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一：实验环境介绍*鉴于生产环境均采用64位系统和数据库软件，本实验也将采用这个标准*采用vmware workstation 10（版本随意，我用的10）虚拟机软件作为安装平台对于真机的要求：CPU：INTEL：CORE I3级别或以上（推荐） AMD ：4核心CPU或以上（推荐）内存：建议4G以上系统：WIN7 /8 64位/WINDOWS SERVER 2003/2008 64位硬盘：虚拟机所在分区剩余空间50G以上，固态硬盘最好虚拟机系统：Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 update 5（64位）数据库版本：Oracle 11gR2 11.2.0.3 （64位）基础要求：（1）安装两台虚拟机分别作为主库和备库，硬盘大小随意。但要保证根分区有20G，别给太小了就行。物理内存1G，SWAP 2G 二：安装数据库软件前的系统配置（主库和备库端都要做下列操作）1基本配置：一定要用新装的系统（这里以红帽企业版5.5为例），系统要求最低配置1G内存，2Gswap分区，根分区20G以上，装好系统后先配置好yum，IP地址，/etc/sysconfig/network文件中的主机名，以及/etc/hosts文件中的IP地址和主机名的对应关系。主库IP：192.168.1.101主库主机名：pri.cty.compri备库IP：192.168.1.102备库主机名：std.cty.comstd2装包yum install compat-libstdc+-33 ksh gcc gcc-c+ libgomp elfutils-libelf-devel glibc-devel glibc-headers libaio-devel libstdc+-devel sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel -y 3查看共享内存大小，要求最低为1GB# df -h /dev/shmFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted ontmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm发现不够，修改# vim /etc/fstab如图，在tmpfs那一行的defaults后面加上,size=1024m保存退出后重新挂载：# mount -o remount /dev/shm再次查看共享内存：# df -h /dev/shmFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted ontmpfs 1.0G 0 1.0G 0% /dev/shm修改成功4创建相关的组与用户：groupadd oinstallgroupadd dbagroupadd operuseradd -g oinstall -G dba,oper oraclepasswd oracle5创建所需的目录并赋予特定的属主和属组mkdir /u01/app/oracle -pvchown oracle.oinstall /u01 -R建议：最好为单独分一个区，然后将u01挂载到该分区上（可不做，看情况）6编辑limits.conf 文件vim /etc/security/limits.conf添加下面5行内容：oracle soft nproc 2047oracle hard nproc 16384oracle soft nofile 1024oracle hard nofile 65536oracle soft stack 102407编辑sysctl.conf文件，设置相关参数vim /etc/sysctl.conf添加/修改下列内容：（注意！下面的参数，若是已经存在，则直接修改数值，不要再添加同样的参数，相同的参数只能有一个！如果需要修改的参数已经大于下面的数字，则不用修改，请仔细核对！）kernel.shmall = 2097152 kernel.shmmax = 536870912 kernel.shmmni = 4096kernel.sem =250 32000 100 128fs.file-max = 6815744fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500net.core.rmem_default = 262144net.core.rmem_max = 4194304net.core.wmem_default = 262144net.core.wmem_max = 1048576保存退出后，别忘了用sysctl -p命令使参数生效！8编辑vim /home/oracle/.bash_profile文件，配置相关环境变量添加下列几行：export TMP=/tmpexport TMPDIR=/tmpexport ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracleexport ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1export ORACLE_SID=pri(备库端设置为std)export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH至此，安装环境相关配置结束。三：开始安装oracle11g数据库软件（主库和备库端都要做下列操作）1.挂载oracle11g的镜像到/mnt/cdrom 目录下，并把3个包解压到/usr/local/src 目录下cd /mnt/cdrom/unzip p10404530_112030_LINUX_1of7.zip -d /usr/local/srcunzip p10404530_112030_LINUX_2of7.zip -d /usr/local/srcunzip p10404530_112030_LINUX_3of7.zip -d /usr/local/src(只装数据库的话，解压前两个包即可，第三个包是grid)2. root身份执行xhost +，然后切换到oracle用户进入/usr/local/src/database目录中，执行runInstaller 开始安装 (database是默认解压完的目录名)# xhost + # su - oracle$ ./runInstaller 注意：安装oracle11g要求分辨率最低为1024x768,不然无法完整显示安装过程安装过程：略注意：主库在安装完软件后需要进行DBCA建库操作，推荐不要启用归档模式，会节省时间，备库端不要建库！四：开始搭建Dataguard1：将数据库改为强制日志模式（此步骤只在主库上做）oraclepri $ sqlplus / as sysdba查看当前是否强制日志模式：SYSpri select name,log_mode,force_logging from v$database;NAME LOG_MODE FOR- - -PRI NOARCHIVELOG NOSYSpri alter database force logging;Database altered.SYSpri select name,log_mode,force_logging from v$database;NAME LOG_MODE FOR- - -PRI NOARCHIVELOG YES2：创建密码文件（此步骤只在主库上做）注意：两端分别创建自己的密码文件好像有问题，备库的密码文件需要跟主库一致，否则导致日志传输不到备库，有待验证。我最后是将主库的密码文件直接copy到备库，重命名后使用。oraclepri $ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbsoraclepri dbs$ lshc_racdb1.dat init.ora initracdb1.ora orapwpri已经有一个密码文件了oraclepri dbs$ orapwd file=orapwpri password=oracle force=y这条命令可以手动生成密码文件，force=y的意思是强制覆盖当前已有的密码文件oraclepri dbs$ lshc_pri.dat init.ora initpri.ora lkPRI orapwpri spfilepri.ora将主库的密码文件copy给备库，并重命名oraclepri dbs$ scp orapwpri 192.168.1.102:$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwstdorapwpri 100% 1536 1.5KB/s 00:00 3：创建standby redolog日志组（此步骤只在主库上做）原则：1：standby redo log的文件大小与primary 数据库online redo log 文件大小相同2：standby redo log日志文件组的个数依照下面的原则进行计算：Standby redo log组数公式=(每个instance日志组个数+1)*instance个数假如只有一个节点，这个节点有三组redolog，所以Standby redo log组数=(3+1)*1 = 4 所以至少需要创建4组Standby redo log查看当前线程与日志组的对应关系及日志组的大小：SYSpri select thread#,group#,bytes/1024/1024 from v$log; THREAD# GROUP# BYTES/1024/1024 - - - 1 1 50 1 2 50 1 3 50如上，我现在的环境有三组redolog，每个日志组的大小都是50M，所以Standby redo log组数=(3+1)*1= 4所以至少需要创建4组Standby redo log，大小均为50M（thread：线程，只有在多实例数据库才有用的参数，例如RAC环境，单实例不考虑）查看当前有哪些日志组及其成员：SYSpri col member for a50SYSpri select group#,member from v$logfile; GROUP# MEMBER- - 3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo03.log 2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo02.log 1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo01.log先手动创建standby log日志组所需的目录：（创建新目录只是为了便于区分，并非必须）oraclepri dbs$ cd /u01/app/oracle/oradata/oraclepri oradata$ lsprioraclepri oradata$ mkdir standbylogoraclepri oradata$ lspri standbylog新建4个日志组作为standby redolog日志组，大小与原来的日志组一致：由于已经存在group1-3,，所以group号只能从4开始SYSpri alter database add standby logfile group 4 2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo04.log 3 size 50m;Database altered.SYSpri alter database add standby logfile group 5 2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo05.log 3 size 50m;Database altered.SYSpri alter database add standby logfile group 6 2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo06.log 3 size 50m;Database altered.SYSpri alter database add standby logfile group7 2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo07.log 3 size 50m;Database altered.查看standby 日志组的信息：SYSpri select group#,sequence#,status, bytes/1024/1024 from v$standby_log; GROUP# SEQUENCE# STATUS BYTES/1024/1024- - - - 4 0 UNASSIGNED 50 5 0 UNASSIGNED 50 6 0 UNASSIGNED 50 7 0 UNASSIGNED 50查看当前有哪些日志组及其成员：SYSpri set pagesize 100 SYSpri col member for a60SYSpri select group#,member from v$logfile order by group#; GROUP# MEMBER - 1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo01.log 2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo02.log 3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/redo03.log 4 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo04.log 5 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo05.log 6 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo06.log 7 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/standbylog/std_redo07.log4：修改主库的pfile参数文件（此步骤只在主库上做）查看spfile的路径：SYSpri show parameter spfile;NAME TYPE VALUE- - -spfile string /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfilepri.ora用spfile创建一个pfile,用于修改：SYSpri create pfile from spfile; 修改主库的pfile：oraclepri $ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbsoraclepri dbs$ vim initpri.orapri._db_cache_size=125829120pri._java_pool_size=4194304pri._large_pool_size=4194304pri._oracle_base=/u01/app/oracle#ORACLE_BASE set from environmentpri._pga_aggregate_target=146800640pri._sga_target=272629760pri._shared_io_pool_size=0pri._shared_pool_size=125829120pri._streams_pool_size=4194304*.audit_file_dest=/u01/app/oracle/admin/pri/adump*.audit_trail=db*.compatible=11.2.0.0.0*.control_files=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/control01.ctl,/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/pri/control02.ctl*.db_block_size=8192*.db_domain=*.db_name=priDG主库和备库的db_name必须一致，db_unique_name不一致*.db_recovery_file_dest=/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4227858432*.diagnostic_dest=/u01/app/oracle*.dispatchers=(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=priXDB)*.memory_target=419430400*.open_cursors=300*.processes=150*.remote_login_passwordfile=EXCLUSIVE*.undo_tablespace=UNDOTBS1下面几行是需要手动添加的：*.db_unique_name=pri*.log_archive_config=dg_config=(pri,std)*.log_archive_dest_1=location=/u01/app/arch/pri valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=pri*.log_archive_dest_2=service=std valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=std*.log_archive_dest_state_1=enable*.log_archive_dest_state_2=enable*.log_archive_max_processes=4*.fal_server=std*.fal_client=pri*.db_file_name_convert=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri*.log_file_name_convert=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/std,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri*.standby_file_management=auto修改完毕，保存退出手工创建/u01/app/arch/pri：oraclepri dbs$ mkdir /u01/app/arch/pri -pvmkdir: created directory /u01/app/archmkdir: created directory /u01/app/arch/pri5：用修改过的pfile重新创建一个spfile，用于启动数据库（此步骤只在主库上做）关闭数据库：SYSpri shutdown immediate;Database closed.Database dismounted.ORACLE instance shut down.SYSpri create spfile from pfile;此时把数据库改为归档模式：（如果当初建库时选择了启用归档，则此步骤忽略）由于当前数据库已关闭，首先需要把数据库启动到mount状态SYSpri startup mount;ORACLE instance started.Database mounted.SYSpri alter database archivelog;启用归档模式Database altered.SYSpri alter database open;OPEN数据库Database altered.SYSpri archive log list;查看是否启用归档模式Database log mode Archive ModeAutomatic archival EnabledArchive destination /u01/app/arch/priOldest online log sequence 6Next log sequence to archive 8Current log sequence 8如上，归档路径已经改为/u01/app/arch/pri，证明对pfile的修改已生效查看当前数据库是否使用spfile启动：SYSpri show parameter spfile;NAME TYPE VALUE- - -spfile string /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/spfilepri.ora如上，若能看到spfile的路径，则证明数据库是使用spfile启动的，若没有值，则说明是用pfile启动的。确认数据库已经启用归档模式和强制日志模式：SYSpri select name,log_mode,force_logging from v$database;NAME LOG_MODE FOR- - -PRI ARCHIVELOG YES5：对主库进行RMAN全备创建备份所需的目录并赋予相应权限：（主库和备库端都要创建）rootpri # mkdir /rman_backuprootpri # chown oracle.oinstall /rman_backup/rootstd # mkdir /rman_backuprootstd # chown oracle.oinstall /rman_backup/以oracle用户身份登录，进行备份操作：（只在主库上做）rootpri # su - oracleoraclepri $ rman target /RMAN backup database format /rman_backup/Full_%T_%U.bak;备份数据库Starting backup at 14-JAN-14using target database control file instead of recovery catalogallocated channel: ORA_DISK_1channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=41 device type=DISKchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup setinput datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/system01.dbfinput datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/sysaux01.dbfinput datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/example01.dbfinput datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/undotbs01.dbfinput datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/users01.dbfchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 14-JAN-14channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 14-JAN-14piece handle=/rman_backup/Full_20140114_01ou2791_1_1.bak tag=TAG20140114T143721 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:45channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup setincluding current control file in backup setincluding current SPFILE in backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 14-JAN-14channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 14-JAN-14piece handle=/rman_backup/Full_20140114_02ou27ae_1_1.bak tag=TAG20140114T143721 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01Finished backup at 14-JAN-14RMAN list archivelog all;查看当前的归档日志有哪些List of Archived Log Copies for database with db_unique_name PRI=Key Thrd Seq S Low Time - - - - -1 1 6 A 13-JAN-14 Name: /u01/app/arch/pri/1_6_836760649.dbf2 1 7 A 14-JAN-14 Name: /u01/app/arch/pri/1_7_836760649.dbfRMAN backup archivelog all format/rman_backup/ARC_%T_%U.bak;备份归档日志Starting backup at 14-JAN-14current log archivedusing channel ORA_DISK_1channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup setinput archived log thread=1 sequence=6 RECID=1 STAMP=836835599input archived log thread=1 sequence=7 RECID=2 STAMP=836835600input archived log thread=1 sequence=8 RECID=3 STAMP=836836802channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 14-JAN-14channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 14-JAN-14piece handle=/rman_backup/ARC_20140114_03ou27e3_1_1.bak tag=TAG20140114T144002 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01Finished backup at 14-JAN-14RMAN backup current controlfile for standby format/rman_backup/std_con.ctl;备份standby控制文件并命名为std_con.ctlStarting backup at 14-JAN-14using channel ORA_DISK_1channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup setincluding standby control file in backup setchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 14-JAN-14channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 14-JAN-14piece handle=/rman_backup/std_con.ctl tag=TAG20140114T144036 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01Finished backup at 14-JAN-14RMAN list backup;查看都有哪些备份List of Backup Sets=BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time- - - - - - -1 Full 1.04G DISK 00:00:35 14-JAN-14 BP Key: 1 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20140114T143721 Piece Name: /rman_backup/Full_20140114_01ou2791_1_1.bak List of Datafiles in backup set 1 File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name - - - - - - 1 Full 1064545 14-JAN-14 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/system01.dbf 2 Full 1064545 14-JAN-14 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/sysaux01.dbf 3 Full 1064545 14-JAN-14 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/undotbs01.dbf 4 Full 1064545 14-JAN-14 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/users01.dbf 5 Full 1064545 14-JAN-14 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/pri/example01.dbfBS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time- - - - - - -2 Full 9.36M DISK 00:00:01 14-JAN-14 BP Key: 2 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20140114T143721 Piece Name: /rman_backup/Full_20140114_02ou27ae_1_1.bak SPFILE Included: Modification time: 14-JAN-14 SPFILE db_unique_name: PRI Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1064580 Ckp time: 14-JAN-14BS Key Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time- - - - -3 16.06M DISK 00:00:00 14-JAN-14 BP Key: 3 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20140114T144002 Piece Name: /rman_backup/ARC_20140114_03ou27e3_1_1.bak List of Archived Logs in backup set 3 Thrd Seq Low SCN Low Time Next SCN Next Time - - - - - - 1 6 1051084 13-JAN-14 1062515 14-JAN-14 1 7 1062515 14-JAN-14 1062557 14-JAN-14 1 8 1062557 14-JAN-14 1064725 14-JAN-14BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time- - - - - - -4 Full 9.33M DISK 00:00:02 14-JAN-14 BP Key: 4 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20140114T144036 Piece Name: /rman_backup/std_con.ctl Standby Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1064792 Ckp time: 14-JAN-14RMANquit6：修改监听文件，添加静态监听（主库、备库都要做）主库：oraclepri $ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/adminoraclepri admin$ vim listener.ora 添加如下内容：SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (GLOBAL_DBNAME = pri) (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1) (SID_NAME = pri) ) )主库修改后最终效果如下图：备库：oraclepri $ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/adminoraclepri admin$ vim listener.ora 添加如下内容：SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (GLOBAL_DBNAME = std) (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1) (SID_NAME = std) ) )备库修改后最终效果如下图：使新增加的监听生效：（主库和备库端都要做）oraclepri admin$ lsnrctl stoporaclepri admin$ lsnrctl start 确认新增加的静态监听有效：主库：oraclepri $ lsnrctl status.(N行省略)Service pri has 2 instance(s). Instance pri, status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service. Instance pri, status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service.Service priXDB has 1 instance(s). Instance pri, status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service.The command completed successfully备库：oraclestd $ lsnrctl status.(N行省略)Service std has 1 instance(s). Instance std, status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service.The command completed successfully如上，静态监听添加成功7：编辑网络服务名配置文件tnsnames.ora（主库和备库端都要做）oraclepri admin$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/adminoraclepri admin$ pwd/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/adminoraclepri admin$ lslistener.ora samples shrept.lst tnsnames.oraoraclepri admin$ vim tnsnames.ora编辑结果如下图：保证主库和备库的tnsnames.ora文件中的内容完全相同，可以把修改后的文件直接传给备库。oraclepri admin$ scp tnsnames.ora 192.168.1.102:$ORACLE_HOME/network/admintnsnames.ora 100% 925 0.9KB/s 00:00 配置完后，确保在任意一端上都能tnsping通对方：oraclepri admin$ tnsping stdoraclestd admin$ tnsping pri8：在备库上恢复主库之前的准备工作（主库和备库端分别有各自的操作，仔细看）首先把主库的pfile参数文件拷贝到/rman_backup/目录中去，并重命名：oraclepri dbs$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbsoraclepri dbs$ cp initpri.ora /rman_backup/initstd.ora oraclepri dbs$ cd /rman_backup/ oraclepri rman_backup$ ll -htotal 1.1G-rw-r- 1 oracle oinstall 17M Jan 14 14:40 ARC_20140114_03ou27e3_1_1.bak-rw-r- 1 oracle oinstall 1.1G Jan 14 14:37 Full_20140114_01ou2791_1_1.bak-rw-r- 1 oracle oinstall 9.4M Jan 14 14:38 Full_20140114_02ou27ae_1_1.bak-rw-r-r- 1 oracle oinstall 1.5K Jan 14 15:22 initstd.ora-rw-r- 1 oracle oinstall 9.4M Jan 14 14:40 std_con.ctl然后把主库上的这些备份的文件拷贝到备库上的对应目录中去：oraclepri rman_backup$ scp * 192.168.1.102:/rman_backup/oracle192.168.1.102s password: ARC_20140114_03ou27e3_1_1.bak 100% 16MB 16.1MB/s 00:00 Full_20140114_01ou2791_1_1.bak 100% 1070MB 41.1MB/s 00:26 Full_20140114_02ou27ae_1_1.bak 100% 9600KB 9.4MB/s 00:00 initstd.or
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