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走向高考 英语,路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索,人教版(课标卷地区) 高考总复习,基础知识聚焦,第一部分,解题策略(十三) 阅读理解之词义猜测题,第一部分,词义猜测题主要考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解词义的能力，包括考查生词词义和熟词生义，或是一些短语的引申义或一句话的含义。近几年，词义猜测题越来越受到命题者的青睐，2014年大部分地区的高考英语试卷都有词义猜测题，有的甚至涉及多道，如2014年辽宁卷的词义猜测题多达3道。词义猜测题要求考生在准确理解上下文的基础上答题，若平时就具有较大的阅读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇，那答题就会更加迅速和准确。,(一)根据定义猜测词义 通过定语从句、定义、同位语等来确定词义。 1定语从句 定语从句在文中起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰的词的含义。如：The herdsman，who looks after sheep，earns about 65 yuan a year. 定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧羊人”。,2定义 如果生词在文中直接被句子或段落解释，理解句子或段落本身就能推断出词义。如：In slang the term jam is a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 根据下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。,典例1(2014安徽D篇) . I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice.,70By “move things forward” in the last paragraph, the author probably means “_” Adestroy old buildings Bput things in a different place Cchoose new architectural styles Drespect peoples feelings for historical buildings,答案：C 根据画线词后面的“If we always reproduced what was there before，we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice” 可知， move things forward 相当于 choose new architectural styles，故选C项。,典例2(2014辽宁C篇) . Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest, Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their cooperation and support, passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it” .,29The underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees _. Acompete for survival Bprotect their own wealth Cdepend on each other Dprovide support for dying trees 答案：C 根据冒号后的解释“trees survive through their cooperation and support, passing around necessary nutrition depending on who needs it ”可知，树通过合作和支持存活下来。由此可知the opposite is true的意思是“树依靠彼此”。故选C。,3同位语 构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号和括号等。 如：Semantics，the study of the meaning of words，is necessary if you are to speak and read wisely.两个逗号之间的部分意为“对词的意义进行的研究”。该短语与前面的生词Semantics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出Semantics指“语义学”。,(二)根据逻辑关系猜测词义 1根据同义词(部分)的替代关系猜测词义 在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。 如：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，在接下来的一句中用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知jeopardize词义为“冒的危险，危及，危害”。,典例3(2014四川A篇) Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someones life? If yes, dont care about sex or age! Come and join us, then youll make it! .,32What does the underlined part mean? AYoull make others lives more meaningful with this job. BYoull arrive home just in time from this job. CYoull earn a good salary from this job. DYoull succeed in getting this job. 答案：A 根据画线词所在句的前一句“Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someones life？”可以判断出，youll make it意为“参加广告中的志愿工作，你将让别人的生活更有意义”，故选A项。,2根据类比关系猜测词义 如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 该句中副词similarly表明了短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious的词义为”健谈的，话多的”。,3根据因果关系猜测词义 在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。,4根据对比关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中，有时对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词(部分)来猜测其意义。 如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother，in contrast，is quite humble and modest. 该例中supercilious是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast提示我们supercilious和后面的humble and modest(谦卑)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。,(三)根据上下文及生活常识猜测词义 1我们可以根据上下文中与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行推测，也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，猜测生词的词义。,典例4(2014江西D篇) . When communication becomes more efficient, people are able to contact one another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to. The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes. With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and iPads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.,71The underlined word “gadgets” is closest in meaning to _. Atools Bmessages Cbarriers Dskills 答案：A 依据画线词后面的举例“such as mobile phones and iPads”可知，这些都是通讯工具，故选A项。,2有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和常识确定词义。如： Husband：Its really cold out tonight. Wife：Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? 根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手肯定被冻得麻木了，故numb表示“麻木的，失去感觉的”。,典例5(2012四川A篇) . The seasons change just outside the door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars(杨树) putting out the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local stream as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake.,43What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean? AThe change of seasons is easily felt. BThe seasons make the scenes change. CThe weather often changes in the forest. DThe door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons. 答案：A 根据画线句后的一句话，并结合生活常识，可以推断出画线句意为“很容易感觉到季节的变化”。,(四)根据构词法来猜测词义 英语单词的构成方法主要有三种，即合成法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多由词根、前缀、后缀所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前后加上词缀，可以引申或转变原词的意义。,典例6(2014新课标全国A篇) . That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way. 53What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean? AShowed. BSent out. CDelivered. DGave back. 答案：D restored是个派生词，由前缀re(再，反复)和词根store(储存，保存)可推测出restored的意思就是gave back。,(五)借用语境明指代 代词指代题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下出的一种题型，考查考生对复杂关系的分辨理解能力，有一定的难度，因为它要求考生对代词所在句以及紧邻几个句子的结构和意思都要有准确的理解。理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是解题的关键所在。可利用上下文，采用“逻辑关系梳理法”，使人物或事物关系明朗化。,典例7(2014山东B篇) That particular day, my brother and I sat through both movies twice, trying to escape the heat. We bought three bags of popcorn and three sodas each.Then, we sat and watched The Music Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Wed already seen the second movie once before. It had been at the theater since January, because Mr. Bellow loved anything with John Wayne in it. .,47What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 3 refer to? AThe heat. BThe theater. CThe Music Man. DThe Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. 答案：D 根据第三段中的“Wed already seen the second movie once before”可知It指的是第二部电影The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance。,
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