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111 Grammar and usageStep 1: General Introduction: Direct speech and reported speech For referenceDirect and Indirect Speech also known as Quoted and Reported Speech. We use direct speech to report what exactly has been said. If we write the speech down, the words will usually appear in quotation marks. However, we often prefer to use reported speech or indirect speech to report the meaning of what has been said without using the exact words. Now lets look at a sentence:She said,I have been writing a book on the history of China.If you want to tell this sentence to someone else, what will you report? We can change it into: She said she had been writing a book on the history of China. 1. In the section, we will learn the definitions of direct speech and reported speech, how to use direct speech to report what exactly has been said, and to use reported speech or indirect speech to report the meaning of what has been said without using the exact words. For example:T: What did you do last Sunday, S1?S1: I stayed at home and watched TV.T: What did S1 say, S2?S2: S1 said he/she stayed at home and watched TV.T: What did you do last Sunday, S3?S3: I didWhat is the difference between each pair of the sentences? (The first answer uses direct speech to report what exactly has been said. The words appear in quotation marks when they are written down. The second answer uses reported speech to report the meaning of what has been said without using the exact words, and without quotation marks.2. Now lets look at the following tables, paying attention to the changes of tenses and some other forms. Rules of changes:a. Change direct speech sentence into reported sentence by changing what has been said to an object clause or an infinitive phrase.b. Change personal pronounsc. Change tensesd. Change adverbials of time and placeDirect speechReported speechDirect speechReported speechSimple presentSimple pastSimple futureFuture in the pastPresent continuousPast continuousPast perfectPast perfectSimple pastPast perfectPresent perfectPast perfectPresent perfectPast perfectcontinuouscontinuousDirect speechReported speechtodaythe day/yesterday/on Saturday, etc.tomorrowthe next day/the following day/ on Tuesday, etc.yesterdaythe day before/the previous day/ on Tuesday, etc.last yearthe year before/ the previous year, etc.a week agoa week before/ a week earlier, etc.Direct speechReported speechthisthatthesethoseheretherecomego3. Lets read the ad on page 9 and try to understand whatThrilling adventure story!means and what the readers comments on the books are. Please change the ad and the readers comments into reported speech and complete the passage.For referenceThe advertisement suggests us to read Travel to the Misty Country. Its the publishers latest publication. The book tells a thrilling adventure story written by Li Xiyang, a 17-year-old boy. It claims that we wont believe his unique way of thinking and rich imagination.One of the readers said that he had read it twice this week. He would never forget the fascinating Misty Country! Another reader said that He had bought another two copies of Travel to the Misty Country this afternoon. He would give those books to his best friends. The book was so great. He was going to read it over and over again!Answers(1) was (2) wouldnt (3) had read (4) that(5) would (6) had bought (7) that (8) would(9) those (10) her (11) was (12) was going to readStep 2: Reported speech: statements, questions and imperative sentencesHow to use reported speech to report statements, questions and imperative sentences?In this part, you will practise reporting statements, yes/no-questions, wh-questions and imperative sentences by using that, whether/if, wh-words and other verbs like advise and encourage.1. There are many reporting verbs, such as say, ask, and tell. Besides say, ask and tell, there are other reporting verbs: accept, argue, believe, claim, decide, expect, feel, imagine, learn, mention, point out, suppose, think, understand, and wonder.2. We use noun clauses introduced by if/whether to report yes/no questions, and we use noun clauses introduced by wh-words to wh-questions.3. Well, but how can we report imperative sentences? We use the structure: reporting verb + object +(not) + to-infinitive. Eg:The teacher said, You d better wear soft shoes. (The teacher advised us to wear soft shoes.)The teacher said, Think about it carefully before you answer. (The teacher asked us to think about it carefully before we answered.)Dont leave your homework at home. (The teacher reminded us not to leave our homework at home.)The teacher said, Dont worry about your exam. (The teacher told us not to worry about our exam.)4. Read Part A on page 11 and practise reporting question using whether/if or wh-words. Pay attention to word order and other changes in reported questions. Well check the answer together then.AnswersA 2 Fang Hong asked in what way it was different from other English learning software.3 Wang Qin asked how it could help him remember English words.4 Lu Kai asked whether/if it taught listening and speaking.5 Liu Fang asked what the designer would do if she was not satisfied with the software.6 Gu Jin asked if it was user-friendly.5. Now please read the instructions of Part B on page 11. Any difficulty in understanding the meaning of each statement? Ok now try to finish the activity in pairs. AnswersB 2 The expert advises us to use interesting and attractive photos.3 The expert advises us to use colour to attract peoples attention.4 The expert advises us to use eye-catching heading to attract peoples attention.5 The expert advises us to make the text short and easy to read.6 The expert advises us to study some good advertisements on the Internet for ideas.Step 3: Class activitiesChange the following sentences from direct speech into reported sentence.A. 1) She said, I like light music. 2) Mary said, I have read up to page 25. 3) I arrived yesterday, he said.4) Well be here all day, she said.5) Tommy said, I found the book at the bookshop. 6) I can do it myself, she said.Answers1) She said that she liked light music.2) Mary said that she had read up to page 25.3) He said that he arrived the day before.4) She said that they would be there all day.5) Tommy said that he had found the book at the bookshop.6) She said that she could do it herself.B. 1) What are good manners? she asked.2) Margie asked, What are you reading, Tommy? 3) Do you live in the South? he asked. 4)“Were you born in 1990?”Liming asked me.Answers:1) She asked what good manners were.2) Margie asked Tommy what he was reading. 3) He asked whether (if) I lived in the South. 4) Liming asked me if / whether I was born in 1990.C. 1) Go on, the teacher said. 2) Pass me that dictionary, she said. 3) Dont be late again, Frank, the teacher said.Answers: 1) The teacher told us to go on.2) She asked me to pass her the dictionary.3) The teacher told Frank not to be late again.Exercise for consolidationMultiple choice1. He asked _ for the computer.A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _.A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the filmC. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film3. “Please close the window,” he said to me.He _ me _ the window.A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close4. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. He said _.A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher5. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” He _ very naughty.A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy isC. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the boy was6. “Youve already got well, havent you?” she asked. She asked _.A. if I have already got well, hadnt youB. whether I had already got wellC. have I already got well D. had I already got well.7. He asked me _ with me.A. what the matter is B. what the matter was C. whats the matter D. what was the matter8. He said, “Dont do that again.” He _ me _ that again.A. said to; not to do B. said to; dont do C. told; dont do D. told; not to do9. Can you tell me _ tomorrow? A. whats the weather going to be like B. what the weather is going to be like C. how the weather is going to be like D. how is the weather going to be like10. Can you tell me _?A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is whoC. who that gentleman is D. whom is that gentlemanII. Translate the following into English1. 我就是不能想象他怎么可能做出这样的事。2. 他没意识到他犯了多么严重的错误。3. 他告诉我他把书丢在我房里了。4. 现在我认为，我以后对于该买什么东西会明智的多。5. 我们可以告诉你，你的朋友们是在哪儿找到他们那些新奇的衣服的。Keys: I. 1-5 D D C D C 6-10 B B D B CII. 1. I just cant imagine how he could have done such a thing.2. He was not aware of what a mistake he had committed.3. He told me that he had left his book in my room.4. Now I think I will be much smarter about what things to buy.5. We can tell you where your friends found their fantastic clothes.111
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