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Unit 1 Living with technology,1、 evolution n. 进化，发展，演变,Our watchword is: “Evolution, not revolution.” 我们的口号是：“要循序渐进，不要剧烈变革。” Our political institutions are in continuous evolution. 我们的政治制度正在不断发展中。 Darwins theory of evolution 达尔文的进化论,accidental evolution 机遇性进化 adaptive evolution 适应进化 artificial evolution 人为进化,Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace . 查尔斯达尔文和阿尔弗雷德 罗素华莱士各自独立地发现了进化论。,discovered evolution independently,2、 construct vt. 建造，构筑，编造,This factory was constructed by our company. 这家工厂是由我们公司建设的。,The novel a series of onthespot reports. 这部小说是根据一系列的现场报道而构思的。,is constructed from,3、 accessible adj. 可得到的，易接近的，可进入的，易受影响的，易理解的,This database is only accessible by the authorized manager. 只有授权的管理员才可以访问此数据库。 The information ought to be made more accessible. 资料应该明白易懂。 This island is accessible only by boat. 这个小岛只能坐小船去。,an accessible person 温和的人 accessible evidence 可取得的证件,An open minded person is accessible to reasons. 虚心的人易于服理。,4、wind,vt. (wound, wound)上发条；缠，绕 The narrow road winds its way up to the top of Mountain Tai. 狭窄的道路弯弯曲曲，通往泰山山顶。,wind up 上发条；摇动；转动；以告终；使(活动、会议等)结束 wind sth. around sth. 缠绕；卷绕 wind ones way 蜿蜒；曲折延伸 wind down 逐渐变慢；逐渐平静下来；放松,Lets see if we can wind this up by 7 oclock. 看看咱们能不能在7点前把这个弄完。 This year has been too busy for me; I need a holiday to wind down. 今年对我来说太忙，我需要一个假期去放松。 n. 风； 气流 It was too hot without a breath of wind. 天气很炎热，连一丝风也没有。,5、 measure vt. , vi. & n. 测量；打量；估量,measureagainst 对照评价 measure sb. for sth. 给某人量体裁衣 take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事 maketo ones own measure 依照某人的尺寸做 take ones measure 量尺寸,She measured the stranger with her eyes. 她用双眼打量着那个陌生人。 When measured against the work of a professional, her efforts look unimpressive. 当和专业人员的工作相比时，她所作的努力看起来就不怎么起眼了。,The lake _ 130 _ 80 kilometers. 这个湖长130公里，宽80公里。,measures; by,She _ and found it was too long. 她拿着外套在我身上量了量，发现太长了。,measured the coat against me,6、 suitable adj. 合适的，适合的,sb. is suitable for sth. / to do sth. sb. is fit for sth. / to do sth. 某人适合做某事 sth. is suitable for sb. 某事适宜某人,What time is suitable for us to meet? 我们什么时候会面合适？,The dress is not for the party. 这件衣服不适合穿去参加晚会。,suitable to wear,7、 vote n. 选举权，投票，选举，投票结果 v. 表决，选举，投票,He became a citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote. 他成为公民，并因此获得了选举权。 A large vote was polled. 投票踊跃。 I suggested putting the matter to a vote, but the chairman objected to it. 我建议对此事投票表决，但主席表示反对。,casting vote 决定性一票 vote in 选举(选出来) vote down 否决 vote of confidence 信任投票；赞同 vote of thanks 公开鸣谢 vote on 就表决 vote through 表决通过(投票赞成) hand vote 举手选举,At the end of the meeting, the motion. 会议结束前对该项提议进行了表决。,a vote was taken on,keep pace with 跟上， 与齐步前进,One should keep pace with the times. 一个人应该跟上时代的步伐。 Tom has to take long steps to keep pace with his father. 汤姆必须迈大步才能跟上他的父亲。 Its important for a firm to keep pace with changes in the market. 对一个公司来说，能跟上市场的发展是很重要的。,keep off 不接近，避开 keep out of 躲开，置身之外 keep on 反复地做，继续进行 keep out of debt 不借债 keep on ice 保存着 keep out of mischief 不胡闹 keep open house 盛情款待来客，好客 keep out of the sun 放在阴处；避晒 keep out 不许入内，挡在外面 keep out of the way 避开,I enjoy my job in research because I have to . 我喜欢我的研究工作，因为我得紧跟上所有的最新发展。,keep pace with all the latest developments,1、It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for regular color TV broadcasts to begin in the USA. 然而，直到1951年，花了20多年，正常的彩电转播才在美国开始。,句中代词 it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的for regular color TV broadcasts to begin in the USA，为不定式的复合结构。,It will take me three hours to fulfill the task. 要花3个小时，我才能完成任务。 常见的以it作形式主语的主语从句句型有4种： (1)It be 形容词that从句 能用于这种句型的常见形容词有：necessary, clear, true, strange, important, wonderful, possible, likely, obvious, surprising等。 Its clear that they badly need help. 很明显，他们急需援助。,It is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon. 很可能飓风马上就要到达。 注意：这类主语从句中，若形容词为necessary, important, essential, strange等，主语从句要用虚拟语气。谓语动词形式一般为“(should)动词原形”。 It is necessary that you (should) master the computer. 你很有必要掌握电脑。 It is strange that he should have killed himself. 真奇怪，他竟然自杀了。,(2)It be 名词词组that从句 常用于这种句型的名词词组有：a fact, a good idea, a pity, an honor, a shame, no wonder, good news等。 Its a pity that you missed the film. 你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。 (3)It be 过去分词that从句 常用的过去分词有：said, reported, hoped, believed, expected, decided, wellknown等。 It is wellknown that the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。,注意：a. it作形式主语代替主语从句时，要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较： It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. (主语从句，有that, 无逗号) 据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击。 As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.(定语从句，无that，有逗号) 据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击。 b若过去分词为表示“建议”、“命令”、“愿望”，如suggested, ordered, requested等词时，从句需用虚拟语气(should动词原形)。,It is requested that Mr. Wang (should) give a performance. 有人请求王先生表演一个节目。 (4)It seems/happens/appears/doesnt matter/makes no difference that从句。 It happened that I had seen the film. 碰巧我已看过了那部电影。 It seems that he is playing football. 好像他正在踢足球。 It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not. 他是否参加会议无关紧要。,2、The telephone is very convenient for communication, and most people in the world today cannot live without it. 电话对于交流来说非常方便，当今世界上许多人没有电话就不能生存。,cannot live with out it 双重否定，相当于肯定句。 Man cannot live without water. 没有水，人类就不能生存。 Without the sun, nothing would grow. 没有太阳，就不会有生物。 It is hard to sleep without a cooler in this room. 没有空气调节器，在这间屋里很难入睡。 I just want an ordinary car without the frills. 我只要一辆没有多余装饰的普通汽车。,cannot; without,人和目的这二者是不能分开的。 You have purposes people.,1. B 考查固定句型。Its no use doing sth.做某事是白费力气。句意：不去行动只是抱怨是没有用的。,1. Its no use _ without taking action.(2011上海) A. complain B. complaining C. being complained D. to be complained,2. A 本题考查动词在具体语境中的使用。句意：“你家里总是那么整洁家里有3个孩子，你是怎么设法做到的？” 表示“设法做成某事”用manage it。serve 表示“为服务；接待”；adapt 表示“使适应，使适合”；construct表示“建造，构筑；构思”。,2. Your house is always so neat how do you _ it with three children？(2010山东) A. manage B. serve C. adapt D. construct,如何增加亮点(),7. 适当运用非谓语结构 非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人熟练驾驭语言的印象。 例由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。 一般句As I didnt know her address, I wasnt able to get in touch with her. 优秀句Not knowing her address, I wasnt able to get in touch with her.,8. 注意文章的过渡与衔接 写作的评分标准是把衔接和连贯作为核心标准来要求的，其语篇衔接作用的极其重要性是不言而喻的。学生要学会恰当地使用这些表示逻辑关系的关联词语，使文章前后连贯，结构紧凑，过渡自然。表示过渡与衔接的常用表达有： (1)表示顺序：first, then, finally, in the end 等。 (2)表示转折：but, however, meanwhile, at the same time, instead, on the contrary, unfortunately, after all等。 (3)表示并列：bothand, as well as, neithernor, eitheror, somesome等。,(4)表示递进：besides, even, moreover, whats more, furthermore等。 (5)表示时间：now, then, in the past, at present, in the future等。 (6)表示对比：while, on one hand, on the other hand, in the same way, just as等。,(7)表示因果：because, as, now that, so, therefore等。 (8)表示程度：first of all, above all, again and again等。 (9)表示强调：indeed, surely, certainly, of course等。 (10)表示列举：for example, such as, for instance等。 (11)表示总结：in a word, in short, in brief, in all, in conclusion等。,9. 合理安排句型 注意把意思相近、相似、互为补充的句子合为一个复杂句，使重点突出，并且要明确内在的逻辑关系。 When it is my birthday, my mother will cook some dishes to celebrate my birth, or she will give me some money to buy whatever I want. 改为：To celebrate my birthday, my mother always cooks some dishes or gives me some money to buy whatever I want. 改后的句子由两句变为一句，句义更易理解，逻辑更清楚。,10. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构 例如果她的发音不比她老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。 一般句If her pronunciation is not better than her teachers, it is at least as good as her teachers. 优秀句Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teachers. 11. 大胆使用高级词汇 Her dark eyes are very attractive. 她的黑眼睛很迷人。(用attractive比用beautiful高级),Is the manager available? 经理在不在？(用available比用in高级) I happened upon her in the street the other day. 几天前，我在街上碰巧遇见了她。(用the other day比用a few days ago高级) Hearing the news, I felt kind of discouraged. 听到这个消息，我感到有点泄气。(kind of在此用作副词，意为“有点”) He stood before his teacher silently, with his head down. 他低着头，一言不发地站在老师面前。(with复合结构用得好),状语从句(),状语从句即指在主从复合句用作状语的从句。按照其意义，状语从句可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句等。状语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，也是历年高考重点考查的内容之一。学习状语从句主要应注意引导状语从句的从属连词的用法与区别，以及从属连词在一定的语言环境中的意义与用法。,一、时间状语从句 1引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，常见的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。,2表示“当时候”的 while, when, as 的用法区别是：while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词；表示带有规律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时，只能用 when；当表示“一边一边”或“随着”时，只能用 as。另外，用于此意的 as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词，不能是状态动词。如下面一道高考题的答案是 B 而不能是A：“Im going to the post office.” “_ youre there, can you get me some stamps？” A. As B. While C. Because D. If,3until 在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词，表示相应动作结束的时间；在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词，表示相应动作开始的时间，意为“直到才”。 He waited until she was about to leave. 他等着直到她准备离开。 I did not begin to work till he had gone. 他走了后我才开始工作。,4表示“一就”除用 as soon as 外，还可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no soonerthan， hardlywhen等。 I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。 Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow. 她刚到就下起雪来了。 The moment I have finished Ill give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。,5every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等以 time 结尾的词语也可用作连词，引导时间状语从句。 Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来，请关门。 He didnt tell me anything the last time I saw him. 上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。 By the time I got home, she had already gone to bed. 我到家时她已睡觉了。,二、条件状语从句 1引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有if, unless, as (so) long as等。 Dont come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话，否则你别来。 If you watch carefully you will see how to do it. 如果你仔细瞧你会看出该怎样做。 As long as you do your best, well be happy. 只要你尽力，我们就满意了。,2in case 也可引导条件状语从句，其意为“如果”、“万一”。 In case I forget, please remind me about it. 如果我忘了，请提醒我。,三、让步状语从句 1引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有although, though, however (no matter how), even if(即使), whetheror(不论还是)等连词。 The speech is good, though it could be better. 这次演讲不错，虽然还可以再好一点。 He went out even though it was raining. 尽管下雨，他还是出去了。,2as也可引导让步状语从句，但要将名词、形容词或副词等提到 as 前，若提前的是单数可数名词，要省略 a/an。 Teacher as he is, he cant know everything. 虽然是老师，他也不可能什么都懂。 3连词 while 有时也可表示“尽管”、“虽然”，引导让步状语从句。 While we dont agree we continue to be friends. 尽管我们意见不同，我们还是朋友。,4whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever等引导让步状语从句。 Dont lose heart whatever you do. 不管你做什么，都不要灰心。 Whoever you are, you cant pass this way. 不管你是谁，你都不能从这里通过。 注意：表示“虽然”的 though, although 不可与 but 连用，但可与 yet, still连用。,四、原因状语从句 1引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that)等。 They cant have gone out because the lights on. 他们不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。 Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去，我也去。 Now that we are alone, we can speak freely. 现在我们单独在一起，可以随便谈了。,2除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外，when有时也可引导原因状语从句，其意为“既然”。 I cant tell you when you wont listen. 既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。,3. 有关原因状语从句还应注意以下几点： (1)as 与 since, now that一样表示双方都知道的原因，通常位于主句前，且均不可用于强调结构被强调。 (2)当表示直接的因果关系，回答why时，或有only, just, all, partly, not, but 等副词修饰时，或用在强调结构中都只能用 because。 (3)for有时也可引出表示原因的分句，但它只能位于后面，对前一分句加以解释或推断。 (4)不要受汉语意思影响将表示“因为”的连词与表示“所以”的so连用。,五、地点状语从句 1引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有where (在的地方), wherever(无论什么地方), everywhere(每个地方), anywhere(任何地方)。 Im not living where I was. 我不在原处住了。 You cant camp where (wherever, anywhere) you like these days. 这些天你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。 Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样的情况。,2有的同学认为地点状语从句在平时见得不多，误认为考试不会涉及，但恰恰相反，地点状语从句却是英语考试经常考查的一个知识点。请看以下考题： (1)After the war, a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when,(2)You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. A. when B. where C. then D. there (3)She found her calculator _ she lost it. A. where B. when C. in which D. that 以上三题均选where，其意为“在的地方”，用以引导地点状语从句。,六、目的状语从句 1. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。 I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一条船去钓鱼。 He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习，是为了能通过考试。,2引导目的状语从句的 so that 有时可省so 或 that，即单独用 so 或 that 来引导目的状语从句。 Check carefully, so any mistake will be caught. 仔细检查，以便任何错误都可检查出。 Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。,七、结果状语从句 引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有so that, sothat， suchthat等。 He was so angry that he couldnt speak. 他气得话都说不出来。 He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。 注意：sothat和suchthat中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略。,八、方式状语从句 方式状语从句在高考中常见的引导词有表示“像”的as和表示“好像”的as if/as though。 Lets study as Lei Feng studied. 让我们像雷锋那样学习吧。 Think as I think. 像我这样去想。 He talks as if/though he is drunk. 从他谈话的样子来看他好像醉了。,1. He is _ a good teacher _ we all respect. A. such; that B. such; as C. so; that D. so; as,B 此题容易误选A，一方面是因为 suchthat是同学们很熟悉的一个句式，一看就可能选中了；另一方面，将 suchthat的意思“如此以致”代入句中，也完全通顺，即“他是一位如此优秀的教师，以致我们大家都尊敬他”。从表面上看，以上分析很有道理，但其实错了。因为在suchthat (如此以致)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 suchthat，句末的 respect 显然缺少宾语(注意：respect 是及物动词)。,正确的答案应是B，as 用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 teacher，同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 respect 的宾语，句意为“他是我们大家都尊敬的一位好老师”。有的同学们可能还会问，能否选A答案，而将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能。因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。顺便说一句，假若在原句的respect后加上him一词，则应选A，即He is such a good teacher that we all respect him.(他是如此好的一位老师，我们大家都尊敬他)。,2. The building must be saved, _ the cost. A. what B. which C. whatever D. whichever,C 许多同学对此题感到无从下手。此题有两个难点：一是 whatever 的用法问题，二是此句的 the cost 后省略了动词 is。whatever 有两个用法，一是用以引导名词性从句，二是引导让步状语从句(此时也可换成 no matter what)。,3. I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. them D. /,A 此题容易误选D，许多同学想当然地认为when 所引导的句子是一个宾语从句，无需在 hate 和 when 从句之间使用其他词语。事实上，when 在此引导的不是一个宾语从句，而是一个时间状语从句，因为句中的 when 的意思并不是“什么时候”，而是“当时候”。,另一方面，有的同学可能认为，就算 when 引导的是状语从句，也可以选D，因为动词 hate 可视为不及物动词，其后不接宾语。但事实上，hate 在现代英语中只用作及物动词，其后必须要有宾语，假若其后直接跟有 when 引导的时间状语从句或 if 引导的条件状语从句时，习惯上在其后跟有it，有的词典则把 hate it when (if) 作为一个句型来处理。除hate外，动词like, dislike, love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate等也有类似用法特点。,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,
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