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111Module 1 Small Talk第二部分：教学资源Section 3: Words and Expressions from Module 1 Small Talkinformal adj. 1 relaxed and friendly; not following strict rules of how to behave or do sth: an informal atmosphere an informal arrangement / meeting / visit Discussions are held on an informal basis within the department. The aim of the trip was to make informal contact with potential customers. 2 (of clothes) suitable for wearing at home or when relaxing rather than for a special or an official occasion 3 (of language) suitable for normal conversation and writing to friends rather than for serious speech and letters: an informal expression seriousadj. BAD1 bad or dangerous: a serious illness / problem / offence to cause serious injury / damage They pose a serious threat to security. The consequences could be serious.NEEDING THOUGHT2 needing to be thought about carefully; not only for pleasure: a serious article a serious newspaper Its time to give serious consideration to this matter.IMPORTANT3 that must be treated as important: We need to get down to the serious business of working out costs. The team is a serious contender for the title this year.NOT SILLY4 thinking about things in a careful and sensible way; not silly: Be serious for a moment; this is important. Im afraid Im not a very serious person.NOT JOKING5 (about sb/sth)| (about doing sth) sincere about sth; not joking or meant as a joke: Believe me, Im deadly (= extremely) serious. Dont laugh, its a serious suggestion. Is she serious about wanting to sell the house? Hes really serious about Penny and wants to get engaged. She doesnt have a serious boyfriend. (informal) You cant be serious! (= you must be joking) You think I did it? Be serious! (= what you suggest is ridiculous)LARGE AMOUNT6 (informal) used to emphasize that there is a large amount of sth: You can earn serious money doing that. Im ready to do some serious eating (= I am very hungry).confidentadj. 1 feeling sure about your own ability to do things and be successful: She was in a relaxed, confident mood. Beneath his confident and charming exterior, lurked a mass of insecurities. The teacher wants the children to feel confident about asking questions when they dont understand 2 of sth| that . feeling certain that sth will happen in the way that you want or expect: Im confident that you will get the job. The team feels confident of winning. She was quietly confident that everything would go as planned. confidently adv.: Carla smiled confidently at the cameras.lack noun U, sing. (of sth) the state of not having sth or not having enough of sth dearth, shortage: a lack of food / money / skills The trip was cancelled through lack of (= because there was not enough) interest. There was no lack of volunteers. She showed a distinct lack of enthusiasm for the idea of becoming a mother. verbvn no passive to have none or not enough of sth: Some houses still lack basic amenities such as bathrooms. He lacks confidence. She has the determination that her brother lacks. lack (for) nothing (formal) to have everything that you need: As the only child of wealthy parents, he lacked for nothing. advance nounFORWARD MOVEMENT1 C the forward movement of a group of people, especially armed forces: We feared that an advance on the capital would soon follow. enemy advancesDEVELOPMENT2 C, U (in sth) progress or a development in a particular activity or area of understanding: recent advances in medical science We live in an age of rapid technological advance. major advances in the field of physicsMONEY3 C, usually sing. money paid for work before it has been done or money paid earlier than expected: They offered an advance of 5 000 after the signing of the contract. She asked for an advance on her salary. The bank will give you an advance of 95% of the purchase price.SEXUAL4 advances pl. attempts to start a sexual relationship with sb: He had made advances to one of his students. She rejected his sexual advances.PRICE INCREASE5 C (on sth) (business) an increase in the price or value of sth: Share prices showed significant advances.in advance (of sth)1 before the time that is expected; before sth happens: a week / month / year in advance The rent is due one month in advance. Its cheaper if you book the tickets in advance. People were evacuated from the coastal regions in advance of the hurricane.2 more developed than sb/sth else: Galileos ideas were well in advance of the age in which he lived.verbMOVE FORWARD1 v (on / towards sb/sth) to move forward towards sb/sth, often in order to attack or threaten them or it: The mob advanced on us, shouting angrily. The troops were finally given the order to advance. They had advanced 20 miles by nightfall. the advancing Allied troops She closed the door firmly and advanced towards the desk. DEVELOP2 if knowledge, technology, etc. advances, it develops and improves: v Our knowledge of the disease has advanced considerably over recent years. vn This research has done much to advance our understanding of language learning.HELP TO SUCCEED3 vn to help sth to succeed further: Studying for new qualifications is one way of advancing your career. They worked together to advance the cause of democracy.MONEY4 sth (to sb)| (sb) sth to give sb money before the time it would usually be paid: vn, vnn We are willing to advance the money to you. We will advance you the money.SUGGEST5 vn (formal) to suggest an idea, a theory, or a plan for other people to discuss put forward: The article advances a new theory to explain changes in the climate.MAKE EARLIER6 vn (formal) to change the time or date of an event so that it takes place earlier bring forward: The date of the trial has been advanced by one week. MOVE FORWARD7 (formal) to move forward to a later part of sth; to move sth forward to a later part: v Users advance through the program by answering a series of questions. vn This button advances the tape to the beginning of the next track.INCREASE8 v (business) (of prices, costs, etc.) to increase in price or amount: Oil shares advanced amid economic recovery hopes.adj. only before noun 1 done or given before sth is going to happen: Please give us advance warning of any changes. We need advance notice of the numbers involved. No advance booking is necessary on most departures. 2 party / team a group of people who go somewhere first, before the main group: The advance party for a winter ascent of Mount Everest has arrived in Nepal.nod verb (-dd-) 1 if you nod, nod your head or your head nods, you move your head up and down to show agreement, understanding, etc.: v I asked him if he would help me and he nodded. Ready? She nodded at me and we set off. Her head nodded in agreement. vn He nodded his head sympathetically. She nodded approval. 2 (sth) (at / to sb) to move your head down and up once to say hello to sb or to give them a sign to do sth: v The president nodded to the crowd as he passed in the motorcade. She nodded at him to begin speaking vn to nod a greeting 3 v + adv. / prep. to move your head in the direction of sb/sth to show that you are talking about them/it: I asked where Steve was and she nodded in the direction of the kitchen. She nodded towards his suitcase. Going somewhere? she asked. 4 v to let your head fall forward when you are sleeping in a chair: He sat nodding in front of the fire.yawn verb v 1 to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply through it, usually because you are tired or bored: He stood up, stretched and yawned. We couldnt help yawning during the speech. 2 (of a large hole or an empty space) to be very wide and often frightening and difficult to get across: A crevasse yawned at their feet. (figurative) Theres a yawning gap between rich and poor.noun1 an act of yawning: She stifled another yawn and tried hard to look interested. 2 usually sing. (informal) a boring event, idea, etc.: The meeting was one big yawn from start to finish.sigh verb1 v (with sth) to take and then let out a long deep breath that can be heard, to show that you are disappointed, sad, tired, etc.: He sighed deeply at the thought. She sighed with relief that it was all over. 2 v speech to say sth with a sigh: Oh well, better luck next time, she sighed. 3 v (literary) (especially of the wind) to make a long sound like a sigh: the sighing of the wind through the trees branches sighing in the windnoun an act or the sound of sighing: to give / heave / let out a sigh a deep sigh Ill wait, he said with a sigh. We all breathed a sigh of relief when it was over.opportunity noun C, U (pl. -ies) (to do sth)| (for sth / for doing sth)| (of doing sth) a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve sth chance: Youll have the opportunity to ask any questions at the end. There was no opportunity for further discussion. At least give him the opportunity of explaining what happened. Therell be plenty of opportunity for relaxing once the work is done. Our company promotes equal opportunities for women (= women are given the same jobs, pay, etc. as men). an equal opportunities employer career / employment / job opportunities This is the perfect opportunity to make a new start. The offer was too good an opportunity to miss. Id like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues for their support. He is rude to me at every opportunity (= whenever possible). They intend to close the school at the earliest opportunity (= as soon as possible). a window of opportunity (= a period of time when the circumstances are right for doing sth obligationnoun 1 U the state of being forced to do sth because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc.: You are under no obligation to buy anything. She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth. I dont want people coming to see me out of a sense of obligation. We will send you an estimate for the work without obligation (= you do not have to accept it). 2 C something which you must do because you have promised, because of a law, etc. commitment: to fulfil your legal / professional / financial obligations They reminded him of his contractual obligations. We have a moral obligation to protect the environment.prize noun1 an award that is given to a person who wins a competition, race, etc. or who does very good work: She was awarded the Nobel Peace prize. He won first prize in the woodwind section. There are no prizes for guessing (= it is very easy to guess) who she was with. I won 500 in prize money. Win a car in our grand prize draw! 2 something very important or valuable that is difficult to achieve or obtain: World peace is the greatest prize of all.adj. only before noun 1 (especially of an animal, a flower or a vegetable) good enough to win a prize in a competition: prize cattle 2 being a very good example of its kind: a prize student Hes a prize specimen of the human race! (informal) Shes a prize idiot (= very silly).verb vn usually passive sth (for sth) to value sth highly treasure: an era when honesty was prized above all other virtues Oil of cedarwood is highly prized for its use in perfumery.application noun FOR JOB / COURSE1 C, U (to sb) (for sth / to do sth) a formal (often written) request for sth, such as a job, permission to do sth or a place at a college or university: a planning / passport application His application to the court for bail has been refused. an application for membership / a loan / a licence an application form (= a piece of paper on which to apply for sth) Further information is available on application to the principal.PRACTICAL USE2 U, C (of sth) (to sth) the practical use of sth, especially a theory, discovery, etc.: the application of new technology to teaching The invention would have wide application / a wide range of applications in industry.OF PAINT / CREAM3 C, U an act of putting or spreading sth, such as paint or medical creams, onto sth else: lotion for external application only (= to be put on the skin, not swallowed) It took three applications of paint to cover the graffiti.OF RULE / LAW4 U the act of making a rule, etc. operate or become effective: strict application of the lawCOMPUTING5 C (abbr. app) a program designed to do a particular job; a piece of software: a database application HARD WORK6 U (formal) determination to work hard at sth; great effort: Success as a writer demands great application.form nounTYPE1 C a type or variety of sth: forms of transport / government / energy one of the most common forms of cancer all the millions of different life forms on the planet today WAY STH IS / LOOKS2 C, U the particular way sth is, seems, looks or is presented: The disease can take several different forms. Help in the form of money will be very welcome. Help arrived in the form of two police officers. The training programme takes the form of a series of workshops. Most political questions involve morality in some form or other. We need to come to some form of agreement. Im opposed to censorship in any shape or form. This dictionary is also available in electronic form.DOCUMENT3 C an official document containing questions and spaces for answers: an application / entry / order form (especially BrE) to fill in a form (especially NAmE) to fill out a form I filled in / out a form on their website. to complete a form (BrE) a booking form (NAmE) a reservation formSHAPE4 C the shape of sb/sth; a person or thing of which only the shape can be seen: her slender form The human form has changed little over the last 30 000 years. They made out a shadowy form in front of them.ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS5 U the arrangement of parts in a whole, especially in a work of art or piece of writing: Shape and form are of greater importance to me than colour. In a novel form and content are equally important.BEING FIT / HEALTHY6 U (BrE) how fit and healthy sb is; the state of being fit and healthy: After six months training the whole team is in superb form. I really need to get back in form. The horse was clearly out of form.PERFORMANCE7 U how well sb/sth is performing; the fact that sb/sth is performing well: Midfielder Elliott has shown disappointing form recently. On current / present form the party is heading for another election victory. She signalled her return to form with a convincing victory. Hes right on form (= performing well) as a crazy science teacher in his latest movie. The whole team was on good form and deserved the win. She was in great form (= happy and cheerful and full of energy) at the wedding party.WAY OF DOING THINGS8 U, C (especially BrE) the usual way of doing sth: Whats the form when you apply for a research grant? conventional social forms True to form (= as he usually does) he arrived an hour late. Partners of employees are invited as a matter of form.9 U good / bad (old-fashioned, BrE) the way of doing things that is socially acceptable/not socially acceptable: When I was a boy it was always considered bad form to talk about food or money. Good form dictated that she should dress more casually in the country.OF WORD10 C a way of writing or saying a word that shows, for example, if it is plural or in a particular tense: the infinitive form of the verbIN SCHOOL11 (BrE, old-fashioned) a class in a school: Whos your form teacher? 12 -former (in compounds) (BrE, old-fashioned) a student in the form mentioned at school: a third-former take form (formal) to gradually form into a particular shape; to gradually develop: In her body a new life was taking form verbSTART TO EXIST1 (especially of natural things) to begin to exist and gradually develop into a particular shape; to make sth begin to exist in a particular shape: v Flowers appeared, but fruits failed to form. Storm clouds are forming on the horizon. vn These hills were formed by glaciation.2 to start to exist and develop; to make sth start to exist and develop: v A plan formed in my head. vn I formed many close friendships at college. I didnt see enough of the play to form an opinion about it. MAKE SHAPE / FORM3 vn often passive sth (into sth)| sth (from / of sth) to produce sth in a particular way or make it have a particular shape: Form the dough into balls with your hands. Bend the wire so that it forms a V. Rearrange the letters to form a new word. Games can help children learn to form letters. Do you know how to form the past tense? The chain is formed from 136 links. (formal) The table was formed of two large slabs of stone.4 (sb/sth) (up) (into sth) to move or arrange objects or people so that they are in a group with a particular shape; to become arranged in a group like this: vn to form a line / queue / circle First get students to form groups of four. v Queues were already forming outside the theatre. The teams formed up into lines.HAVE FUNCTION / ROLE5 vn to have a particular function or pattern: The trees form a natural protection from the suns rays.6 linking verb v-n to be sth: The castle forms the focal point of the city. The survey formed part of a larger programme of research. These drawings will form the basis of the exhibition.ORGANIZATION7 to start a group of people, such as an organization, a committee, etc.; to come together in a group of this kind: vn They hope to form the new government. He formed a band with some friends from school. a newly-formed political party v The band formed in 2003.HAVE INFLUENCE ON8 vn to have an influence on the way that sth develops: Positive and negative experiences form a childs character.immigration noun 1 the process of coming to live permanently in a country that is not your own; the number of people who do this: laws restricting immigration into the US a rise / fall in immigration immigration officers 2 (also immigration control) the place at a port, an airport, etc. where the passports and other documents of people coming into a country are checked: to go through immigration visa noun a stamp or mark put in your passport by officials of a foreign country that gives you permission to enter, pass through or leave their country: to apply for a visa an entry / tourist / transit / exit visaimpolite adj. not polite rude: Some people think it is impolite to ask someones age.tidy adj. (tidier, tidiest) 1 (especially BrE) arranged neatly and with everything in order: a tidy desk She keeps her flat very tidy. I like everything to be neat and tidy. 2 (especially BrE) keeping things neat and in order: Im a tidy person. tidy habits 3 only before noun (informal) a tidy amount of money is fairly large considerable: It must have cost a tidy sum. a tidy profit tidily adv.: The room was very tidily arranged.tidiness noun U verb (tidies, tidying, tidied, tidied) (sth) (up) (especially BrE) to make sth look neat by putting things in the place where they belong: v I spent all morning cleaning and tidying. When you cook, could you please tidy up after yourself. vn to tidy (up) a room tidy sth away (BrE) to put things in the place where they belong, especially where they cannot be seen, so that a room appears tidy: Can you tidy away your clothes, please? tidy sth up to arrange or deal with sth so that it is well or correctly finished: I tidied up the report before handing it in.noun (pl. -ies) (BrE) (especially in compounds) a container for putting small objects in, in order to keep a place tidy: a des
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