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111Unit 4 Movies from the East,Views from the West（2）一. 教学内容：Unit 4 （II）语法讲解一. 直接引语和间接引语本单元的语法重点是直接引语是祈使句或感叹句时如何变为间接引语。1. 直接引语如果是祈使句，变为间接引语时，祈使句的谓语动词应改为带to的不定式；且要改变主句的引述词，表示请求，改为ask，beg或request，表示命令，改为tell，order或command，表示忠告改为warn或advise。例：She said to us, “Please sit down.” She asked us to sit down.He said to him, “Go away!” He ordered him to go away.直接引语为否定祈使句的时候，间接引语为不定式的否定形式。例：He said, “Dont make so much noise, boys.”He told the boys not to make so much noise.2. 直接引语是感叹句，变为间接引语时把感叹句变为陈述句。例：She said, “What a lovely day it is!” She said what a lovely day it was./ She said that it was a lovely day.“Happy New Year to you!” he said.He wished me a Happy New Year.二. 定语从句（一）定语从句的定义定语从句是指在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中的名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。（二）关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，它们还有一个最重要的作用，那就是它们分别在定语从句中担当成分。具体的说，关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此，在选择引导词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中缺主语或宾语，那么一定用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语或宾语，那么一定用关系副词。请比较下面的句子：1. Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao？2. Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao？在句1中，定语从句中缺少动词spent的宾语，因此需用关系代词that/which来引导从句；而在句2中，定语从句中不缺主语和宾语，因此需用关系副词when来引导从句。（三）定语从句的结构定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as和关系副词when，where，why等引导。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。（四）关系代词和关系副词的用法1. 由who，whom，whose引导的定语从句 在这类定语从句中，who用作主语，whom用作宾语，whose用作定语。例：This is the stranger who saved the boys life. 这就是挽救了这个男孩生命的陌生人。 Who is the student whom Professor Wang praised at the meeting？ 王教授在会议上表扬的那个学生是谁？ I know a girl whose mother is a doctor. 我认识一个女孩，她的妈妈是位医生。2. 由which引导的定语从句 which指事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，常可省略。例：Beijing is a city which has a history of 2000 years.北京是座具有2000年历史的城市。 The young man was very happy to get back the laptop (which) he had lost on the train. 这个年轻人领回了他在火车上丢失的笔记本电脑,非常高兴。3. 由that 引导的定语从句 在这种定语从句中，that可以指人或物，代替who, whom, which,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语（不能放在介词后面作介词宾语）。例：The comrade that (who) is speaking at the meeting is a friend of mine. 在会上讲话的同志是我的一个朋友。 Is this the actor that (whom) you talked about yesterday? 这就是你们昨天谈到的演员吗?(about不能放在that前) The letter that (which) I received yesterday was from my brother. 昨天我收到的信是我哥哥寄来的。4. 由when, where, why引导的定语从句 在这种定语从句中,when, where和why分别作从句中的时间、地点和原因状语。例：October 1st,1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。We want to visit the place where Premier Zhou once worked.我们想参观周总理曾经工作过的地方。We dont know the reason why they didnt keep their promise.我们不知道他们为什么没有遵守诺言。5. 辨析关系代词that和which的用法区别（1）which 可引导非限制性定语从句，that不能。例：He didnt come back on time, which made his father very angry.他没有按时回家,这使他的父亲很生气。（2）which 之前可以有介词,构成介宾短语，that则不能。例：This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.=This is the house that Lu Xun used to live in.这就是鲁迅过去居住的房子。（3）下列几种情况只能用that：先行词是不定代词all, something, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, few时。例：You should hand in all that you have. Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? There was little that I could do for you.先行词是序数词或者被序数词所修饰时。例：This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, very等词修饰时。例：This is the very book that Im looking for. The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。例：This is the best that has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.先行词既有人又有物时。例：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。例：Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the boy that won the gold medal?有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that。例：They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。例：Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.三. 助动词 助动词有be, do, have, will, would, shall, should。助动词本身无意义，不能单独作谓语，主要用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构。1. 助动词be的用法 be后跟动词的现在分词构成进行时态。例：Monitor is cleaning the classroom. Ill be seeing her at 10 tomorrow. 构成被动语态。例：The house is being repaired. Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 和动词不定式构成谓语。例：We are to be married in June. He was never to see the birds again.2. 助动词do的用法 可以构成疑问句,否定句以及祈使句。例：Do you always play the piano?I dont think he will come.Do be quite! 用于替代。例：He speaks English better than my sister does. 用于强调谓语动词。例：I do want Helen to go with me. The leader did come yesterday.3. 助动词have主要用于构成各种完成与完成进行时态。例：I have seen the movie. He wished he had gone home earlier. She has been teaching in this school since she graduated from college.4. 助动词will和shall 主要用于构成各种将来时态,would和should用来构成各种过去将来时态。例：Mr. Zhang will teach us math next term.If you do that, you shall be punished one day!He said he would help us.You should listen to the doctors advice.疑难辨析1. view, scenery, scene, sight和landscapeview 为普通用语，指所看到的风景，景色，是scenery的一部分。例：a distant view of Mount Tai泰山远景 The ten famous views of the West Lake 西湖十景scenery 指某国或某地方的整体风景，不一定是所看见的。例：the scenery of the Changjiang River长江流域的风景scene 常为不可数名词，原指舞台上的场面，现多指某一具体场所，一眼可以浏览到的景色，不限于自然景色，可室内可室外，可动态可静态，可好也可坏的景色。sight 光景，一事一物的光景，如火烧的光景。sight 指人工的事物，scene 指以自然为主体的景色。如大建筑史迹等有名的处所可说sight，名胜之处当用scene。landscape 风景，山水及其他自然界的景色，亦作风景画解。例：a landscape of snow 一场雪景2. act和 action用作可数名词时，两者常可替换使用。例：We are judged by our acts / actions. 我们凭自己的行为来评判自己。严格来讲，act多用于指具体的、短暂的、个别的动作或行为；action多用于指较抽象的、时间较长的，包括不同步骤，可以连续或重复的动作或行为。例：My first act was to run upstairs to save the boy. 我的第一个行动就是跑上楼去救那个男孩。Action must be taken to prevent the disease spreading.必须采取措施防止疾病的传播。下列情况下一般用act：用于表示一项动作的性质时（后接“of+抽象名词”结构）。例：an act of faith ( mercy / cruelty,etc)用于表示“在做的那一时刻“时。例：an act of driving ( stealing / jumping, etc)act 与action的选用有时纯粹是个习惯用法问题。如通常说 in word and act, 但是说in speech and action。3. include与 contain ；including 与included include vt. 包括，包含；开在里面，列在里面例：I think you will find the plan includes most of your suggestions. 我想你会发现这个计划包括了你的大部分建议。I included eggs on the list of things to buy.我把鸡蛋列在要买的东西中了。contain 也有“包含”之意，有时可与include 换用。但include侧重指整体里面包含个体。contain 则侧重整体里面包含成份。二者都不用进行时态。例：Vegetables contain a lot of vitamins. 蔬菜含有大量维生素。The team includes five scientists. 这个小组里面有5位科学家。 including “包括”，表主动意义；included“被包括”，表被动意义。例：They will send you the book for 5, including postage（= postage included）.4. specially 与especiallyspecially 指非一般地，非正常地，为了某一特殊目的，含有“特意，专门”之意。例：The president came here specially to see his old friends.总统专门来这里看他的老朋友。The party is held specially for you.这个聚会是专门为你开的。especially adv. 格外地，主要地，特别地，含义为“尤其”，在陈述了某一事实后，列举一个具有代表性的例子作进一步强调。例：He likes the country, especially in spring. 他喜欢乡下，尤其是在春天。The children enjoy watching animals, especially monkeys.孩子们都喜欢看动物，尤其是猴子。Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.噪音真令人头痛，尤其是你想要入睡时。111
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