometimes I wonder how people in the previous generations20, but if they did why cant we?1.A.Now thatB. Only ifC. ThoughD. When2.A.praisedB. increasedC. focusedD. divided3.A.keep inB. bring backC. approve ofD. give up4.A.drawingB. pushingC. forcingD. observing5.A.spaceB. soulC. societyD. workplace6.A.entertainmentB. argumentC. expansionD. struggle7.A.strictB. satisfiedC. generousD. busy8.A.thoughtsB. eyesC. exitsD. doors9.A.diseaseB. inspirationC. routineD. phenomenon10.A.remendB. instructC. mitD. adapt11.A.persistB. relaxC. progressD. balance12.A.rawB. ambiguousC. strongD. fast13.A.toB. againstC. fromD. within14.A.affordableB. valuableC. conventionalD. attractive15.A.additionB. expertC. panionD. instrument16.A.sometimesB. alwaysC. neverD. seldom17.A.selfishB. dishonestC. responsibleD. real18.A.controlB. scoldC. fortD. challenge19.A.friendsB. salvesC. colleaguesD. employers20.A.sufferedB. connectedC. survivedD. surfed 【文章大意】本文为一封书信。讲述的是作者和其他人对Wi-Fi的依赖，没有Wi-Fi的生活几乎不可能，大家都成了Wi-Fi的奴隶。最后作者反思如果先辈们没有做到Wi-Fi也能生存，我们为什么不行？1.C Now that既然；Only if只有；Though尽管，虽然；When当时。句意：虽然我知道你帮助我，但有时你使我做事注意力分散。根据句意可知应选C。8.D thoughts想法；eyes眼睛；exits出口；doors门。句意：所以我们为你打开了所有的门。根据句意可知应选D。9.A disease疾病；inspiration激励，灵感；routine常规，惯例；phenomenon现象。根据下文“If this is an illness,”可知此处句意为“这是一种疾病还是某种依恋？”根据句意可知应选A。10.C remend推荐，建议；instruct指示；mit承诺；adapt适应，改编。句意：如果这是一种依恋，你会向我承诺终生在一起吗？根据句意可知应选C。11.B persist坚持；relax放松；progress进步；balance平衡。句意：难道你不能休几天假以便于你和我都可以放松一下吗？根据句意可知应选B。12.D raw生的；ambiguous含糊的，不明确的； strong强壮的，坚强的；fast快速的。句意：你是一种毒药不是一种慢性毒药而是一种超级快的毒药，它控制我们的思维，使我们跟着它的曲调跳舞。根据句意可知应选D。13.A to根据，跟着；against反对，违背；from从；within在内。根据句意可知应选A。dance to跟着跳舞。14.A affordable买得起的；valuable有价值的；conventional传统的；attractive有吸引力的。根据下文的“that anyone can buy”可知此处应选“买得起的”，故选A。15.C addition增加，添加；expert专家； panion伙伴，同伴；instrument器械。根据上文可知此处表示“使你成为我们的伙伴，故选C。16.B sometimes有时；always总是，一直；never从不；seldom很少。句意：你从不为我们的健康担心，但是我们却一直关心你的健康。根据句意可知应选B。Cloze 3（xx上海市建平中学高三上学期期中考试）体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文网络安全问题。40016分钟The Term CYBERSPACE was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel Neuromancer. His 1creation turned out to be remarkably prescient（有先见之明）. Cyberspace has bee shorthand for the puting devices, networks, fiber-optic cables, and wireless links that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The 2made by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to 3 humanitys collective store of knowledge every day.But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data 4 are being ever bigger and more mon. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through attacks. Among the most prominent recent 5 has been Target, whose chief executive stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant retailer 6 that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details.The potential damage, though, extends well beyond such7 intrusion. Wider 8_have been raised by the realization of a growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countrie