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第三部分句法篇,专题4特殊句式,核心考点精析,特殊句式在高考中的应用,模拟强化练,核心考点精析,1.就近一致原则(1)由or，notonly.butalso.，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.，not.but.等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。NeitherhisparentsnorIamabletopersuadehimtochangehismind.,主谓一致的核心考点,(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。Hereisaruler，afewpencilsandtwocopybooks.,2.意义一致原则(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况表示学科的名词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义时，谓语动词仍用单数。Politicsishisfavoritesubject.表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。DoyouknowwhentheUnitedNationswassetup?,(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况表示总称意义的名词，如people，police，public，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Thepolicearesearchingforthemurderer.(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。,AsfarasIknow，hisfamilyisnotverylargebutthefamilyareallmusiclovers.“the形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。Thepoorwerelookeddownuponintheolddays.,3.语法一致原则(1)由and连接的两个名词作主语“a/the名词单数and名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。Theteacherandpoetoftengiveslecturesaroundthecity.“a/the名词单数anda/the名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。Theteacherandthepoethavejustarrived.,“every名词单数andevery名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。Everyboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducationinourcountry.通常由两个部件组成的物品如：aknifeandfork(一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Breadandbutterisnottohistaste.,(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Isfiftypoundsenough?(3)“分数/百分数of名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。Two-thirdsofthebooksareaboutscience.Only30%oftheworkwasdoneyesterday.,1.全部倒装(1)在Therebe/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。Look，theresthatbookshopIwastellingyouabout.(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。Theregoesthephone.Illanswerit.,倒装句的核心考点,(3)such作表语置于句首时。SuchwasAlbertEinstein，asimplemanbutthe20thcenturysgreatestscientist.(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。“Ifyoudie，whowillgetyourmoney？”askedHolmes.(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。Inthecenterofthesquarestandsamonument.(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。GoneforeverarethedayswhentheChinesepeoplehadtouseforeignoil.,2.部分倒装在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，bynomeans，atnotime，undernocircumstances，innocase等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。Littledoeshecareaboutwhatothersthink.(2)在not.until.，nosooner.than.，scarcely/hardly.when.，notonly.butalso.，neither.nor.等句式中。Neitherdoeshedrinknorsmoke.,(3)当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。OnlythendidIfindIhadmadeamistake.(4)在so/such.that.从句中，当so形容词/副词或such名词位于句首时。Soexhaustedwasshethatshewantedtohavearest.(5)当表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so/asbe动词/助动词/情态动词主语”，表示“也是”。TimeshavechangedandsohaveI.,(6)当neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“neither/norbe动词/助动词/情态动词主语”，表示“也不”。Theycouldntunderstanditatthattime，andnorcouldwe.(7)省略if的虚拟条件句，把助动词were，had，should提到主语前面。Haditnotbeenforyourhelp，weshouldnthaveachievedsomuch.(8)as和though引导的让步状语从句。Tryasshemight，Suecouldntgetthedooropen.(9)“may动词原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，构成倒装语序。Mayyousucceed!,1.使用助动词do，does和did对谓语动词进行强调。Firstimpressionsreallydocount.2.运用强调句型来强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。强调句型的基本句型结构为：Itis/was被强调部分that/who其他成分。可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语、表语、同位语等成分。在复习强调句型时，要注意以下几个方面：,强调句的核心考点,(1)强调句型中的主谓一致在强调句型中，当对陈述句中的主语进行强调时，无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数，主句中的谓语动词都要用单数形式Itis/was.，同时，that从句中的谓语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。Itismyparentsthat/whooftenhelpmegetoutoftrouble.(2)当对地点状语、时间状语或其他状语从句进行强调时，只能用连接词that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。ItwasonAugust8,2008thatthe29thSummerOlympicGameswereopenedinBeijing.,(3)强调句型的疑问句在强调句中，无论被强调部分是什么句子成分，变为一般疑问句时，都须将主句改为疑问语序，即将“Itis/was被强调部分that其他成分”改为“Is/Wasit被强调部分that其他成分？”或“疑问词is/wasitthat其他成分？”结构。Wasitherfailingherexamthatmadeherparentsunhappy?Whenwasitthatshechangedhermind?,(4)在对not.until.结构中的until时间状语或时间状语从句进行强调时，要将句中的not移至until之前，构成：Itis/wasnotuntil.that.。注意that从句中的谓语动词要变成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒装语序。Ididntrealizeshewasafamousfilmstaruntilshetookoffherdarkglasses.ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.,注意事项：1.如果由特殊疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序，不可用疑问语序。Heaskedmewhoitwasthattookhisumbrellabymistake.2.强调句型结构中的反意疑问句式。在强调句型结构中，其反意疑问句的主语及助动词必须与主句Itis/was.保持一致。ItisMarynotyouwhowantstoaskmeaboutthatmatter，isntit?,3.强调句型结构与定语从句的混合使用。在高考试题中，为了增加试题的难度，命题人常将强调句型与定语从句混合起来，使句子结构更加复杂。我们要注意从语法角度来分析句子，理清结构。ItwasonthefarmwhereweworkedthatIgottoknowher.4.强调句型与时间状语从句的辨析。当用强调句型强调时间状语时，去掉“itis/was”和连词“that”，原句仍然完整；而在时间状语从句中，若去掉“itis/was”和连词“when/before”，原句不完整。Itwasat14：28thattheterribleearthquakebrokeout.(强调句型)Itwas14：28whentheterribleearthquakebrokeout.(状语从句),1.状语从句中的省略由when，while，if，asif，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引导的状语从句中，如果其谓语动词为be，而主语与主句的主语相同时，则从句的主语和be可省略；或从句的主语为it，谓语动词为be时，也可省略从句中的it和be。When(Iam)introuble，Ialwaysturntomyclassmatesforhelp.If(itis)possible，thismachinecanbefixedatonce.,省略句的核心考点,2.不定式的省略单独使用不定式符号to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在beafraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等词后；或放在表情绪的词后，代替被省略的动词，常见词有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，havebeen，则要保留be，have，havebeen。WillyoupleaselookaftermyhousewhenImaway?Imgladto.Areyouasailor?No.ButIusedtobe.Yourworkhasntbeenhandedin，butitoughttohavebeen.,3.常考的几个省略形式ifever，ifany，ifnotbetter/worse/taller.than等。4.并列句中的省略并列句中的两个对等句里的动词相同时，后者的动词可以省略。HeisgoingtoHongKong，buthisbrother(isgoing)toAmerica.Myroomisonthethirdfloorandhis，onthefifth.,返回,特殊句式在高考中的应用,特殊句式与语法填空,特殊句式常考的语法项目包含主谓一致、倒装句、强调句、省略句、感叹句、祈使句等。考查形式有谓语动词的数、状语从句的省略中的非谓语动词、以及助动词、替代词或标志性的词等。,典题试做1,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内所给词的正确形式1.Yangshuo(be)reallybeautiful.(2015全国)解析考查主谓一致和动词时态。本段介绍阳朔的自然条件，属客观事实，要用一般现在时，由于主语是单数第三人称形式，故填is。,is,解析答案,2.Bachdiedin1750，butitwasnotuntiltheearly19thcenturyhismusicalgiftwasfullyrecognized.(2015重庆)解析考查强调句。本句是一个强调句型，其基本结构是：Itis/was被强调部分that/who其他，本句被强调部分是notuntiltheearly19thcentury，故填that。3.aftertalkingtotwostudentsdidIdiscoverthathavingstrongmotivationisoneofthebiggestfactorsinreachinggoals.(2015湖南)解析考查倒装句。only放在句首，后面跟状语时，使用部分倒装结构。,that,Only,解析答案,4.DoyouthinkGeorgehaspassedthedrivingtest?No.If，hewouldhavedrivenhiscartoourcollegeyesterday.(2013福建)解析考查替代。“如果通过的话”，用so替代前面Georgehaspassedthedrivingtest。5.CallmetomorrowIllletyouknowthelabresult.(2014大纲全国)解析由语境可知，此处是“祈使句and简单句”这一固定句式结构，故填and。,so,and,解析答案,6.astrangeplant！Iveneverseenitbefore.(2011辽宁)解析因为空后的中心词plant是名词，所以用what引导该感叹句。Whatastrangeplant！也可表达成Howstrangeaplant，即how后的中心词为形容词或副词。故填what。,What,解析答案,应对策略1,注意分析句式结构，确定为何种特殊句式，再根据特殊句式的结构特点填入适当的词。,特殊句式与短文改错,短文改错中对于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主谓不一致、以及含有助动词的谓语结构错误、替代词的错用等。,典题试做2,单句改错(每小题1处错误)1.Hardworkhavemadehimveryill.(2013辽宁)解析考查主谓一致。work为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。答案havehas2.Finally，therewereasuddenpullatthepoleandafishwascaught.(2013陕西)解析考查主谓一致。Therebe应该与其后主语asuddenpull在数上保持一致。答案werewas,解析答案,3.InearlyJanuarythisyear，therateofUFOreportsweresteady，aroundthreeperweek.(2011辽宁)解析考查主谓一致。主语为therate，为第三人称单数形式，故were改为was。答案werewas4.IcouldntbelievemylucknotonlydidIhadmyphototakenwithhim，buthesignedhisnameonmyshirt！(2011陕西)解析考查倒装句的谓语结构，“did主语动词原形”，故had应改为have。答案hadhave,解析答案,5.LuckilyIhadallmymoneyinmypocket，buttheonlyclothesIhadwasthoseIhadon.(2011新课标全国)解析考查主谓一致。该句谓语应该与主语theclothes一致，故was应改为were。答案waswere6.Afterweleft，Isaid，“Thatwasveryniceofyou，Mother.ButIdidntthinkshelookedlikeGrandma.”“Neitherdidme，”saidMothercheerfully.(2010浙江)解析考查倒装句。“neither助动词主语”结构中，主语应该用主格形式，故me应改为I。答案meI,解析答案,应对策略2,遇到特殊句式，要注意主谓一致、强调句、倒装句、省略句、祈使句、感叹句、反意疑问句等的构成特点。,书面表达中特殊句式易错点聚焦,在书面表达中适当引入特殊句式，可提高表达的层次，增强交际效果。但是学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：1.主谓不一致(误)Yourfriendandadviserhaveagreedtolendmesomemoney.(正)Yourfriendandadviserhasagreedtolendmesomemoney.(误)Manyascientisthavesacrificedtheirlivesforscience.(正)Manyascientisthassacrificedhislifeforscience.,(误)Mr.Wang，togetherwithhiswife，havegonetoAustralia.(正)Mr.Wang，togetherwithhiswife，hasgonetoAustralia.(误)Eachoftheboyshavetheirownbooks.(正)Eachoftheboyshashisownbooks.(误)Theblindisnotabletowalkwithoutsticks.(正)Theblindarenotabletowalkwithoutsticks.(误)Fiveyearshavepassedsincethen.(正)Fiveyearshaspassedsincethen.,2.缺乏运用意识语言输出时，多用正常语序的简单句、并列句等。而缺乏运用特殊句式的意识。(简单句堆积)IamLiHua.IamchairmanoftheStudentUnion.IamfromChenguangHighSchool.(同位语)IamLiHua，chairmanoftheStudentUnion，fromChenguangHighSchool.(一般表达)IdidntrealizeitsimportanceuntilIwaschosenmonitorofmyclassinmyseniormiddleschool.,(倒装句)NotuntilIwaschosenmonitorofmyclassinmyseniormiddleschooldidIrealizeitsimportance.(强调句)ItwasnotuntilIwaschosenmonitorofmyclassinmyseniormiddleschoolthatIrealizeditsimportance.,3.运用中出现语法错误(误)Onlyworkhardcanyouachieveyourgoal.(正)Onlybyworkinghardcanyouachieveyourgoal.(误)Therehavesomeproblemsexistinourschool.(正)Thereexistsomeproblemsinourschool.(误)Onlyafterthewarlearnedhethesadnews.(正)Onlyafterthewardidhelearnthesadnews.(误)ItwasatmidnightwhenIgotbackhomeyesterday.(正)ItwasatmidnightthatIgotbackhomeyesterday.(正)ItwasmidnightwhenIgotbackhomeyesterday.,返回,模拟强化练,.单句语法填空1.Oneday，hecameupwithanideathathewouldpluckupallofhiscropafewinches.Hedidthenextday.解析句中didso替代的是上文同位语从句中的动词短语pluckupallofhiscropafewinches。,so,解析答案,2.Filmhasamuchshorterhistory，especiallywhen(compare)tosuchartformsasmusicandplanting.解析本句实际上是whenitiscomparedtosuchartformsasmusicandpainting的省略，省略掉主语及be动词。3.Herparentswouldntallowhertogototheparty，butshestillhopes.解析句意为：她父母不让她去参加聚会，但她仍然希望去参加。此句为省略句，补充完整应为：.，butshestillhopestogototheparty.。,compared,to,解析答案,4.withhardworkcanyouexpecttogetapayrise.解析由canyouexpectto.可知，这是倒装句，根据倒装结构“only状语(withhardwork)”可知应填副词only。5.NotIcaughtsightofmyteacherinthecrowddidIcalmdown.解析句意为：直到我在人群中看见我的老师我才平静下来。notuntil位于句首，句子要部分倒装。6.Eitheryouortheheadmaster(be)tohandouttheprizestothosegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.解析谓语与theheadmaster一致，故be用第三人称单数is。,Only,until,is,解析答案,7.Theteacher，with6girlsand8boysofherclass，(visit)amuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.解析谓语与theteacher一致，又根据惯用句型结构was/weredoing.when.可知，用过去进行时态。8.Twofifthsofthelandinthatdistrict(be)coveredwithtreesandgrass.解析谓语与theland一致，用单数。9.Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed，hugequantitiesofgoodearth(wash)awayeachyear.解析因quantitiesof作主语，谓语用复数；earth与wash之间是被动关系，需用被动式，指近些年或近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。,wasvisiting,is,arebeingwashed,解析答案,10.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho(be)awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.解析谓语应与theonlyone一致，又由forthreeyears可知用完成时。,hasbeen,解析答案,.单句改错(每小题1处错误)1.Thesingeranddanceraretoattendoureveningparty.答案dancer前加the或areis2.Theyeachhasanapple.答案hashave3.Hejoinsthefootballteamwhoisallfamousfootballers.答案isare4.Dr.Smith，togetherwithhiswifeanddaughters，aregoingtovisitBeijingthissummer.答案areis,答案,5.Asaresultoftheseriousflood，twothirdsofthebuildingsintheareaneedsrepairing.答案needsneed6.Thosewholikestosingcanjoinus.答案likeslike7.Soloudlyhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.答案he前加did8.Ifyoudontgotheretomorrow，neitherdoesTom.答案doeswill,答案,9.Hardalthoughhetried，hewasunabletomakemuchprogress.答案althoughas/though10.IcantswimandsocanKate.答案soneither,答案,.语法填空ADealingwithhomelessfamilies1.(be)onepartofmyjob.Itwasfromasinglemother2.theveryfirstcallIhadwas.Shewasweeping.NotuntilIpromisedtohelpher3.shestopweeping.Afterbeingtoldthatshehadgotintoaterriblecaraccident，Ilearnedthataccidentmadeherloseherjob.Fellbehindwithherrent4.shewasbeingforcedtoleaveherapartment.Shehadtopayfortherent.5.not，nowherecouldsheandhertwochildrengo.,is,that,did,and,If,答案,Havingexplainedthesituation，shestopped，saying，“Imsosorry！Thankyouforlettingmetellmystory.Ivetriedeveryshelterandchurchorganizationintheareabutnoone6.listenorcare.”7.anunfortunatething！Atthattimetherebeingnoopeningsforfamilyhousing，ItookhernumberdownandtoldherIdcallherrightback.Later，hardly8.IfoundanopeningforafamilyinashelterinherareawhenIcalledherback.Shewasshockedwhen9.(answer)mycall.Shesaid，“Never10.Ireallyexpectyoutocallmeback.”Igaveherthegoodnewsandshestartedweepingagain.Butthistimetheyweretearsofhappinessandhope.,does,What,had,answering,did,答案,BWaitress：Yes，Sir.Youcalled?Customer：Yes，Iwonderifyoucouldbringmeone11.(many)bottleofbeer.Waitress：I12.(certain)can.MayIaskwhoyouarewaitingfor?Customer：Well，mygrandsonissupposed13.(meet)meinLondonattheairport.Doyouthinkhellbeabletofindme?Waitress：Imsurehewill.Youdonthavetoworryaboutthat.Areyougoingtobevisitinghim?,more,certainly,tomeet,答案,Customer：Yes.Iveneverseenmygrandson.IwishI14.(see)him!Inthatcase，Icanrecognizehimeasily.Waitress：IthinkyoullhaveawonderfultimeinLondon,15.isverybeautiful.Isthisyourfirsttimeabroad?Customer：No，IsawquiteabitofEuropebefore，Rome，Berlin，placeslikethat，butIveneverbeentoParis.IfIhadthechancenextyear，I16.(visit)Paris.Waitress：Oh，thenyouhaveflownbeforetoo?Customer：No，that17.(be)duringtheSecondWorldWarandIwenttoEuropeonalargeshipcarryingsoldiers.,hadseen,which,wouldvisit,was,答案,Waitress：Thingsarequite18.(difference)inEuropenowadays.Customer：Imsuretheyare.Imreally19.(interest)togetthere.Waitress：By20.way，willyoubestayinglong?Customer：Itdepends，butIplantostayforatleastfiveweeks.Waitress：Ithinkyoullhaveagoodtime.Illgoandgetabeerforyou.,different,interested,the,答案,返回,
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