2019-2020年高考英语大题精做04阅读理解词义猜测题含解析新人教版.doc

2019-2020年高考英语大题精做04阅读理解词义猜测题含解析新人教版【题型突破】词义猜测题有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点/态度等。联系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。【命题方式】1.The word/phrasein the passage means _.2.The word/phrasecan be best replaced by _.3. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to _?4.The word/phraseprobably refers to _.5.What does the underlined word/phrasein the passage mean?词义猜测题要根据词、词组、句子所在的上下文语境来判断其意义，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。熟练以下猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。猜词方法依据猜词方法依据定义有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。指代关系it，that，this，he，him，them可指上文提到的事、物、人。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。同位关系阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系进行猜测。同义关系当词或短语之间有并列连词and，or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，从而推知其大致意思。构词法很多词通过添加前缀、后缀等而合成、派生、转化成一个新词，通过掌握一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。转折或对比关系根据上下句的连接词(如but, however, otherwise等)可以看出前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。因果关系根据文章中的原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。语境通过上下文语境猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解中最常见的一种解题方法。Passage1（xx新课标卷I，D）体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文制作简易太阳能蒸馏器的方法及工作原理 316 7分钟A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, its an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only ponents required, though, are a 55 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container perhaps just a drinking cup to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up and out the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A. Its delicate. B. Its expensive.C. Its plex. . D. Its portable.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube. B. The still.C. The hole. D. The cup.34. Whats the last step of constructing a working solar still?A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.C. Weight the sheets center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.35. When a solar still works, drops of water e into the cup from .A. the plastic tube B. outside the holeC. the open air D. beneath the sheet 33.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。“接水器”指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。34.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheets center down with a rock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。35.D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。Passage2（xx新课标卷II，D）体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文当植物受到攻击时会保护自己并与周围植物交流 293 7分钟When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals e from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic pounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .Its a plants way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now bees lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists dont know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasnt a true, intentional back and forth. CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(亲密的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.Theresawholelotgoingon.32.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?A.Itmakesnoises.B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.C.ItstandsquietlyD.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.33.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inparagraph3?A.Theattackersgetattacked.B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insectsC. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary35.what can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The world is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronger senses than beforeC. The world is more plex than it seemsD. People in Darwins time were imaginative.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。32.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据“reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals e from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm”可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。33.A 【解析】词义推测题。根据“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now bees lunch”，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。34.B 【解析】细节理解题，根据“Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked” 及“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. ”可知答案选B。Passage3（xx新课标卷III，C）体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情 295 6分钟After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations major food sources (来源) for the wolf grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes, and pletely drove away the parks beavers.As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years ing up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a eback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.28. What is the text mainly about?A. Wildlife research in the United States.B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.29. What does the underlined word displaced in paragraph 2 mean?A. Tested.B. Separated.C. Forced out.D. Tracked down.30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the parks ine.C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals.31. What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。28. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。29. C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。【名师点睛】词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解中常见的题型，一般考查考生对生词、熟词生义词、短语、代词的指代的猜测以及对句子的理解等。要求考生熟练掌握构词法，还要学会利用上下文语境、利用定义、解释、举例和对比转折等线索来进行判断。另外构词法也是一种猜词的办法，比如通过前缀：dis-，un-，im-等，如本题中的displace。Passage4（xx新课标卷I，C）体裁话题词数难度建议时间记叙文文人们之间的友爱 282 7分钟I am Peter Hodes , a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March xx, Ive done 89 tripsof those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:“Well, Im really sorry, Ive got some bad news for youthere are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, youve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.For this courier job, youre consciously aware that in that box youre got something that is potentially going to save somebodys life.29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?A. providerB. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor30.WhydoesPeterhavetopletehistripwithin42hours?A.Hecannotstayawayfromhisjobtoolong.B.Thedonorcanonlywaitforthatlong.C.Theoperationneedsthatmuch time.D.Theicewontlastanylonger.31. WhichflightdidthewomanputPeteronfirst?A.ToLondon.B.To Newark.C.ToProvidence. D.ToWashington.【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。29.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段内容 Ive done 89 trips和I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box以及第二段内容可知作者是运送干细胞的人，也就是delivery man。故选B 。模拟精做Passage1（xx南阳市高三质量评估）体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文不同国家、不同背景下的社会礼仪的不同 3827分钟It could happen just about any time you step out in public. You get onto an almost-empty bus, but the next passenger in decides to ignore dozens of empty seats to sit right next to you. While youre waiting in line at a supermarket, the next customer insists on standing only two inches behind you and shouting into his cell-phone. You go into a public restroom, and the next person to enter decides to use the next stall. Transgressions(冒犯) like these dont just make us feel unfortable; we often feel anxious, alarmed; and violated(被侵犯的 ). it is the attack of the personal-space invaders.In any society, shared definitions of personal space govern how we interact with other people.People living in densely(密集地) populated cities like Mumbai, Beijing, or Mexico City tend to require less personal space than people living in sparsely(稀少地) populated places within the country. In America, New Yorkers often have smaller requirements than residents of western states, like Montana, Shenandoah and Wyoming. Because everyone has different standards, gestures that are innocent in one place can be interpreted as opposite in another, especially in Britain.As the British etiquette(礼仪) website Debrett puts it, as a British person, somebody standing too close may make you focus less on what somebody is saying than on how close they are to you .Simple acts like putting an arm around someone you dont know may seem friendly in China, but they can make us very unfortable. People from many European countries such as France and Spain kiss each other on the cheek when they meet, yet to British person, this seems too friendly andtouch-freely. The website explains! The British are not backslappers(拍人后背的人) and generally do not show affection in public.Are British people unfriendly? Far from it. The website adds that they are not as stand-offish and aloof as they may seem, but very friendly and helpful to foreigners. However, remember not to be too close. If you are going to e closer than an arms length, please let them know.1.According to the passage, if you were meeting a British for the first time, it would be polite of you to .A. kiss him/her on the cheekB. keep an arms length away from him/herC. put an arm around him/herD. slap his/her back2.According to the passage, who tend to require more personal space?A. People living in Beijing and people living in Mexico CityB. People living in Mumbai and people living in ShenandoahC. People living in Wyoming and people living in New YorkD. People living in Wyoming and people living in Montana3.The underlined word stand-offish and aloof in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to.A. cold and indifferentB. modest and coolC. gentlemanly and kind-heartedD. independent and strong-willed4.What can we conclude from the article?A. British people like to sit next to other people on empty buses.B. British people usually kiss strangers on the cheek to greet them.C. British people are helpful though they may not appear to beD. British people are delighted to show affection in public.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在不同国家、不同背景下的社会礼仪的不同。2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的In America, New Yorkers often have smaller requirements than residents of western states, like Montana, Shenandoah and Wyoming. 可知，生活在人烟稀少的怀俄明州和蒙大拿州的人需要更多的私人空间，故D项正确。3.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词后的but very friendly and helpful to foreigners可知，英国人并不是像看起来那样冷漠，而是十分友好，由此可知画线词词义，故A项正确。4.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的The website adds that they are not as stand-offish and aloof as they may seem, but very friendly and helpful to foreigners.可知，尽管英国人看起来冷漠，但其实是十分友好的，故C项正确。Passage2（xx吉林市第一中学高三模考）体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文文化差异 3457分钟You get on an almost-empty bus, but the next passenger decides to ignore all the empty seats to sit right next to you. While you are waiting in line at the supermarket, the next customer stands just behind you shouting into his phone.These are attacks of the personal space invaders(侵略者). Though preferences for personal space differ from culture to culture, we Britons do love our independence and personal space.As the British customs website Debrett has said, as a British person, somebody standing too close may make you focus less on what somebody is saying than on how close they are to you. Simple acts like putting an arm around someone you dont know that well may seem friendly in China, but they can make us very unfortable. The ediplomat website explains: The British are not back slappers (拍打者) or touchers and generally do not show affection (喜欢) in public.Being a British person around people from other countries can therefore be full of problems. People from many European countries such as France and Spain kiss each other on the cheek when they meet, yet to us this seems too friendly and touchy-feely.Simple matters like how close others stand can be problems to Britons who want to keep their own personal space. Giving advice on how to behave around a British person, Debretts says that if you can feel the warmth of their worried breath upon your face, then youre standing too close.So, are British people unfriendly? No. The ediplomat website explains that we are not as indifferent as we may seem, but very friendly and helpful to foreigners. However, we do have different ideas about our own space to many people from other countries. Just let us know if youre going to e any closer than arms length, and youll be fine!5. What is the article mainly about?A.How to make friends with British people.B.Some tips on British table manners.C.Ways in which British people show affection.D.British peoples preference for personal space.6. If you were meeting a British person for the first time, it would be polite of you to _, according to the article.A.kiss him/her on the cheekB.put an arm around him/herC.keep an arms length away from him/herD.slap his/her back or shake his/her hands7.The underlined word indifferent in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _.A.coldB.modestC.gentlemanlikeD.independent8.What can we conclude from the article?A.British people like to sit next to others on empty buses.B.British people are helpful, although they may not appear to be.C.British people do not like staying with other Europeans.D.British people are happy to show affection in public.2.C【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段最后一句Just let us know if youre going to e any closer than arms length, and youll be fine!可知，如果你第一次见一个英国人，离他们一臂的距离远将会是礼貌的。3.A【解析】考查词义猜测。根据画线句下文可知，英国人对外国人是很友好并热心的，由句中的but推断画线句句意是：ediplomat网站解释说英国人不是他们看上去的那样冷漠，而是友好并乐于助人的。因此推断画线词indifferent意思是：冷漠的。故选A。4.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段第三句The ediplomat website explains that we are not as indifferent as we may seem, butvery friendly and helpful to foreigners.可知，根据这篇文章，英国人不像看上去那么冷漠，他们是很友好并乐于助人的。故选B。Passage 3（xx北京市海淀区高三上学期统一考试）体裁话题词数难度正确率说明文科学家发现距今37亿年前的化石 420Old FossilsScientists have found what they think i