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Grammar and usage,Unit 4 Public transport,Verb-ing & verb-ed,Function as adjectives Function as adverbs,v-ing形式作定语,单个的v-ing形式 developing countries = countries that are developing an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody,*常作前置定语，相当于定语从句,Verb-ing短语 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. They lived in a house facing south.,*常作后置定语，也相当于定语从句,某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing 形式，必须用定语从句。, 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。,昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture., v-ing形式的完成式一般不作定语，只作状语。 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。 【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.,v-ed形式作定语,单个动词-ed形式作定语 A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。 All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 提 示 如表示强调，单个v-ed形式也可作后置定语。 Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。,*常作前置定语，相当于定语从句,Verb-ed短语 We have read many novels written by this author. (= that are written by this author) The meeting, attended by 1,000 students, was a success. (= which was attended by 1,000 students),*常作后置定语，也相当于定语从句,v-ing & v-ed作定语的区别,1及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。 The group called Green Hand is trying to help protect the environment. The group calling itself Green Hand is trying to help protect the environment.,2不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而-ed形式表示动作已完成，并不带有被动的含义。 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves 落叶 an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped 逃犯 a retired worker = a worker who has retired 退休工人,V-ing形式作状语,动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，其动作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。,1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. (= After we have made full preparations.) 2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill.) 3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.),4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons. 5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. = Although they knew all this. 6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. = .and stared at the sky for a long time,动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。,V-ed形式作状语,1 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. = When the city is seen from the tower. 有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。 Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.,2 v-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying. (= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds .) 3 v-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Heated, water changes into steam. (= If water is heated.),4 动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。 Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. (= Although they were exhausted by the running .),为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。 Even if invited, I wont go. Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.,5 动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded ),Practice :,Tell the functions: Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. He went into the office, followed by many children.,时间,原因,让步,伴随,Part A in the textbook.,Different forms and functions,Different forms and functions,*,a meeting held yesterday a meeting being held now I found my watch being repaired when I got to the shop, so I had to wait. I found my watch repaired when I got to the ship, so I paid the worker and returned.,Summary,非谓语动词的形式及用法,Summary,非谓语动词的形式及用法,Homework,Workbook C1 & C 2,Thank you!,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,
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