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,Cloning,Unit 2,牵 手 课 堂,Scientists have used cloning technology to transform human skin cells into embryonic stem cells, an experiment that may revive the controversy over human cloning. Since the birth of Dolly the sheep in 1996, researchers have cloned about 20 different species, including rabbits, goats, cows and cats. Yet they so far have been unable to create biologically identical copies of any monkey or primate, including humans, possibly because their reproductive biology is more complicated. “But the refinements(改良品) described in the latest experiment suggest that its a matter of time before they produce a cloned monkey,” said Jose Cibelli, a cloning expert at Michigan State University, who wasnt involved in the study.,It also means, he added, “that they are one step closer to where the efficiency is high enough that someone is willing to try to clone a person, though that remains a distant and disturbing prospect.” The researchers werent simply trying to reach a cloning milestone. Instead, they were looking for a better way to make fresh human tissue for the treatment of severe injuries or disease. Lab|grown tissue has the potential to transform medicine, though it is still a long way from routine clinical use. For example, fresh nerve cells could alleviate spinal cord injuries, or newlymade heart cells could repair a site scarred by a heart attack.,Section Warming Up and Reading,栏目导航,.Read the text and match the main idea with each paragraph. Para 1:（ ） A.Dollys problem and death. Para 2:（ ） B.What is cloning? Para 3:（ ） C.Two major uses of cloning. Para 4:（ ） D.Arguments brought by Dolly. Para 5:（ ） E.The effect of Dolly.,B,C,A,E,D,.Scan the text and choose the best answer according to the text. 1.The main idea of the text is. A.animal cloning is very valuable and can benefit the world B.animal cloning could be misused by bad people so it must be forbidden C.animal cloning is well developed because Dolly the sheep was born D.animal cloning raised arguments and scientists are not sure about its future 答案：D,2.The lamb is the clone of the cell from sheep because . A.it provides the egg cell B.it gives birth to the lamb C.it provides the nucleus D.it is a female sheep 答案：C 3.It can be learnt from the passage that a cloned animal. A.usually lives as long as the original one B.usually lives longer than the original one C.usually dies earlier than the original one D.is usually as healthy as the original one 答案：C,4.Which of the following is NOT a problem or danger of cloning mentioned in the text? A.Evil leaders may want to clone themselves. B.Animal clones may develop the illness of older animals and may die younger than the donor animals. C.There are moral objections to cloning human beings. D.Too much cloning may lead to the destruction of the balance of nature. 答案：D,5.What about the writers attitude toward cloning in this passage? A.The writer is against cloning. B.The writer is in favor of cloning. C.The writer does not state any personal opinion about cloning. D.The writer is in agreement with cloning. 答案：C,.Complete the following passage with the words in brackets in their proper forms or the words from the text. Cloning is a way of making an 1._(exactly) copy of another animal or plant. Cloning has two major uses. It is used to produce commericial quantities of plants. It is used for 2._(medicine) research on animals as well. Cloning plants is straightforward 3._cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task 4._(undertake). Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid 5._ in 1996 with a breakthroughthe cloning of Dolly the sheep.,exact,medical,while,to undertake,off,Dollys appearance raised a storm of 6._(object) and had a great impact 7._ the media and public 8._(imagine). Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the 9._(origin) sheep. At present some countries began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, 10._ other countries like China and the UK,continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide.,objections,on,imagination,original,but,Point differ vi.不同；相异；意见相左,考点一 单词点击,A differs from B in A与B在方面不同 A differs with B about/on/over A与B就意见相左,Think about how they differ.（教材P10） 考虑一下它们有怎样的不同。,It seems to me that circle A differs slightly from circle B in size but not in colour. 在我看来A圆和B圆大小有点不同，但颜色是一样的。 The two sides still differ with each other over the question of pay. 双方在报酬的问题上仍各持己见。 I am sorry to differ with you on that question. 对不起,在这个问题上,我与你的看法不一样。,（1）difference n.差异；争执；不同之处 make a/some/no difference to 对有/有些/没有作用或影响 （2）different adj.不同的 be different fromin 在方面与不同 （3）differently adv.不同地,Whether she will join in the birthday party makes no difference to me. 她是否参加生日晚会对我来说没有影响。 His house differs/is different from mine in colour. 他的房子与我的房子在颜色上不同。,单句改错。 (1)The twin sisters differ only that one is a bit fatter than the other one. 解析：句意：这对双胞胎姐妹的区别，仅仅在于其中一个比另一个稍胖一点。differ 为不及物动词，意为“不同；相异；意见相左”，如果表示“在方面有不同”时，其后应跟介词in。,in,(2)A masters degree does make great difference to a student who wants to get a job. 解析：句意：对一个想找工作的学生来说，有没有硕士学位的确有很大影响。make a difference to 对有作用或影响，在这个结构里，difference 是不可数名词，不可用make differences to, 但当其前有形容词修饰时，是抽象名词具体化，形容词前要加不定冠词。,a,Point undertake vt.(undertook; undertaken)着手；从事；承担 It is a difficult task to undertake.(教材P11) 这是一项很难完成的任务。,undertake sth.着手/从事/承担某事 undertake responsibility/a task/a project承担责任/任务/工程 undertake to do sth.承诺/答应做某事 undertake that承诺,We must act as quickly as possible now. Just tell us whether you can undertake the task or not. 现在我们必须尽快采取行动。你就告诉我们你能否承担这项任务吧。 I can undertake the responsibility for the changes. 我愿意承担这些变革的责任。 He undertook to finish the job by Friday. 他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。 I cant undertake that you will win the game. 我不能保证你在比赛中获胜。,单句语法填空。 （1）Id like to let him know that the editing task_（undertake） so that I can give him the final version very soon. 解析：句意：我想让他知道编辑工作正在做，所以我不久就能给他最后的版本。 （2）Most projects_（undertake） by the young engineer on his own turned out to be very successful. 解析：句意：由这个年轻的工程师独自承担的大多数项目结果都非常成功。,is being undertaken,(that/which were) undertaken,Point objection n.C不赞成；反对；异议,raise/voice/make an objection to sth. 对提出反对（意见） have an objection to (doing) sth.反对（做）某事,On the other hand, Dollys appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.(教材P12) 另一方面，多莉的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。,Nobody voiced an objection to carrying out the plan. 没人对这个计划的实施提出反对意见。,object v.反对；不赞成 n.物体；目的；目标 object to sb./sth./doing sth.反对/不赞成某人/某事/做某事 object that反对,Why do some people object to human cloning? 为什么一些人反对克隆人类呢？ We object to being treated like this. 我们反对受到这样的待遇。 Mother objected that Jimmy was too weak to take up the job. 母亲反对说，吉米身体太虚弱，不能承担那份工作。 The building is the main object of his interest. 他最感兴趣的是这栋建筑物。,object, oppose object表示“反对”，为不及物动词，接宾语时需加介词to。 oppose表示“反对”，为及物动词，接宾语时不需加介词to。be opposed to表示“反对”，“和相反”。,单句改错。 (1)He strongly objects to be treated like a child. 答案：object to doing反对做某事。 (2)He has a strongly objection to smoking in public places, especially with females present. 答案：修饰名词objection，用形容词。have a strong objection to强烈地反对。,being,strong,Point obtain vt.获得；赢得,obtain knowledge/ones degree 获得知识/学位 obtain sb.sth./obtain sth.for sb.给某人带来某事(物) obtain sth.from sth.从得到,Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions.(教材P12) 尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸报道却说，有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。,I obtained the ticket to the film The Left Ear with great difficulty. 我好不容易弄到了电影左耳的票。 She obtained her doctors degree in 2015. 她2015年获得了博士学位。,obtain, attain, gain 这三个词都有“获得”之意。 obtain属正式用语，“(尤指通过自身的努力、技能或工作等)获得，得到”，不含难以达到之意。 attain意为“获得；到达(水平、年龄、状况等)”，较为正式，指怀有较大抱负或强烈的愿望，有意识地实现或达到一般人能力不易达到的目的。 gain意为“取得；获得；逐渐获得”，指付出很大努力后的获取，含有强有力地夺取之意，还表示增加已有的东西。,选词填空(attain，obtain，gain)。 (1)If you want to _ knowledge, you must learn step by step. (2)The country _ its independence thirty years ago. (3)Im determined to _ my purpose at any cost. (4)He has _ weight and looked much better.,obtain,gained/attained,attain,gained,Point forbid vi.禁止；不准(forbade/forbad;forbidden),forbid sb.sth.禁止某人得到某物 forbid sb.to do sth.禁止某人做某事 forbid sb.from doing sth.禁止某人做某事 forbid (doing) sth.禁止（做）某事,Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning,(教材P12) 有些国家开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究，,Starting June 1st, all indoor public places and many outdoor public places in Beijing forbid smoking. 从6月1日起，北京市所有的室内公共场所和大部分户外公共场所都禁止吸烟。 My mother forbids me to watch TV at night. 我妈妈禁止我晚上看电视。 The law forbids the use of chemical fertilizers. 法律禁止使用化学肥料。 Children are forbidden to play computer games. 禁止孩子们玩电脑游戏。,单句语法填空。 (1)In my family mother has made a regulation that we are forbidden_ (stay) out after midnight. 解析：句意：在我家，妈妈规定我们半夜之后不准呆在外面。考查be forbidden to do sth.结构，意为“被禁止做某事”。 (2)Last night, their parents _(forbid) them from going outside. 解析：句意：昨晚他们的父母禁止他们外出。此处考查forbid的过去式。,to stay,forbade,考点二 短语诠释,Point pay off得到好结果，取得成功(常用主动语态)；偿清债款；（付清工资后）辞退,But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthroughthe cloning of Dolly the sheep.(教材P11) 但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的结果克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。 In stressful situation in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better. 在有压力情况下，冒险可能会取得很大成功，这时男士们往往做得更好。,Jim couldnt pay off his debts because he was paid off by the company he had been working for for many years. 吉姆难以还清债务，因为他为之工作多年的公司付清他的工资后把他解雇了。 At the end, the young man paid for what he did before. 最终，这个年轻人为他的所作所为付出了代价。,pay for 为付款；为付出代价 pay back 还钱；报复 pay a visit to 拜访 pay attention to 注意,单句语法填空。 (1)Youll have to pay _ your old loan before being allowed a new one. 解析：pay off还清。 (2)Youll have to pay _your selfishness some day. 解析：pay for your selfishness 为你的自私付出代价。,off,for,(3)In our childhood, we were often reminded by our mother to pay attention _ our table manner. 解析：pay attention to注意。 (4)They informed us of paying _ the money we borrowed last year. 解析：pay back the money还钱。,to,back,Point cast down使失望，使沮丧；不愉快（多用于被动语态）,Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to a much old animal.(教材P12) 研究克隆的科学家们发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老得多的动物身上，这让他们很沮丧。 The city was cast down during the air attack. 在空袭中，这座城市被摧毁了。,cast sb.into prison把某人投进监狱 cast away 扔掉，浪费；（被动）使失事 cast light uponthrow light on 使容易理解，阐明 cast a shadow（在心理上）留下阴影,The thief was cast into prison one year ago. 一年前这个小偷被投进监狱。,单句语法填空。 （1）For some months they were cast_ on a desert island. 解析：be cast away on a desert island被扔在荒岛上。 （2）If she were to give consideration to all kinds of situations,she would cast light_ this problem in a new way. 解析：cast light upon a problem解决问题。,away,upon,(1)in sb.s favour 对某人有利的 (2)do sb.a favour=do a favour for sb.帮某人忙 do sb.the favour to do sth./do sb.a favour by doing sth.帮忙做某事 ask sb.for a favour=ask a favour of sb.请求某人帮忙 (3)owe sb.a favour 欠某人人情,Point in favour of赞成；支持 Is it in favour of cloning or against it?(教材P12) 它是赞成克隆行为还是反对克隆行为？,Im all in favour of people doing whatever they want as long as they dont bother anyone else. 我完全支持人们做他们想做的事情，只要他们不妨碍别人。 The exchange rate is not in our favour at the moment. 目前汇率对我们不利。 Do me a favour and turn the radio down while Im on the phone, will you? 劳驾，我打电话的时候把收音机的音量调小点好吗？ Would you like to do me the favour to send an e|mail to my grandson? 你乐意帮我给孙子发一封邮件吗？ Of course Ill help you move house; I owe you a favour anyway. 我当然会帮你搬家，说来我还欠你人情呢。,“in+名词+of”结构的常见短语： in praise of 表扬 in honor of/in memory of纪念 in case of 如果，假使 in charge of 掌管 in possession of 拥有 in consequence of 由于；作为的结果 in need of 需要,用“in+名词+of”结构的短语填空。 （1）All his family are _his decision to work in western area after graduation. （2）While reading, _ coming across new words, youd better guess their meanings rather than refer to the dictionary. （3）Mary told me that she was _some lovely jewels. （4）They had to move to another city _ the typhoon.,in favour of,in case of,in possession of,in consequence of,考点三 句型归纳,Point while表“然而”引导状语从句 Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.(教材P11),克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就比较复杂了。 点拨：本句中while为并列连词，意为“而，但”，表示对比转折。 The girl is fond of the Korea star Kim SooHyun while her younger sister likes Lee Minho. 这个女孩喜欢韩国明星金秀贤，而她妹妹喜欢李敏镐。,while, however, but 这三个词都可以用来表示转折。 while 是从属连词，引导状语从句，表示对比转折。 however 是副词，放在句首、句中或句末，常用“，”与句子其他部分分开。 but 是并列连词，用来连接两个简单句，表示转折。,选词填空(while，however，but)。 (1)Tom became an engineer _ Jack remained a worker. 汤姆成了工程师，而杰克仍然是个工人。 (2)Id like to go with you; _, my hands are full. 我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不过来。 (3)He said he would come, _ he didnt. 他说他会来，但是他没来。,while,however,but,Point 完全倒装句 Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.(教材P12),接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。 点拨：本句是倒装句。副词then位于句子开头，句子用了完全倒装结构。that引导同位语从句，解释说明了news的具体内容。表示方位、方式或时间的副词或介词(短语)，如here, there, now, then, up, down, out, in, away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首，句子主语为名词而非代词，且谓语为不及物动词时，句子用完全倒装结构。 Then out rushed a pack of dogs!接着冲出来一群狗! Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。 There goes the bell for break.休息铃响了。,There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.远处有个穿黑衣服的人。 Down comes my mother.我妈妈下来了。 On the wall hangs a painting of Qi Baishi.墙上挂着一幅齐白石的画。,在这种完全倒装结构中，谓语动词常为come, go, stand, lie, arrive等表示位置移动的不及物动词，并且该动词不用于进行时。 Now comes the chance.现在机会来了。 In the hall stood the minister from the village.大厅里站着那位村里来的牧师。 若句子的主语是代词，则不用倒装语序。 Here he comes!他来了! Out she rushed.她冲了出来。,单句语法填空。 （1）Now _(come) the opportunity to prove your innocence. 单句改错。 （2）For a moment nothing happened. Then come voices all shouting together.,comes,came,
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