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构词法,1.构词法的三种构成形式。 2.派生、转化及合成词的灵活使用。,复习重点,基础知识,英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。 一、合成 合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合成一个新词。合成形式主要有以下几种：,1. 合成名词 名词+名词：postman, girlfriend, flowerbed, notebook 形容词+名词：blackboard, supermarket, greenhouse 名词+动词：daybreak, sunrise, breastfeed 动词-ing形式+名词：reading room, washing machine,名词+动词-ing形式：handwriting, papermaking 动词+名词：pickpocket, workroom 动词+副词：breakup 其它形式：get-together, go-between, passer-by,2. 合成形容词 形容词 / 数词+名词+ed：warm-hearted, five-storeyed 名词+过去分词：home-made, hand-made 名词+形容词：world-famous, ice-cool 形容词/数词+名词：full-time, second-hand 形容词+过去分词： newborn 副词+分词：well-known, newly-built 其它形式：face-to-face, evergreen,3. 合成代词 代词宾格/物主代词+ self/selves：herself, ourselves 某些不定代词some, any, every, no等+ body/one/thing：anyone, nothing 4. 合成介词 介词+介词：throughout, within,5. 合成副词 副词+名词：indoors, overhead, upstairs 介词+名词：alongside, beforehand 名词+形容词：sky-high 副词+介词：nearby 其它形式：meanwhile, headfirst 6. 合成动词 副词+动词：overhear, overwork, underline 名词+动词：moonwalk, sunbathe 形容词+动词：whitewash, safeguard,二、转化 转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变化而由一种词性转化为另一种词性。 1. 名词转化为动词 有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大，如try, swim, shout, cry, kiss, wash, guess等。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化，如feed（v. 喂养 n. 饲料），draw（v. 画画，抽，拉 n. 平局）等。,2. 形容词转化为动词、名词或副词 有些形容词可以转化为动词。如：quiet （adj. 安静的 v. 使安静）。 有些形容词可以转化为名词。如：quiet (adj. 安静的，寂静的 n. 安静，寂静); calm (adj. 镇静的 n. 泰然自若)。 有些形容词可以转化为副词。如：dear, high, low, cheap, full, near, close, long等。,3. 介词转化为名词：the ups and downs of life 4. 连词转化为名词：no ifs, ands, or buts 5. 一些其它情况的转化。如： They forwarded his mail to his new address. (adv. v.) The people are walking north. (n. adv.),三、派生 派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性, 后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。 常见前缀： 名词前加a-变为形容词或副词。如：asleep等。 名词或形容词前加be-变为动词。如：behead等。,名词或形容词前加en-变为动词。如：endanger, encourage, enrich, enlarge, enable等。 形容词前加il-, ab-, un-, ir-, dis-, in-等变为反义词。如：illegal, illogical, abnormal, unable, unsafe, irregular, dishonest, disappointed, incorrect等。,常见后缀： 1. 形容词后缀 名词后加-ful变为形容词，表示“充满的，具有性质的”。如：hopeful, thankful等。 名词后加-less变为形容词，表示“没有的”。如：hopeless, useless等。 名词后加-ic, -ical变为形容词，表示“与有关的，动作/行为的”。如：technical, scientific等。,名词后加-ous变为形容词，表示“有性质的”。如：poisonous, mountainous等。 动词后加-able变为形容词，表示“可的，能的，具有性质的”。如：comfortable, relaxable等。 动词后加-ed变为形容词，表示“的”。如：excited, amazed, satisfied等。,2. 名词后辍 动词后加-ance变为名词，表示状态或行为。如：performance, guidance等。 动词后去不发音的-e加-tion或直接加-tion变为名词，表示状态或过程。如：decoration, translation, election等。 动词后加-er或-or变为名词，表示人。如: survivor, worker, instructor等。,动词后加-ee变为名词，表示动作的承受者。如: employee, trainee等。 动词/名词后加-ess变为名词，表女性或雌性。如：hostess, actress, princess等。 动词后加-ment变为名词，表示“的行为”。如：arrangement, movement等。,名词后加-ship变为名词，表示状态、性质、品质、地位、资格等。如：relationship, friendship等。 形容词后加-ness变为名词，表示“的性质、状态或特点”。如：happiness, sickness, fairness等。,3. 动词后辍 形容词后加-en变为动词，表示“使成为，变得”。如：strengthen, threaten等。 形容词后加-fy 变为动词，表示“使化，使成为”。如：beautify, simplify等。 形容词后加-ize变为动词，表示“化”。如：specialize, modernize等。,4. 副词后缀 形容词或名词后加-ly变为副词。如：carefully, monthly, quickly, clearly等。 表示地点或方位的词后加-ward(s)变为副词。如：southward(s), backward(s), outward(s)等。,四、常见考点 高考对构词法的考查主要考查派生法及转化法中一些词性的变化及其意义，及一些合成词。,I. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（不多于3个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. While there are 68. _ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be 70. _(patience).,patient,amazing,2. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and 43. _ (disappoint).,disappointed,3. Jonny: Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and 62. _ (soft). Try to keep your body straight. Move slowly, then be sure to keep your balance and dont let your body shake. Peter: I cannot control my body well. My legs become 63. _ (pain).,painful,softly,II. 根据下列各句句意和空白之后的汉语提示 词，写出对应单词的正确、完整形式，每 空只写一词。 1. Im happy that my 80-year-old grandma has learned how to _ (下载) from the Internet. 2. They failed to reach a settlement, because they _ (不同意) too much with each other.,disagreed,download,专项练习,用括号内单词的正确形式填空。 1. A: Do you think it necessary to have some cultural communications between children in different countries?,B: I couldnt agree more. It is _ (mean). Not only can it broaden our multicultural knowledge and _ (rich) our lives, it can also enable us to develop unlimited love and _ (friend) with others from various social backgrounds. A: Exactly.,meaningful,enrich,friendship,2. A: I hear that you have a good taste in wines. Please taste this wine from my hometown. B: Thank you. Oh, by the way, would you like to give me a hand? The flowers need water, so I have to _ (water) them. A: With pleasure.,water,
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