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111Module 3 Interpersonal Relationships FriendshipPart Two: Teaching Resources第二部分：教学资源Section 2: Background information for Module 3 Interpersonal RelationshipsFriendship1. Types of interpersonal relationshipsKinship relationships, including family relationships, being related to someone else by blood (consanguinity), e.g. fatherhood, motherhood; or through marriage (affinity), e.g. father-in-law, mother-in-law, uncle by marriage, aunt by marriage. Formalized intimate relationships or long term relationships through law and public ceremony, e.g. marriage and civil union. Non-formalized intimate relationships or long term relationships such as loving relationships or romantic relationships with or without living together; the other person is often called lover, boyfriend or girlfriend (not to be confused with just a male or female friend), or significant other. If the partners live together, the relationship may be similar to marriage, and the other person may be called husband or wife. Over a certain length of time they are so regarded by common law. Mistress is a somewhat old fashioned term for a female lover of a man who is married to another woman, or of an unmarried man. She may even be an official mistress (in French matresse en titre); an example is Madame de Pompadour. Soulmates, individuals who are intimately drawn to one another through a favorable meeting of the minds and who find mutual acceptance and understanding with one another. Soulmates may feel themselves bonded together for a lifetime; and, hence, they may be sexual partners but not necessarily. Casual relationships, relationships extending beyond one night stands that exclusively consist of sexual behavior, the participants of which may be known as friends with benefits when limited to considering sexual intercourse or sexual partners in a wider sense. Platonic love is an affectionate relationship into which the sexual element does not enter, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise. Friendship, which consists of mutual love, trust, respect, and unconditional acceptance, and usually implies the discovery or establishment of common ground between the individuals involved; see also internet friendship and pen pal. Brotherhood and sisterhood, individuals united in a common cause or having a common interest, which may involve formal membership in a club, organization, association, society, lodge, sorority, fraternity. This type of interpersonal relationship also includes the comradeship of fellow soldiers in peace or war. Partners or coworkers in a profession, business, or a common workplace. Acquaintanceship, simply being introduced to someone or knowing who they are by interaction.2. What is friendship?Friendship is a human relationship which involves mutual knowledge, esteem, and affection. Friends will welcome each others company and exhibit loyalty towards each other, often to the point of putting the others interests before ones own. Their tastes will be similar and may converge, and they will share enjoyable activities. They will also engage in mutually helping behavior, such as exchange of advice and the sharing of hardship. A friend is someone who may often demonstrate reciprocating and reflective behaviors. Value that is found in friendships are often the result of a friend demonstrating on a consistent basis the tendency to desire what is best for you. sympathy and empathy honesty, perhaps in situations where it may be difficult for others to speak the truth mutual understanding It is often considered that a true friend is capable of deep feelings, which may be unexpressible, except in times of great trouble, when they come to your aid. In a comparison of personal relationships, friendship is considered to be closer than acquaintanceship, although there is a range of degrees of intimacy in both friendships and acquaintances. For many people, friendship and acquaintanceship lie along the same continuum. The principal disciplines studying friendship are sociology, anthropology and zoology. Various theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social psychology, social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles.111
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