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A land of diversity,Unit 1,Section Learning about Language,Unit 1,.词汇过关 1_ adj. 人种的，种族的_ n. 种族；赛跑 2_ n. 申请人_ n. 申请_ v. 申请；应用 3_ n. 海关，关税_ n. 风俗，习俗 4_ n. 社会主义者_ n. 社会主义_ adj. 社会的；社交的 5_ vi. 发生，出现；突然想起同义词：_，_，_，_,racial,race,applicant,application,apply,customs,custom,socialist,socialism,social,occur,happen,take place,break out,come about,.短语自查 1_ 申请 2_ 组成 3_ 突然想到 4_ 除了,apply for,consist of,occur to,except for,.经典句式 1It didnt _ me that. 是的，我没想到 2_ seemed as if it would take no time at all! 从一个大国穿越到另一个大国看起来似乎毫不费时。,occur to,To make the crossing between these two great countries,.语法练习 用适当的连接词填空 1_surprises me most is that he is too vain. 2_cars will be parked in the future is a question. 3_we will have a picnic depends on the weather. 4_part of the country he will travel to needs discussing. 5It has not been decided_will attend the meeting. 6It is reported_a new film will be put on in the cinema.,7_Mike didnt turn up at the meeting yesterday made the chairman of the meeting unhappy. 8_the President will attend the party or not is kept a secret. 9It is necessary_he should learn about the whole matter. 10_the little boy died in a babysitter center in Yuxi of Yunnan Province remains a mystery now. 答案：1.What 2.Where 3.When 4.Which 5.who 6that 7.That 8.Whether 9.that 10.Why,1.delight (1)不可数名词“高兴，愉快”；可数名词“乐事，令人高兴的事情”。 She won the game easily, to the delight of all her fans. 她很轻松地赢得了这场比赛，令她所有的粉丝都很高兴。 This guitar is a delight to play. 这个吉他弹起来很惬意。 (2)用作及物动词“使高兴，愉快”。 His coming delighted all of us. 他的到来使我们都很高兴。,知识拓展 英语中有一些抽象名词，在一定的语境下可以转化为表示具体意义的名词，前面可以加不定冠词，即抽象名词具体化，可以这样用的名词还有： success(成功的人/事)；failure(失败的人/事)；surprise(令人惊讶的人/事)；shame(带来耻辱的人/事)；comfort(令人感到安慰的人/事)；worry(令人感到烦恼的人/事)；beauty(美人或美丽的事)；envy(令人羡慕的人/事)；shock(令人感到震惊的人/事)；regret(令人感到遗憾的人/事)；pleasure(令人感到高兴的人/事)等等。 I want to give you a surprise. 我想给你一个惊喜。,(3)delight相关的短语： be delighted at/by. 因而高兴 be delighted with. 喜欢 take/find delight in. 以为乐 be in high delight 非常高兴 to ones delight 使某人高兴的是to the delight of sb. with delight 高兴地 I am delighted at the news. 听到这个消息我很高兴。 You can find delight in reading. 你可以以读书为乐。,活学活用 完成句子 (1)使我高兴的是我可以为上海世博会做些事情了。 _ _ _，I can do something for the Shanghai World Expo. (2)把我的压岁钱捐给贫穷儿童是件很惬意的事情。 Donating my lucky money to the poor children is_ _. (3)在新年晚会上，所有的孩子又唱又跳，非常高兴。 In the New Years party，all the children are singing and dancing，_ _ _.,答案：(1)To my delight (2)a delight (3)in high delight,2applicant n. 申请人 There were five applicants for the position. 有5个人申请那个职位。 知识拓展 apply vi. 申请；适用 vt. 应用；运用 apply for 申请；请求 He has applied for a post in England. 他已申请在英国供职。 apply to 适用于 What you said doesnt apply to me. 你所说的并不适合我。,apply oneself to 致力于；集中精力做 applied adj. 应用的；适用的 application n. 应用；申请；申请表 What you said doesnt apply to me. 你所说的并不适合我。 He has applied for a post in England. 他已申请在英国供职。,活学活用 补全句子 我哥哥在北京申请了一份不错的工作。 My elder brother_ _ _ _ _in Beijing. 答案：applied for a wellpaid job.,3occur vi. 发生，出现；存在于 The tragedy occurred only minutes after takeoff. 这一悲剧在起飞后几分钟内就发生了。,知识拓展,It occurred to me to visit my parents. 我突然想去探望父母。 A good idea comes to me. 我突然想到一个好主意。 注意：occur通常和介词to搭配，表示“某人想起，想到”。,It occurred to me to visit my parents. 我突然想去探望父母。 A good idea comes to me. 我突然想到一个好主意。 注意：occur通常和介词to搭配，表示“某人想起，想到”。,比较网站 occur，happen，come about，take place与break out 在表示“发生”时这些词均为不及物动词，均没有被动语态形式。,活学活用 (1)用上面四个词的恰当形式填空 How did it_that people refused to buy watermelon? Should nuclear war_， what would become of human beings? When and where will the meeting_？ It_to me that we should write to our parents now and them. 答案：come about break out take place occured,(2)Does it ever_you to use your sight to see into the inner nature of a friend or acquaintance? Ahappen to Boccur to Crefer to Dcontribute to 答案：B 句意：你曾想到用你的视觉去探视一位朋友或认识的人的内在本性吗？Did it ever occur to you that.？为固定表达，表示“你可曾想到？”,consist of 由组成(或构成) The society consists of 30 members. 这个协会有30个会员组成。 Their diet consisted largely of vegetables. 他们的日常饮食以蔬菜为主。,知识拓展 consist in 存在于，在于 consist with 并存；一致；符合 True education does not consist in simply being taught facts. 真正的教育并不在于简单地讲授知识。 As is known to all, theory should consist with practice. 众所周知，理论应与实践相一致。,活学活用 (1)补全句子 考试分两部分：笔试和口试。 The exam consists_two parts: a written test and an oral. 答案：of,(2)In many American universities, the total work for a degree_thirtysix courses, each_for one semester(学期) Ais consisted of; lasts Bconsists of; lasting Cis made up of; lasts Dmake up of; lasting,答案：B 句意：在许多美国大学里，获得一个学位需要学习36门课程，每门课程则需一学期。 consist of表示“由组成(或构成)”；不能用于进行时态以及被动语态。第二空考查独立主格结构的用法，“代词each现在分词短语lasting for one semester”在句中担任状语，起补充说明作用。,To make the crossing between these two great countries seemed as if it would take no time at all! 从一个大国穿越到另一个大国看起来似乎毫不费时！ 本句是一个主从复合句，不定式作主语，seemed后跟的是as if引导的状语从句。seem的意思是“似乎，好像，仿佛，看来”，现将其用法归纳如下： seem (to be)名词/形容词 seem不定式(不定式有时用进行时或完成时) seemlike名词,It seems that.看起来，似乎 There seems (to be)似乎有 It seems as if/though.似乎(从句常用虚拟语气，如果所述情况实现的可能性较大，则从句用陈述语气) It seems as if somebody is calling you. 好像有人在叫你。(陈述语气) It seems as though he were very stupid. 他似乎很笨。(虚拟语气) Mary seems (to be) a very clever girl. 玛丽看上去是一个非常聪明的女孩。,活学活用 (1)补全句子 你好面熟，我似乎在什么地方见过你。 You look familiar to me.I seem_ _ _you somewhere. 答案：to have seen,(2)According to the shopping list, _ a dozen socks. Athere seems to be Bthere seem to be Cthere seem to have Dit seems to be 答案：B there seem(s) to be.“似乎有”，seem的单复数形式由后面的名词决定。,名词性从句用作主语、宾语和表语 名词性从句的功能相当于名词(词组)。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。因此，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。,新课标语法,引导名词性从句的连接词可以分为三类： 连接词：that, whether，if (不充当从句的任何成分)； 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在句中担任主语，宾语或定语)； 连接副词：when, where, how, why(在句中担任状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因)。,.名词性从句的分类： 1主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中担任主语的句子；通常位于句末，句首则采用it作形式主语。注意，what引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语。 1)常以it作形式主语的句型有： It is形容词that. It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。,It is名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.)that. Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 It is过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)that. It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted. 有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流遭受污染。,It appears/seems that.|It happens that.|It occurred to me that.|It turned out that. It turned out that nobody remembered the address. 结果发现没人记得这地址。 It doesnt matter that.|It makes no difference that. It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。 2)当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？,3)当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！,2宾语从句 主从复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。学习宾语从句应该注意以下几点。 1)引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但是在及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。 Glancing at her scornfully, he told her(that) the dress was sold. 他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说那件衣服卖了。,The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 老师说课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。 2)表示“心理活动”的形容词：afraid, anxious, aware, ashamed, annoyed, certain, confident, content, convinced, determined, disappointed, glad, happy, proud, pleased, sure, surprised, satisfied, thankful, worried等可以后接宾语从句。 He was afraid that he would lose. 他担心会输。,I am sure that I put the money in the box. 我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。 3)若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式，这种现象称为“否定转移”现象(此时主语往往为第一人称，偶尔为第三人称；否定词never, seldom, hardly, little无此用法)。 I dont think his decision is wise in reality. 实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。 I dont believe that he is a dishonest man. 我认为他是个诚实的人。,4)在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope等动词以及Im afraid之后，可以采用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，也可以采用not代替否定的宾语从句。 Do you believe the news stories? I believe so. “你相信这个新闻故事吗？”“我相信。” Has Anne got into university? I am afraid not. “安妮上大学了吗？”“恐怕是没有。”,3表语从句 在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句；学习表语从句应该注意以下几点。 1)通常只用that引导表语从句的情况。 句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。 The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。,句子的主语为the result时，表语从句采用that引导。 The result is that many of them become fat. 结果是他们中许多人发胖了。 由why引导的从句作主语时。 Why we decided to put off the match is that the weather was too terrible. 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。 2)as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look, seem, sound, be等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语气，也可采用直陈语气。,It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。,.名词性从句考点归纳： 1名词性从句必须采用陈述语序。 I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。,2it充当形式主语或宾语： 在名词性从句中，为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此句式中。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 I find it strange that she doesnt want to travel. 她竟不想旅游， 我觉得很奇怪。,3在名词性从句中 that与what的差异： what在从句中要充当某个成分(主语、宾语或表语)，在任何情况下都不能省略，表示“(the thing or things that.; whatever)的事物； 无论什么；凡是的事物”。that本身没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句中的that常常省略。 What you have done might do harm to others. 你所做的事或许对别人有害处。 I spent what little time I had with my family. 我仅有的一点儿时间都和家人在一起度过了。,No one knows what will happen next. 谁也不知道下一步有什么事。 I think(that) you will like the stamps. 我认为你会喜欢这些邮票的。,4whether和if的差异： 1)引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，只能采用whether。 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 2)介词宾语只用whether引导。 He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feeling. 他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。,3)当whether引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if替换。 Whether he will come or not, I am not sure. 我无法确认他是否会来。 4)whether经常与or not 直接连用，构成whether or not。 I dont know whether or not hell come. 我不知道他是来还是不来。 5)后接动词不定式时只能用whether。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？,6)动词discuss后面只能接whether引导的宾语从句。 We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论我们是否关闭这家商店。,5宾语从句和主句的时态呼应： 1)当主句谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态时，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态。 Will you tell me how I can keep fit? 能告诉我如何保持健康吗？ 2)当主句谓语动词为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应的过去时态。 Jack told me that he had been there twice. 杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。,3)当主句谓语为过去时态时，宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时， 仍然采用一般现在时。 Long ago, people knew that there are four seasons in a year. 很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。,6连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever引导名词性从句的含义： 1)whoever的用法： (the person or people who.)的那个人 Whoever said that? 到底谁讲的这话？ (any person who.)的任何一个人 Tell whoever you like; it makes no difference to me. 你愿意告诉谁就告诉谁对我来说都无所谓。,2)whatever的用法： (any or every)任何；每一 Take whatever action is needed. 采取任何必要的措施。 (anything or everything)任何事物；一切事物 You must do whatever is best for you. 什么对你最有利你就得做什么。 (表示做什么或发生什么都没关系，因为结果都一样)无论什么，不管什么 You have our support, whatever you decide. 不管你做何决定，都会得到我们的支持。,3)whichever的用法： (表示什么特征或品质在作决定时重要)的那个；的那些 Take whichever hat suits you best. 挑个最适合你戴的帽子。 无论哪个；无论哪些 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。,7虚拟语气结构在名词性从句中的应用： 1)主语从句 It is necessary that he(should)come to see us. 他有必要来看望我们。 2)宾语从句 The teacher suggested that we(should)have a rest. 老师建议我们休息一会儿。 3)表语从句 My suggestion is that we(should)read English newspapers to improve our English. 我的建议是我们应该阅读英文报纸来提高我们的英语水平。,8it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都用连词that，被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。 Its a pity that he missed the opportunity to travel abroad. 他错过了去国外旅游的机会，真是可惜。 Who was it that won the World Cup in 2014? 谁赢得了2014年的世界杯？,典题赏析 1(2014北京)The best moment for the football star was _ he scored the winning goal. Awhere Bwhen Chow Dwhy 答案：B 考查表语从句的引导词。根据主句中的名词the best moment可知，空格处应表示指时间的词，故用when引导。句意：对于那个足球明星来说，最好的时刻就是他射中了制胜的一球而得分的那个时候。,2(2014福建)Pick yourself up. Courage is doing _ youre afraid to do. Athat Bwhat Chow Dwhether 答案：B 考查名词性从句的引导词。根据句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，且引导词在从句中作do的宾语，故用what引导。句意：振作起来吧。勇气能帮助你克服一切困难。,3(2014湖南)As John Lennon once said，life is_ happens to you while you are busy making other plans. Awhich Bthat Cwhat Dwhere 答案：C 考查名词性从句。所填词引导表语从句，引导词作从句的主语，指物，用what，故选C项。,4(2014山东)It is difficult for us to imagine_life was like for slaves in the ancient world. Awhere Bwhat Cwhich Dwhy 答案：B 考查名词性从句。句意：对我们来说，想象奴隶们在古代的生活是什么样子是很难的。空格处引导宾语从句，从句中be like后缺少表语，故用what引导。,5(2014四川)Grandma pointed to the hospital and said ，“Thats _ I was born.” Awhen Bhow Cwhy Dwhere 答案：D 本题考查表语从句的引导词。句意：奶奶指着那家医院说：“那就是我出生的地方。”when表示时间；how表示方式；why表示原因；where表示地点；由题干中的关键信息the hospital可知，此处是指“我出生的地方”，故要用where引导表语从句。,6(2014浙江)“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _ my mother used to tell me. Awhat Bhow Cthat Dwhether 答案：A 本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：“每次你吃甜东西，喝点绿茶。”这是过去妈妈经常对我说的话。分析结构可知，此处考查的是表语从句的引导词。从句缺少tell的一个宾语，用what引导，故A项正确。how在句中作方式状语；that只起连接作用，不作句子成分；whether是否，不作句子成分。,7(2013陕西)It remains to be seen _ the newly formed committees policy can be put into practice. Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhether 答案：D 本题考查名词性从句。句意：那仍然得看新形成的委员会政策能否付诸实践。it在此为形式主语，故seen后为真正的主语从句，又由remains to be seen可知存在不确定的意思，所以用whether是否。故选D项。,8(2013天津)_I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents. AThat BWhich CWhether DWhat 答案：D 本题考查名词性从句。句意：我想要告诉你的是我对我的父母的深深的爱与尊重。分析句子成分，is是系动词，the deep love and respect是表语，is前的从句为主语从句。在这个主语从句中，tell后要跟双宾语，所以tell you后缺一个宾语，名词性从句缺宾语，要用what 来引导，故选D项。,9(2013重庆)_ struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son. AThat BIt CWhat DWhich 答案：C 本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：电影中最打动我的是那位父亲对他儿子的深深的爱。分析结构可知，_struck me most in the movie为主语从句，从句缺少主语，用what引导。that引导名词性从句，仅仅起连接作用，不作句子成分；it不能引导从句；which引导名词性从句时，可以作主语、宾语与表语，但是表示特指。由语境可知C项正确。,10(2013四川)_ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company. AWhen BHow CWhat DThat 答案：C 本题考查名词性从句中连词的用法。因为本题主语从句中said缺少宾语，而且主句中describes缺少主语，故选择what作兼语成分。,.用适当的连接词填空 1_he will come hasnt been decided. 2_we do must be in the interests of the people. 3_surprised me most was that she didnt even know where the difference between the two lines. 4It worried her a bit_her hair was turning grey. 5The difficulty we now meet with is_we can persuade him to tell us the truth. 6Pudong Developmental Zone is no longer_it used to be.,7He was born in 1821 in a rich family in_is now the state of Virginia. 8. We havent decided to take your proposal yet. All depends on_it is practical. 9_made the school proud was _more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities. 10I was surprised by her words，_made me recognize_silly mistakes I had made. 答案：1.Whether/How/When 2.Whatever 3.What 4that 5.how 6.what 7.what 8.whether 9.What；that 10.which；what,.将下列句子改为含有名词性从句的复合句 1English is being accepted as an international language.It is a fact. _ 2It is generally considered unwise to give a child everything he or she wants. _ 3It used to be a quiet village. I still remember that time. _,4He is said to go abroad and marry an American girl next week. _ 5He should report this accident to the police at once. This is my suggestion. _,答案：1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 2It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. 3I still remember when it used to be a quiet village. 4It is said that he will go abroad and marry an American girl next week. 5My suggestion is that he should report this accident to the police at once.,
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