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走向高考 英语,路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索,人教版(课标卷地区) 高考总复习,基础知识聚焦,第一部分,解题策略(十六) 阅读理解之篇章结构题,第一部分,把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章主题。在近几年的高考英语试题中出现了专门考查文章结构和写作手法的考题，如安徽卷中的任务型读写题、江苏卷中的任务型阅读题和湖南卷中的填空题就考查了考生对文章结构的理解。北京卷、陕西卷、重庆卷在近几年的阅读理解中也比较注重对文章结构的考查。在考试大纲中也明确要求考生“理解文章的基本结构”。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。,命题形式： Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? How is the passage organized? The passage is mainly developed by _. What is the right order of the steps in doing _？ The second paragraph is developed by _.,应试策略： 把握全文的逻辑框架，理解段落与段落之间的逻辑关系。 理解段落内论点与论据，细节与主题之间的关系。 掌握常见的写作方法(时间顺序、空间顺序、例证关系、对比关系等)和结构(总分、总分总、分总等)。 结合不同文体全面考虑。,典例1(2013陕西)According to sociologists(社会学家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层). Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society. Class means a persons economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!,Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的)economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the US. Senate!,Status is the honor or respect attached to a persons position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.,56Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?,答案：A 根据文章的结构来看，文章在第一段总述了“Class, power and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society.”，然后在其余三段分述，故选A。,典例2(2013江西)When international aid is given, steps must be taken to ensure (确保)that the aid reaches the people for whom it is intended. The way to achieve this may not be simple. It is very difficult for a nation to give help directly to people in another nation. The United Nations Organization (UNO) could undertake to direct the distribution of aid. Here however rises the problem of costs. Also tied with this is time. Perhaps the UNO could set up a body of devoted men and women in every country who can speedily distribute aid to victims of floods and earthquakes.,More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster, it would be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times. A common proverb says, “Give me a fish and I eat for a day, teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying, it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves. For example, a country could share its technology with another. This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites. Even a small country is able to help less developed nations.,63The second paragraph is developed mainly _. Aby example Bby process Cby comparison Dby contrast 答案：A 作者在第二段先引用一句谚语，然后通过例子来阐述。由此可以推断出第二段是通过举例子展开描述的。所以选A项。,
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