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专题六 书面表达,普通高中英语课程标准对语言技能目标(八级)“写”的要求如下：(1)能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要；(2)能根据文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告；(3)能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度；(4)能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。从要求来看，书面表达是综合性很强的题目，目的是考查学生的英语表达能力，看其,考纲解读,是否能够运用所学的英语知识和掌握的技能进行思想交流。因此，考生在写作时应做到：(1)主题明确；(2)内容充实；(3)结构合理；(4)逻辑性强；(5)语言准确得体。,考点统计与考情分析,问题与对策,模板与范文,分类突破,考情分析,考点统计与考情分析,考点统计(略),通过对近三年高考新课标全国卷英语书面表达的分析发现，考查内容在从传统的单纯知识型向现代创新能力型转变，写作文体以应用文为主(多以书信和电子邮件的形式出现)，,半开放类占主流。这充分体现了现代高考旨在考查考生能否在体验现代生活发展节奏、把握时代脉搏的同时，将所学知识与具体实践结合起来并灵活运用的能力。考查特点归纳如下： 1.写作体裁与知识的实际运用密切结合 近三年的新课标全国卷绝大部分为书信或电子邮件。这一应用文体，在日常生活中使用较多，考生十分熟悉。写作话题贴近实际生活，突出了对考生处理现实生活实际问题的能力的考查。如：2015年新课标全国卷就美国的节日风俗和中学生生活约稿(贴近生活)。,2.突出考查考生的想象力和创新能力 近三年的书面表达的写作内容都是来自于生活的真实情景。需要考生根据自身的生活阅历展开合理想象，创设合情合理的语境。如：2015年新课标全国卷()以“去敬老院陪老人们过重阳节”为话题写作，与考生自身生活联系密切。,3.半开放式已成主流 近几年来，新课标全国卷书面表达全部为半开放式写作。这种考查形式使考生不完全受“提示形式”和“内容要点”的限制，可以适当发挥。但这同时也对考生的写作能力提出了更高的要求。,4.从高考书面表达的发展趋势看，2016年的高考在体裁和题材上应该保持相对稳定，写作类型及提示形式也不会有太大的变化。从2015年新课标全国卷()以及部分省份的考情来看，考查考生的创新意识、思维拓展能力和文化素养的试题比重会有所增加。,一、13类常见失分 1.主谓不一致 (1)Three years have passed before we knew it.误 Three years has passed before we knew it.正 (2)Every man and every woman like surfing the Internet here.误 Every man and every woman likes surfing the Internet here.正 (3)Many a student have chatted online.误 Many a student has chatted online.正,问题与对策,2.时态不一致 (1)They talked and talked and soon the bus comes.误 They talked and talked and soon the bus came.正 (2)He said that he will come to see me soon.误 He said that he would come to see me soon.正 (3)If you had come earlier，you would see the actress yesterday.误 If you had come earlier，you would have seen the actress yesterday.正,3.词类误用 (1)She seated herself in the sofa and went sleep.误 She seated herself in the sofa and went asleep.正 (2)After the work，we went home，tiredly and hungry.误 After the work，we went home，tired and hungry.正 (3)Her kind and generosity made me feel at home.误 Her kindness and generosity made me feel at home.正,4.逻辑不一致 (1)Im eager to show you around some places of interest，but some culture centers.误 Im eager to show you around some places of interest，or some culture centers.正 (2)He went to her and gave her the present he had bought，and she refused to take it and went away.误 He went to her and gave her the present he had bought，but she refused to take it and went away.正,(3)Next time you look at a person，see if his or her face is red and pale.误 Next time you look at a person，see if his or her face is red or pale.正,5.代词替代不一致 (1)There are so many flowers in the flowershop that I dont know what to buy.误 There are so many flowers in the flowershop that I dont know which to buy.正 (2)It is us that are to blame for the result because we are too careless.误 It is we that are to blame for the result because we are too careless.正,(3)She took many photos during her stay in Beijing and showed it to me.误 She took many photos during her stay in Beijing and showed them to me.正,6.介词多余 (1)Work hard，and you will make it at some time.误 Work hard，and you will make it some time.正 (2)At the first time she came to see me，I was doing some reading.误 The first time she came to see me，I was doing some reading.正 (3)Considering about everything，the plan is quite practical.误 Considering everything，the plan is quite practical.正,7.连词多余 (1)She sent me an email，asking whether how I was getting along with my classmates.误 She sent me an email，asking how I was getting along with my classmates.正 (2)If one more minute，and we can do it easily.误 One more minute，and we can do it easily.正 (3)Because you gave us timely help，so we finished it on time.误 Because you gave us timely help，we finished it on time.正,8.冠词多余 (1)As we know，the Sunday is the first day of a week.误 As we know，Sunday is the first day of a week.正 (2)I prefer this kind of a fruit.误 I prefer this kind of fruit.正 (3)Our teacher usually tells us to behave well in the public places.误 Our teacher usually tells us to behave well in public places.正,9.句子成分短缺 (1)We all strongly against the suggestion put forward at the meeting.误 We are all strongly against the suggestion put forward at the meeting.正 (2)What known to all is that cars have become a popular means of transport.误 What is known to all is that cars have become a popular means of transport.正,(3)What puzzles you actually a puzzle for many parents in China.误 What puzzles you is actually a puzzle for many parents in China.正,10.及物与不及物动词误用 (1)All flights this morning have put off because of the thick fog.误 All flights this morning have been put off because of the thick fog.正 (2)The teacher caught me cheating in the exam，but he didnt punish for it.误 The teacher caught me cheating in the exam，but he didnt punish me for it.正,(3)It is known that everything depends the sunlight for growth.误 It is known that everything depends on the sunlight for growth.正,11.非谓语动词误用 (1)He admitted to make a mistake.误 He admitted making a mistake.正 (2)She objects to be treated like a child.误 She objects to being treated like a child.正 (3)I regret saying that I cant help you for I have many things to do.误,I regret to say that I cant help you for I have many things to do.正 (4)The desk needs to repair.误 The desk needs repairing./The desk needs to be repaired.正,(5)My parents expect me to study science and becoming a scientist.误 My parents expect me to study science and become a scientist.正 (6)They were made work hard all day long.误 They were made to work hard all day long.正 (7)I find it easy to be done.误 I find it easy to do.正,(8)Comparing with you，I still have a long way to go.误 Compared with you，I still have a long way to go.正 (9)Everything taking into consideration，it is a good plan.误 Everything taken into consideration，it is a good plan.正,12.搭配错误 (1)As time going by，more and more people prefer a healthy diet.误 With time going by，more and more people prefer a healthy diet.正 (2)The bridge is in construction.误 The bridge is under construction.正,(3)So far as I am concerned，riding bicycles is a good solution.误 As far as I am concerned，riding bicycles is a good solution.正 (4)The thief ran to the direction of the hill.误 The thief ran in the direction of the hill.正 (5)It is no doubt that drinking too much is harmful to health.误 There is no doubt that drinking too much is harmful to health.正 (6)It wasnt long when we got to the cinema.误 It wasnt long before we got to the cinema.正,13.汉语式表达 (1)This is my first time visit to Beijing.误 This is my first visit to Beijing.正 (2)I like Taiji and it is my most favorite sport.误 I like Taiji and it is my favorite sport.正 (3)Our school is two miles far away from here，so youd better take a taxi.误 Our school is two miles away from here，so youd better take a taxi.正,(4)After he returned back，he began to work at once.误 After he returned，he began to work at once.正 (5)Of the two objects，I prefer the blue one better.误 Of the two objects，I prefer the blue one.正,二、高分技巧 1.恰当使用连词、连接副词等连接句子，可使文章逻辑性强，结构紧凑，层次清晰，意义贯通。 Last Sunday，when my parents went out shopping，I suddenly got an idea: why not give the rooms a thorough cleaning？Firstly I collected all the books，newspapers and other things scattered in the rooms and put them in place.Then I wiped the dust off all the furniture.After that，I swept and mopped the floors.(2013陕西),2.恰当选用“贴切、地道的高级词汇”。 从书面表达的评分标准可知，运用高级词汇对提高书面表达的“档次”和得分至关重要。通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同(近)义词或反义词来代替常见的词语是选用恰当词汇的有效途径。如下表所列近义词，用高级词汇代替普通词汇，会取得比较好的效果。,3.适当使用含有“较为丰富的语法结构”的高级句式。 感叹句、独立主格结构、特殊句式、名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词等都属于较复杂的“语法结构”。这些结构的正确、交替使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映作者的语言运用能力。此外，正确使用一些谚语也能给文章增色不少。,(1)感叹句 What a meaningful day it was！(2015北京，书面表达二) 这是多么有意义的一天啊！ How happy I will be！How I wish I could be younger than now！(2015重庆，写作一) 我太开心了！我多么希望能够比现在年轻一点！,(2)独立主格结构 In the picture，a boy is fully absorbed in a book made of bamboo，with several more scrolls lying on one end of his desk.(2015福建) 图画中，一个男孩在全神贯注地读一本由竹子做成的书，桌子的一边放着很多卷书。,(3)特殊句式 Can you tell us when and where？(2015安徽) 你能告诉我们什么时间以及在哪里吗？ It shows that it is hard work and determination rather than outer conditions that play a vital role in shaping a great mind.(2015福建) 这表明成为一个伟大人物的决定因素是艰苦的工作及毅力而不是外部条件。,It is the people who obey the rules that matter.(2015江苏) 重要的是遵守这些规则的人们。 Not only do they offer you joy and excitement，but also they encourage you to think critically.(2015天津) 它们不仅可以让你们开心和兴奋，而且还激励你们进行批判性思考。,(4)名词性从句 I wonder if youd like to go with me. (2015北京，书面表达一) 我想知道你是否愿意和我一起去。 With the development of medical technology，we can detect whether people have major illnesses and predict whether people have a preference for food by using saliva sample，and remind people to take appropriate exercise.(2015广东，基础写作),随着医疗技术的发展，我们能诊断人们是否得了什么重要疾病并能通过唾液样本预测人们对食物的偏好，同时提醒人们进行适当的锻炼。 It is just what I want.(2015四川) 这正是我想要的。 I would appreciate it if you could give me more information.(2015重庆，写作二) 如果你能提供更多的信息我将不胜感激。,(5)定语从句 If they often cheat in the exams，they will form a bad habit，which will have a bad effect on their life.(2015广东，读写任务) 如果他们在考试中经常作弊，他们就会养成一个坏习惯，这将会对他们的生活产生坏的影响。 From this experience I have learned that questioning can serve as a bridge that helps us to seek the truth.(2015湖北) 这次经历使我明白了质疑是帮助我们探寻真理的桥梁。,My teacher may think I am excellent and that I can do well in my study，which can make me more confident.(2015湖南) 我的老师可能认为我优秀并能学好习，这样能使我更加自信。 Last but not least，everyone will be happy if praised，which is the common positive emotion that everybody likes to share.(2015湖南) 最后但同样重要的一点，被表扬大家都会开心，这是人人都愿意分享的最常见的正能量。,The Double Ninth Festival，which is the day set aside for the elderly in our culture，is drawing near.(2015全国) 重阳节即将到来，它是在我们的文化里专门为老年人设置的节日。 Besides，I often teach my English teacher who comes from America Mandarin in my spare time.(2015四川) 另外，在我的业余时间里我经常教我的英语老师普通话，他来自美国。,Our school will donate 5,000 copies of different valuable books to your class，which include popular science books，classic works and so on.(2015天津) 我们学校将向你们班级捐献5 000册有价值的不同书籍，包括科普书、经典著作等。 This is the reason why I want to interview her，not only because of her fame，but also because of her kindness and honest.(2015安徽) 这是我想采访她的理由，不仅仅是因为她的名声，还是因为她的友善和诚实。,(6)状语从句 If you are interested in it，let me know and Ill send you more information.(2015北京，书面表达一) 如果你感兴趣，告诉我，我会为你提供更多的信息。 If youd like to join us，please let us know and well wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.(2015全国) 如果你想加入我们，请告诉我们，我们将于上午9点在学校大门口等你。,If you want to speak Mandarin well.First，you should read more and watch more Chinese TV programmes.(2015四川) 如果你想说好普通话，首先，你应该多读、多看中文电视节目。 If you have more needs，please let me know as soon as possible.(2015天津) 如果你有更多的需求，请尽快告诉我。,In a word，you can write anything relevant so long as its interesting and informative.(2015全国) 总之，你可以写任何相关的内容，只要有趣味并能增长见识。 I hope you would be so kind as to send it to us before June 28th，so that it can be published in time.(2015全国) 我希望你能发善心在6月28日以前给我们寄过来，以便能够按时出版。,When I have a different opinion，I may choose to give it up and respect the opinion of the majority.(2015浙江) 当我有不同意见时，我会选择放弃自己的意见并尊重大多数人的意见。 Once we were left to decide whether to have a picnic in a park or go to a museum.I would love to go to a museum.(2015浙江) 一旦让我们决定是在公园野餐还是去博物馆，我愿意去博物馆。,If I learn English well，I can do what I love to.(2015重庆，写作一) 如果我学好英语，我能做我喜欢做的事。 I have a preference for wild release，because it is very convenient for the other persons who want to read books.(2015重庆，写作二) 我喜欢自由分享，因为这样对于那些想读书的其他人来说很方便。,(7)非谓语动词 So careful were we that we quickly mastered the way of doing it，starting to make our own “artwork” using a piece of dough.(2015北京，书面表达二) 我们很细心，于是我们很快掌握了做这件事的方法，开始用面团制作我们自己的艺术品。 From this experience，I learned that it is our responsibility as well as our joy to protect the tradition.(2015北京，书面表达二) 从这次体验我感受到，保护传统的东西不仅是责任更是一种乐趣。,The story tells us of a famous scholar named Kuang Heng from Western Han Dynasty.(2015福建) 这个故事给我们讲述的是西汉时期的著名学者匡衡。 Its a waste of time playing games and it will have a bad effect on their study.(2015广东，读写任务) 玩游戏是一种时间的浪费，同时对他们的学习也有坏的影响。,As a student，I can tell you that there is nothing better than being praised by my teacher before my classmates.(2015湖南) 作为一名学生，我可以告诉你没有什么比在同学们面前受到老师的表扬更好的事情了。 Whats worse，some drivers，cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to obey traffic rules.(2015江苏) 更糟糕的是，一些机动车司机、骑自行车的人以及行人并不认为遵守交通规则很重要。,It is everybodys duty to observe them to keep our society in order and going on the right track.(2015江苏) 维护社会秩序，在正确的路线上行驶是每个人应尽的义务。 Well also spend some fun time together singing，dancing and playing games，which we hope will make them happy.(2015全国) 我们还将一起度过一段快乐时光，一起唱、跳、玩游戏，我们希望这会使他们开心。,I am writing to apply for the volunteer position stated in your notice.(2015陕西) 我正在写信申请你们通知里陈述到的志愿者职位。 (8)谚语 As the old saying goes，“An inch of time is worth an inch of gold”.(2015广东，读写任务) 俗话说，一寸光阴一寸金。 Every coin has its two sides.(2015湖南) 事物是一分为二的。,4.此外还要注意以下几个方面： (1)要有高分句意识。高分句可以用复合句、特殊句式(尤其是使用倒装句、强调句等)，还可以使用谚语。高分句最好放在每一段的首句，这样给人耳目一新的感觉。还可以放在文章的结尾，给人以厚重的感觉。,(2)要有段落意识。这样使作文层次分明，条理清晰。每一段的段首或段尾有一个高分句，能为文章增色不少。 (3)要书写优美。一篇优秀的作文犹如一件艺术品，书写清楚，字母大小写匀称，单词间距适 当，给人以美的享受，这样的作文怎么能不得高分呢！,一、6种常用写作模板 (一)观点对比类写作 1.一般情况下先陈述两个对立的观点，最后给出自己的看法。 (1)有人认为 (2)而有的人则认为 (3)在我看来,模版与范文,The theme of (主题) is becoming increasingly popular nowadays.There are two opposite opinions about it.Some people say they are in favor of A.Their view is that (支持A的理由一).What is more， (理由二).Moreover， (理由三). While some others prefer B.The reasons are as follows.First (To begin with)， (支持B的理由一).Second (Besides)， (理由二).Lastly (Finally)， (理由三).,Personally，I think (我的观点).The reason is that (原因).Actually，reasons are various.For me，the former is surely a wise choice.,2.有时候先给出一个观点，然后要求考生反驳这一观点。 Some people hold the belief that (观点一).For example，they think (理由陈述).And (为他们带来的好处). Based on my own opinion，I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing， (我反对该看法的理由一).For another thing， (理由二). To be short，I agree to the opinion that (我对文章所讨论主题的看法).,(二)主题阐述类写作 一般是从一句话或一个主题出发，然后根据所给提示中的要求进行论述。 1.先阐述这句话或主题所蕴涵的意义； 2.分析、举例并使其内容更充实。 As we know，the old famous saying (名言或谚语) reminds us that (释义).Indeed，we can learn a lot from it. Firstly， (理由一).For example， (举例说明).,Secondly， (理由二)Another case is that (举例说明)Furthermore， (理由三) But I think， (我的观点)In a word，whatever you do，please remember what the saying tells us.If you do as it tells you to，youll surely benefit a lot from it.,(三)问题解决方法类写作 一般情况下要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径。 1.先陈述问题现状； 2.然后探讨怎样解决。 Recently，we have to face the problem (第一个问题)，which is becoming increasingly serious.Firstly， (第一个问题的概况).Secondly， (进一步列举说明现状). Confronted with it，a series of effective measures should be,taken to deal with the situation.For one thing， (解决方法一).For another， (解决方法二).Finally， (解决方法三). In my opinion，I do believe that (我的解决方法).As a consequence，Im confident that a bright future is ahead of us because (带来的好处).,(四)利弊对比类写作 一般情况下先说明一下现状，然后对比事物本身的利弊，但有时候往往先从一个角度(利或弊)作为切入点，最后要求考生表明自己的观点(或对事物前景提出预测)。 1.陈述事物目前状况； 2.事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)； 3.你对现状(或前景)的看法。,At present，many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally，its advantages can be seen as follows.First， (A的优点之一).Besides， (A的优点之二). However，each coin has its two sides.Apparently，one of its important disadvantages is that (A的缺点之一).Worse still/To make matters worse， (A的缺点之二).,Judging from the analysis mentioned above，I am sure that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.So its obvious that I would like to (我的看法). Therefore，we should take it and do it reasonably and practically.Only in this way， (对未来情况的预测).,(五)答题性议论文写作 Currently，there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) (作文题目)，which is really important to every one of us.Consequently，immediate measures must be taken to solve this problem. Its known to all that many steps can be taken to solve this problem.First of all， (途径一).Additionally，another way of dealing with the problem is (途径二).,Above all，there are various ways.But as far as I am concerned，I would prefer to solve the problem in this way，that is to say， (方法).,(六)谚语警句性议论文 What is known to us is that the proverb (谚语) has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means (谚语的含义).The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows (举例说明).,二、12篇不同类型的经典范文 (一)给报社等的讨论稿(携带手机的利弊) Dear Editor， 开门见山 Im a senior school student.Im writing to tell you my opinion on whether senior high school students should go to school with mobile phones.,个人观点 I think they can do that.Because it is quite convenient for the students to keep in touch with their friends and family wherever they are.Whats more，a student can also use it for fun.,利弊对比 However，each coin has its two sides.There exist some problems，such as，the ring of phones may disturb teachers teaching and students study.,(二)根据柱状图表写调查报告 The ideas about future jobs have changed a lot in high school students. What is the most striking contrast is teaching：40 percent of the girls would prefer to become teachers while the boys only make up 15 percent.45 percent of the boys would like to do business and another 30 percent want to be lawyers，while only 10 percent of the girls want to do so.To,the boys，they would like to become managers most and next to it，scientists.Besides teaching，girls also want to be scientists and managers.They just expect to show their abilities in these two fields.,(三)过去与现在对比的信件 Dear Editor， Im a middle school student. I once had a very active and outgoing friend，but everything has changed because of his recent addiction to computer games. He used to be a very good student and was often praised by his teachers.He studied hard and did well in every subject.Besides，he often helped others with their study.,However，he is now quite a different person.He plays games all day and all night and often runs away from school.I just cant stop him playing games again.Im very much worried and Im afraid it will destroy his future as well as himself. Could you tell me what I can do？Im looking forward to your reply.Thank you very much. Yours， Li Hua,(四)图画与个人观点 The other day during the summer holidays，I came across my classmate Li Hua，who is my best friend.We talked while walking.When I asked him where to go during the holidays，he replied that he had to stay at home studying.Then I asked why.Much to my surprise，he told me that it was just because he failed in the college entrance examinations.,Personally，not only does traveling increase a students knowledge but also makes life meaningful.Whats more，at the present time，we students are suffering a lot both at home and school.Why not go out to get relaxed?,(五)三段式作文解读幽默画 阐明主题 Our schoolbags need lightening badly 图画内容 The picture is about a schoolboy and a big woman.The boy with a pair of glasses is carrying a heavy schoolbag，while the woman is taking some exercise.The boy is saying to the woman jokingly，“Mum，if you carry the schoolbag for me，Im sure you will easily lose weight.”,社会实际 Obviously，we Chinese students are overburdened with everyday lessons and homework.Every day what we have to do is to listen to the teachers，take notes and do our homework endlessly.,个人想法 Surely we hope to get more knowledge with fewer lectures，exercises and less homework.Only by this means can we spare some time to do sports every day.Then we will be healthy mentally and physically.,(六)叙事类图画作文 Yesterday afternoon I walking in the park when suddenly I saw a touching event.At that time some people were boating on the lake.Meanwhile a girl and her parents were taking photos.All of a sudden，the little girl fell into the lake as a result of carelessness.Its obvious that she couldn
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