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111Period 2Grammar 1; Grammar 2 整体设计教材分析This period is composed of two parts. The first part is Grammar 1, which is mainly designed to help the students review the adverbial clause of time. So if the students are clear about the concept of this grammar item, you can just let them complete the three activities on students book. Firstly, lead the students to read four sentences from the reading and vocabulary part and answer the following questions which may help the students to summarize the rules of the adverbial clause of time. And then they complete the second activity individually or in pairs. Thirdly, have the students to make up sentences with the help of the given notes in the third activity. Whats more, you can also ask the students to work in groups and brainstorm as many such sentences they have learnt before as possible. You can also hold a competition to consolidate their knowledge on this grammar item. If the students are lack of relative knowledge, the teacher can first help them get to know about this grammar item and make sure they recognize the common conjunctions.The second part to be dealt with is Grammar 2. First have the students read the given sentences in activity one and find out which tenses are respectively used in the independent sentences as well as the dependent sentences. Then the students read the two pairs of sentences and answer the following questions in order to tell the differences between the simple past tense and the past perfect tense. Next, the students need to complete the third and fourth activities individually or in pairs to deepen their understanding of the uses of the simple past tense and the past perfect tense. If the class is of higher level, the teacher can design more activities for the students to practice. 三维目标1. 知识与技能1)Develop the students reading ability.2)Enlarge and enrich the students grammar knowledge.2. 过程与方法1)Explanations to make the students master the two grammar items.2)Make the students know how to make use of the adverbial clause of time as well as the past perfect tense correctly through individual or pair work.3. 情感与价值1)Make it fun to cooperate with others.2)Try to raise the students cooperative awareness in their study by pair work or group work. 教学重点1. Learn to research by cooperation.2. Learn to make use of the adverbial clause of time as well as the past perfect tense correctly. 教学难点1. Lead the students to take an active part in class.2. Make the students learn how to use the adverbial clause of time as well as the past perfect tense correctly. 教学过程Step 1 Review and Lead-inOption 1DictationThe teacher reads out the following and the students have a dictation.Words: audience, choir, classical, composer, conductor, jazz, musician, orchestra, saxophone, court, director, genius, lose, musical, peasant, symphony, talent, Austria, prince, compose, tourOption 2TranslationAsk the students to translate the following sentences in the table into Chinese, using the phrases learnt last class.1. 汤姆做作业时经常听流行音乐。2. 鲁迅作为作家而闻名。3. 那次成功的冒险行动令许多人深受感动。4. 我把十美元换成人民币。5. 他既有知识又有经验。6. 他将举行音乐会。7. 在白天其余的时间里，他复习功课。Suggested answers:1. Tom often listens to pop music while doing his homework.2. Lu Xun is known as a writer.3. Many people were impressed by the success of the adventure.4. I change ten dollars into Renminbi.5. He has experience as well as knowledge.6. He will give a concert.7. In the rest of the day, he reviewed his lessons. Step 2 Grammar 11. The teacher may first show some sentences easy to understand on the screen and let the students read them individually and carefully, paying much attention to the phrases or sentences in bold. Then the students work in pairs and tell what these sentences have in common. Then the teacher explains to them what the adverbial clause of time is.(Show the following on the screen. )1)Uncle Jack was born in the year 1957.2)The traffic accident happened at 9: 00 the day before yesterday.3)I have never heard from him since then.4)The film had already begun when they got to the cinema.5)I will tell him the good news as soon as he comes back.Suggested answers:All these sentences contain adverbs of time.Note: (Adverbs of Time tell us when an action happened, and the use of this adverb might affect the verb tenses in a particular clause. Adverbs of time can be placed at the initial, middle or final position. )Time clauses are used to indicate the time that an event in the main clause takes place. The main time conjunctions are: when, as soon as, before, after, by the time, by. They are placed either at the beginning or the end of a sentence. When placed at the beginning of the sentence, the speaker is generally stressing the importance of the time indicated.For example:As soon as you arrive, give me a call.Most often time clauses are placed at the end of a sentence and indicate the time that the action of the main clause takes place.2. Ask the students to read the listed sentences individually and carefully, trying to understand them and finding the adverbials clauses of time. Then the students are required to work out the answers to the following questions and check if they master the definition of this grammar item correctly. Next, put the students into pairs to compare their answers. Show the correct answers on the screen for the whole class to refer to.Suggested answers:A)1B)2 and 3C)43. The students first read the sentences in the box in activity two on P24 individually and make sure they understand what they all mean. Then get the students into pairs to match the sentences on the left with those on the right. Give the students some time to make preparations. When the time is up, compare their answers with other pairs to check if they perform well in this activity. Or representatives are chosen to report them to the whole class who check if they are correct.Suggested answers:1)b2)d3)c4)a4. ConsolidationOption 1Hold a competition. First put the class into two big groupsGirl Group and Boy Group. Each group brainstorms as many sentences with the adverbial clauses of time as they can in a limited time to describe what have happened recently in their life and study and chooses a representative to write them down on the blackboard. Then the teacher counts the sentences they write and check if there are any mistakes in them. Finally, declare which group is the winner.Option 2The students read the notes individually and try to make sure they understand them completely. Then they work in pairs to make up sentences which are similar to those in the second activity in structure. When they are well prepared, you can ask some representatives to report their sentences to the whole class or to write them down on the blackboard. Other students had better listen carefully to check if they are correct. If the class is of higher level, you can also make them compare their sentences with other pairs. Finally, you show the correct sentences on the screen for the students to refer to.Suggested answers:1. While he was a child, Tan Dun lived in the countryside.2. When he was young, Tan Dun lived with his grandmother.3. When he lived in Hunan Province, he collected folk songs and music.4. While he lived in Hunan Province, he planted rice.5. When he attended Central Conservatory of Music, he heard western music for the first time. Step 3 Grammar 2The students learnt the uses of the past simple tense as well as the past perfect tense in junior middle school, so you can lead them to review the basic uses of them.1. BrainstormThe students work in groups to speak out the form and use of the past simple tense as well as the past perfect tense. Then ask some students to report them to the whole class. Others check if what they say is correct. If necessary, give them some explanations according to the following.1)The simple pastform: verb+ed or irregular verbs Examples: You called Debbie.Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie.(1)USE 1 Completed Action in the PastUse the simple past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.I saw a movie yesterday.I didnt see a play yesterday.Last year, I travelled to Japan.Last year, I didnt travel to Korea.Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car.He didnt wash his car.(2)USE 2 A Series of Completed ActionsWe use the simple past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.He arrived from the airport at 8: 00, checked into the hotel at 9: 00, and met the others at 10: 00.Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? (3)USE 3 Duration in PastThe simple past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.I lived in Brazil for two years.Shauna studied Japanese for five years.They sat at the beach all day.They did not stay at the party the entire time.We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.A: How long did you wait for them?B: We waited for one hour.(4)USE 4 Habits in the PastThe simple past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as “used to. ” To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.I studied French when I was a child.He played the violin.He didnt play the piano.Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? She worked at the movie theater after school.They never went to school, they always skipped class.(5)USE 5 Past Facts or GeneralizationsThe simple past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the simple past is quite similar to the expression “used to. ”Examples: She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.He didnt like tomatoes before.Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.(6)IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen FirstClauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word “when” such as “when I dropped my pen. . . ” or “when class began. . . ” These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: First, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether “when I paid her one dollar” is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.2)The past perfectform: had+past participleYou had studied English before you moved to New York.Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York.(1)USE 1 Completed action before something in the pastThe past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? She only understood the movie because she had read the book.Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.A: Had you ever visited the U. S. before your trip in 2006?B: Yes, I had been to the U. S. once before.(2)USE 2 Duration before something in the past(Non-Continuous Verbs)With Non-Continuous and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.Although the above use of the past perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words “live” “work” “teach” and “study” are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.Note: IMPORTANT specific times with the past perfectUnlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.Example: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.2. The teacher lets the students read the following sentences and make out which verb tenses the main clauses and subordinate clauses separately make use of.(Show the following on the screen. )1)She had left before I telephoned.2)She ate after I had left.3)By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.Suggested answers:The adverbial clause of time introduced by the subordinating conjunction before(the simple past tense)+the main clause(the past perfect tense)The adverbial clause of time introduced by the subordinating conjunction after(the past perfect tense)+the main clause(the simple past tense)The adverb(or the adverbial clause)of time introduced by by the time+the predicate of the sentence(the past perfect tense)3. The teacher has the students read the listed sentences in the first and second activities individually and make sure they could understand what they all mean. Then they work in pairs or groups of four to discuss and answer the following questions. When they finish doing this, compare their answers with other pairs or groups. Or some pairs or groups send representatives to report their answers to the whole class who will listen carefully and check whether what they hear is correct or not.Suggested answers to the first activity:A. Becoming stars in their own country.B. Recording seven albums.C. The past perfect tense.Suggested answers to the second activity:A: 1(a)means that their music had already changed by then; 1(b)means that it changed then2(a)means that they had already sold more albums by then; (b)means that they sold more albums thenB: Yes. In the(a)sentences the event happened before that time; in the(b)sentences the event happened at that time. 4. The teacher requires the students to complete the third and fourth activities individually first. Then put the students into pairs to compare their answers. Finally, the teacher shows the correct answers on the screen for the whole class to refer to.Suggested answers for the third activity:1)joined, had played2)toured, had become3)recorded, had recorded4)had recorded, split up5)had split up, performedSuggested answers for the fourth activity:1)arrived, had left2)arrived, had begun3)happened, had left4)made, had recorded5. ConsolidationOption 1The teacher can ask the students to fill in the verbs in the right tense(the past perfect or the past simple)by themselves according to the given example. Then they work in pairs to compare their answers.(Show the following on the screen. )Example: Pat _(to live) in London before he _ (to move) to Rome. Answer: Pat had lived in London before he moved to Rome.1)After Fred _ (to spend) his holiday in Italy, he _ (to want) to learn Italian.2)Jill _ (to phone) Dad at work before she _ (to leave)for her trip.3)Susan _ (to turn on) the radio after she _ (to wash) the dishes.4)When she _ (to arrive), the match already _ (to start).5)After the man _ (to come) home, he _ (to feed) the cat.6)Before he _ (to sing) a song, he _ (to play) the guitar.7)She _ (to watch) a video after the children _ (to go) to bed.8)After Eric _ (to make) breakfast, he _ (to phone) his friend.9)I _ (to be) very tired because I _ (to study) too much.10)They _ (to ride) their bikes before they _ (to meet) their friends.Suggested answers:1)had spent, wanted6)sang, had played2)had phoned, left 7)watched, had gone3)turned, had washed 8)had made, phoned4)arrived, had started9)was, had studied5)had come, fed10)had ridden, metOption 2The teacher first asks the students to individually complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, using the words in parentheses(Simple Past/Past Perfect). Then get the students into pairs to compare their answers with the correct one shown on the screen and check if they really master how to make use of articles accurately and proficiently.(Show the following words on the screen. )I cant believe I(get)_ that apartment. I(submit) _my application last week, but I didnt think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I(show) _up to take a look around, there were at least twenty other people who(arrive) _before me. Most of them(fill, already) _out their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.I (try) _to fill out the form, but I couldnt answer half of the questions. They(want)me to include references, but I didnt want to list my previous landlord because I(have) _some problems with him and I knew he wouldnt recommend me. I(end) _up listing my father as a reference.It was total luck that he(decide) _to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord and my father(go) _to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he(look) _at my credit report. I really lucked out!Suggested answers:gotsubmittedshowedhad arrivedhad already filledtriedwantedhadendeddecidedwentlookedStep 4 Relative Language Points in This Period1. band n. 乐队，乐团; 一伙/帮/群; 波段; 带，箍vi. & vt. 联合，结合拓展: a band of一伙band together结合在一起，团结起来broadcast band广播波段a military band军乐队the 25- 35 age band 2535年龄段The band played several marches.乐队演奏了几首进行曲。Put a rubber band round these books.用一根橡皮筋捆扎这些书。They are banded together closely by ties of common interests.他们由于共同利益而紧密地联合在一起。The people banded together against the robbers.人们联合起来对付强盗。2. refer to提到， 谈到， 涉及; 参考，查阅; 认为拓展: refer oneself to求助于，依赖refer to sb. /sth. as. . . 称某人、某物为refer to sb. for information向某人打听消息in/with reference to关于without reference to不管，和无关She didnt refer to you just now.她刚刚不是指的你。及时反馈: _a dictionary when you come across a new word.A. ReferB. LookC. Refer toD. Referring to答案: CStep 5 Summary and HomeworkThe teacher recalls what the students learnt in this class. The students first learnt something about the adverbial clause of time as well as some subordinating conjunctions. Then they learnt how to make use of the past perfect tense correct
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