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111外研版 第五册 第三模块1. Suddenly, by the light of the lightening, we saw something in the middle of the river. 突然间，借助闪电的光亮，我们看到河中间有东西。句子中的by意思是“借助”。Something we go on working after dark by the lights of tractors. by 还有其他一些意思和用法 1） close to; next to (接近，靠近)the window by the door. 2） with the use or help of; through(借助于；通过)We came by the back road. 3) up to and beyond; past (超过和在前面，超出)。e drove by the house. 4) in the period of; during (在期间；在中间)sleeping by day, travel by night 昼伏夜行5) not later than （不迟于）by 5:30 p.m. 不迟于下午：6) in the amount of (以计的)letters by the thousands 数以千极的信件。7) to the extent of (达到程度)shorter by two inches. 短了两英寸8）according to (按照，根据)play by the rules 9) with respect to (相关，就来说)siblings by blood 嫡系亲属10) in the name of(以的名义)swear by the Bible to tell the truth 对圣经发誓说真话。11) through the agency or action of (通过中介或动作)be killed by a ruler. 12) used to indicate a succession of specified individuals, groups, or quantities(一个一个地，用于表示一系列的特定个体，组或数量)They were persuaded little by little and left one by one. 他们渐渐被说服了，一个接一个地离开。13）used in multiplication and division (乘，用于乘除法计算)multiply 4 by 6 to get 24. 14) used with measurements (用于度量)a room 12 by 18 feet 英尺宽，英尺长的房间2. “ I dont want to board a sinking ship.” 我不想上一条要沉的船。board “登上”(船，车，飞机等)e boarded the bus. board 作动词用常见的还有以下几条意思：） to cover or close with boards (封，盖，用木板覆盖或封闭)board up a broken window. 用木板封住已坏的窗户） to provide with meals and accommodation (为共膳)he usually boards students during the term. 3) to take meal in ones house (在某人家里寄膳)e boarded at my house until he found a house.board n. 1) a long , flat slab of sawed lumber; a plank or a flat piece of wood or similarly rigif material adapted for a special use. 板材木材或其他材料制成的板，做特殊的用途a diving board 跳板跳水用板）food or meals considered as a whole 伙食，膳食board and lodging 膳宿） an organized body of administrator or investigators. 管理委员会；管理或调查的组织机构a board of trustees a board of directors 理事会；董事会 3. “ He sounds as if he is going to die of fright.” “听上去他好象要被下死了。”die of fright 吓死 die of hunger 因病而死 die of hunger 饿死 die of “因。而死” 原因多来自内部，情感，冻饿， 生病等，后常加这样的名词：die of cold /poison/illness/old age/ a disease/boredom/thirst/sorrow/disappointed love/a fever/heat 死于寒冷、中毒、病、年老、疾病、无聊。渴、忧伤、失恋、热 die from “因。而死” 原因多来自外部，后跟die from a wound(lack of food, an accident , over work, carelessness, drinking some unknown cause )死于受伤（缺乏食物， 事故，工作过量，粗心，饮酒过量。不明原因。）die 的其他搭配） die away 逐渐消失；逐渐停止The noise of the motorcar died away. 摩托车的噪声消失了。） die back (植物)枝叶枯萎） die down 逐渐减弱；逐渐模糊After the excitement of the audience died down, the speaker started his speech . 等群众激动的情绪平息之后，演讲人又重新开始讲演。） die hard （旧习惯等）难改掉，难消失Old habits died hard. 旧习难改。） die off 相继死去As the window was still middle-aged, her relatives all died off. 这个寡妇还在中年的时候， 她的亲属就都离开了人世。 ） die out 逐渐消失， 灭绝。4 It looked like a house at first, but then we realized it was a steamboat. 开始的时候它看上去像一座房子，但后来我们意识到是一只汽船。 1）注意系动词的用法， 系动词本身有一定的词义， 但不能独立做谓语， 必须与表语一起构成复合谓语。常见的系动词有：be, look, seem, feel, keep, smell, sound, taste 等。例如：He does not look his age. 他看上去不象有这个年纪的人。He seems to be quite happy. 他似乎十分快乐。 系动词除了可跟形容词以外， 还可接like, as if 等短语或句型。例如：That looks like an interesting film. 那看来是部有趣的电影。 “At that time, it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word anyhow. “当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。”I feel as if it were going to snow. 我觉得好象要下雪了。2）go under 除了作“沉没，淹没”外，还可作“失败，破产，被毁灭”。如：The firm has gone under. 这家商号破产了。he firm will go under unless business improves. 生意若无起色，公司非跨不可。. So we paddled over and climbed on to the steamboat, keeping as quiet as mice. 于是我们把木筏划了过去，蹑手蹑脚地，像耗子一样无声地爬上了汽艇。To our astonishment, there was a light in one of the cabins. 使我们大吃一惊的是，有间船舱里还亮着一盏灯。 To our astonishment/joy/surprise/disappointment 是某人大吃一惊的、高兴、惊讶、失望的是。To our joy. our basketball team won the match. 使我们高兴的是，我们的篮球队获得了比赛的胜利。 To their disappointment, the result was contrary to their expectation . 结果, 与预料的恰好相反， 这使他们感到失望。7. It was quite dark, but I could see a man lying on the floor, tied up with rope. 四周都很黑，但我能看见一个人躺在地板上，被绳子捆着。 句中的lying on the floor 为现在分词，作宾语补足语，tied up with rope为过去分词，作定语。-ing形式与-ed形式是本模块的语法项目，现在分词作宾补时, 常用在see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have等动词所带的宾语之后， 与作宾语的名词或代词构成逻辑关系。如：I found him telling a lie. 我发现他在撒谎。He kept the girl waiting for a long time. 他让女孩等了很长时间。过去分词作定语时， 相当于一个定语从句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. =Most of the people who had been invited to the party were famous scientists. The house , built last year, were destroyed by the earthquake yesterday. =The house, which were built last year, were destroyed by the earthquake yesterday. 2) tie up “绑好，缚牢。 包扎，停泊”We tied the boat up alongside the quay. 我们把船停泊在码头处。The thieves left the guard tied up and everything in the house. 盗贼把门卫捆住，偷走了房子里所有东西。8. “ Ive had enough of you. Im going to shoot you now.”“我受够你了。 我现在就要枪毙了你。” 1) have enough of “(对某人或某事)感到厌烦”Ive had enough of her continual chatter. 我已厌烦了她喋喋不休的闲谈。Im surprised you havent had enough of him. 你对他还没有受够，我很惊讶。2) shoot 指用枪， 炮， 弩，箭，等朝。瞄准The hunter shot at the fox but missed it. 猎手朝狐狸开了枪但没有打中它。9.But I persuaded him to help me. And we found the mens boat tied to the other side of the steamboat 但我说服了他帮助我，我们发现那些人的小船栓在汽艇的另一边。 表示“说服某人作某事”可说persuade sb to do sth persuade sb that . persuade sb of sth persuade sb into doing sth 如：We persuaded Harry that he was wrong. 我们使亨利相信是他错了。 I am almost persuaded of his honesty. 我几乎相信他是诚实的。How can we persuade him into joining us? 怎么才能说服他参加我们的活动呢？如果表示“劝某人做某事”可用以下方式表达： advised sb to do sth; try to persuade sb to to do sth 如：She advised me to wear my best clothes. 她劝我穿上 最好的衣服。I tried to persuade him to go with me, but he didnt listen. 我试图说服他跟我一块去，但他不听。111
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