动词时态和语态(高一).ppt

高中英语语法（一）,动词的时态和语态,1、一般现在时的用法,1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every,sometimes,at,onSundaye.g.每天早上我七点离家上学。Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天他骑车上班。Hecyclestoworkeveryday.,2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。e.g.地球绕着太阳转。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.上海位于中国的东部。ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3)表示格言或警句中。e.g.Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此两种用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。,例如：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。e.g.安英语写得好但说得不好。AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.,知识扩展：一般现在时表将来或正在进行1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来，主要指按规定或计划好的将来的动作，常跟上时间状语。-Whenwillthetrainbeoff?-It_at3:15p.m.AisleavingBleavesChasleftDhasbeenleft,B,2）以here,there开头的感叹句中用一般现在时代替进行时表示瞬间动作。Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3）在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来。,Thewaterwillbefurtherpollutedunlesssomemeasures_.AwillbetakenBaretakenCweretakenDhadbeentaken4）表示状态和感觉的动词。如：be,like,feel,hate,think,stay,sound,taste等常用一般现在时。e.g.Thenewssoundsgood.,B,6)在某些短语（make/besure,makecertain,lookout,takecare,seetoit)的从句中常用一般现在时表将来e.g.Youmustmakesurethedoorisclosedbeforeyouleavethelab.,2.现在进行时,表示此时正在进行或发生的动作,或用以描述一个频繁发生的动作.e.g.Thetelephoneisringing.Wouldyouanswerit,please?2)表示当前一段时间（或现阶段）正在进行而此刻不一定正在进行的动作句中常有:thesedays,thisweek.,e.g.Isthisraincoatyours?-No,mine_therebehindthedoor.AishangingBhashungChangsDhung3)位移动词用现在进行时表将来通常有：come,go,move,fly,leave,arrivee.g.HeisleavingforShanghai.,A,4)句中有always,constantly,frequently,forever,常用现在进行时表示一种感情色彩或强调情况的暂时性e.g.Sheisalwayshelpingothers.5)按计划一般不易改变的动作，除了用一般现在时，也可用现在进行时e.g.Theplaneisleavingat12p.m.,6)带有一种婉转的语气e.g.Imhopingtogetaletterfromyousoon.Imlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.,3.SinceIwonthebigprize,mytelephonehasntstoppedringing.People_toaskhowIamgoingtospendthemoney.（05湖南卷）A.phoneB.willphoneC.werephoningD.arephoning4.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology_sorapidly.(2001N)A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange,D,A,知识扩展：不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词。如：have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continueIhavetwobrothers.Thishousebelongstomysister.2)心理状态的动词。如：know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate,Ineedyourhelp.Helovesherverymuch3）系动词。如：seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turnYouseemalittletired.,3.现在完成时,-Imsorrytokeepyouwaiting.-Oh,notatall.I_hereonlyafewminutes.AhavebeenBhadbeenCwasDwillbe1)for+一段时间，放在句末时，可以省去for,但如放在句首或否定句中for不省略,A,have/hasdone,2)某些固定句型：a.This/It/Thatisthefirst(second)time+句子（通常用现在完成时）e.g.ThisisthesecondcigaretteIhavesmokedtoday.ItisthethirdtimethatKatehasbeenill,isntit?,b.Thisisthe+最高级名词句子（现在完成时）e.g.ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.c.Thisis(theonly)oneof+名词句子（现在完成时）e.g.Heisoneofthebrighteststudentswhohavegraduatedfromourschool.,典型例题(1)-Doyouknowourtownatall?-No,thisisthefirsttimeI_here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming(2)-Haveyou_beentoourtownbefore?-No,itsthefirsttimeI_here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome,B,D,(对）Ihaventreceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.,（错）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.,注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。,._mysisterthreetimestodaybutherlinewasalwaysbusy.（05北京春季）A.IdphonedB.IvebeenphoningC.IvephonedD.Iwasphoning.-YouhaventbeentoBeijing,haveyou?-_.HowIwishtogothere!(98N)A.Yes,IhaveB.Yes,IhaventC.No,IhaveD.No,Ihavent,说明：此题的干扰源是后面的wasbusy。今天打了三次电话是用来表示结果的，只能用现在完成时；而每次她都占线是表示过去的动作，所以用一般过去时。,C,D,）havebeento去过,现在不在那儿havegoneto已去了，现在可能在那儿，可能在路上,shouldhavedone本该做某事shouldnthavedone本不该做某事wouldhavedone本想做某事needhavedone本有必要做某事musthavedone一定做过某事,.现在完成进行时,have/hasbeendoing,不可以用于进行时态的动词，如；be,like,know,see,hear,belong,hate等，也不能用于现在完成进行时）用“howlong”结构征询目前正在进行的动作时，习惯上用现在完成进行时,过去发生的动作持续到现在并可能继续发生。,e.g.HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningFrench?,-Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.-Iamtired.I_thelivingroomallday.(98N)A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted,C,说明：这句话的意思是“我一整天都在刷起居室”，现在完成进行时表示从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，而且还在进行当中。强调的是“一直在做”。,8.Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy_goingbacktoschool,butshehasntdecidedyet.（04北京）AhadconsideredBhasbeenconsideringCconsideredDisgoingtoconsider,B,说明：她“一直在考虑返校”是现在完成进行时，“还没作决定”是现在的结果。,5.一般过去时,）.表示一个发生在过去某一特定时间的动作或状态，一种过去的习惯和一个在过去某一时间中已结束的动作,1.-Nancyisnotcomingtonight.-Butshe_!(98N)A.promisesB.promisedC.willpromise,高考题点击：,D.hadpromised,B,2.Myuncle_untilhewasforty-five.(2000上海)A.marriedB.didntmarryC.wasnotmarryingD.wouldmarry,B,3.-Youhaventsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?(N2002)-ImsorryI_anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkitsprettyonyou.A.wasntsayingB.dontsayC.wontsayD.didntsay,D,）表示过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作，也可用usedtodo或woulddoe.g.Iwouldswimintheriverduringthevocation.Motherusedtotellusstorieswhenwewereyoung.,3)表示“原来”时，经常用一般过去时，近几年的考题多涉及这一用法。e.g.Ididntknowyouwerehere.-Oh,itsyou!Ididntrecognizeyou.ThepenI_I_isonmydesk.Athink,lostBthought,hadlostCthink,hadlostDthought,havelost,B,4)当我们按照时间顺序来谈论过去连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时，常用一般过去时e.g.OnSaturdayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,boughtsomebananasandvisitedhercousin.,5)一般过去时在一些虚拟语气中表示与现在或将来的动作相反,Iwouldrather,asif,Iwish,+that(用一般过去时）,e.g.Itstime,e.g.Itstimewestartedourwork.,IwishIwereanengineer.,Iwouldratheryoudidntdothatnow.,6.过去进行时,）过去某个时间正在进行或正在发生的动作，也可能表示过去一段时间内发生的动作e.g.Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing.-Oh,Imterriblysorry._.AImnotnoticingBIwasntnoticingCIhaventnoticedDIdontnotice,B,-Excuseme,sir.Wouldyoudomeafavor?-Ofcourse.Whatisit?-I_ifyoucouldtellmehowtofilloutthisform.AhadwonderedBwaswonderingCwouldwonderDdidwonder,B,2)过去进行时的另一种主要用法是描述某一件事发生的背景（句子中的两个动作，背景动作时间长，但另一个短动作更重要，因此，短动作用一般过去时，背景动作用过去进行时e.g.It_(snow)asthey_(make)theirwaytothefront.Tom_(slip)intothehousewhennoone_(look),wassnowing,made,slipped,waslooking.,3)和现在进行时一样，与always,constantly,frequently,forever等连用，表示一种感情色彩e.g.Hewasmakingtroubleallthetime.,7.过去完成时,到过去某个时间为止已发生的动作,用过去完成时.haddonee.g.Helen_herkeysintheoffice,soshehadtowaituntilherhusband_home.Ahasleft,comesBleft,hadcomeChadleft,cameDhadleft,wouldcome,C,2)用于itwas+时间since引导的从句中e.g.IsaiditwasatleasttenyearssinceI_(enjoy)agoodtime.3)scarcely/hardly+haddone+whennosooner+haddone+than刚就,hadenjoyed,e.g.Wehadscarcelygotinthegrainwhenitbegantorain.He_tothelabthanhesetouttodotheexperiment.AhasnosoonergotBnosoonergotCwillnosoonergetDhadnosoonergot,D,4)有些动词如:hope,plan,think,want,mean,suppose,intend等动词的过去完成时，可用来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图e.g.Ihadhopedyouwouldturnauniversitystudent.,5)用在ifonly,wouldrather,wish是虚拟语气及虚拟条件句中，表示与过去的事实相反e.g.IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.Iwouldratheryouhadtoldmethetruth.IwishIhadseenyouyesterday.,）用于某些固定句型中Itwasthefirsttime+从句e.g.ItwasthefirsttimethathehadsunginEnglish.,second,-,6.Thelittlegirl_herheartoutbecauseshe_hertoybearandbelievedshewasntevergoingtofindit.(02北京)A.hadcried,lostB.cried,hadlostC.hascried,haslostD.cries,haslost7.Hurryup!AliceandSuearewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.Oh!Ithoughtthey_withoutme.(05江西卷)AwentBaregoingChavegoneDhadgone,B,D,8过去完成进行时,指到过去某个时间为止一直在进行的动作，并有继续发生的可能性hadbeendoinge.g.Ithadbeenrainingforaweekbythen.,9一般将来时,表现的形式很多，如下：begoingto常用来表示已决定或安排要做的事或打算，也可用于必然或很可能发生的事，或者已有客观迹象表明将要发生的情况e.g.Lookatthoseclouds!It_(rain),isgoingtorain,2)shall/will表示临时决定做某事，还可以表示意愿e.g.Illtellyouaboutitifyouwilllistentome.-Youveleftthelighton.-Oh,soIhave._andturnitoff.AIllgoBIvegoneCIgoDImgoing,A,3)由表示位移的动词的进行时表将来e.g.WhenarethemencomingfromEngland?betodo表示约定的或按职责、义务、要求即将发生的动作，还可表示注定要发生的动作、意图、可能性e.g.Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho_(blame)forthespoiltchild.,istoblame,5)beaboutto表示即将发生的动作，但不与时间状语连用e.g.Sheisabouttosetoff.6)bedueto表示将来的用法与时刻表或计划有关e.g.ThetraintoBeijingisduetoarriveat12:15.,高考题点击：1.Ifaman_succeed,hemustworkashardashecan.(95上海)A.willB.istoC.isgoingtoD.should2.-SorryIforgottoposttheletterforyou.-Nevermind,_itmyselftonight.A.ImgoingtopostB.IdbettertopostC.IllpostDIdrather,B,A,10过去将来时,多由woulddo构成,从过去的观点看将要发生的事情e.g.Hetoldusthatthejourneywouldbeexciting.2)表示过去的习惯性动作e.g.Hewouldbringsomethingnicetomewhenhewasyoung.,3)表示客气的请求e.g.WouldyoumindifIsmoke?,11将来完成时,shall/willhavedone,常与by和before引导的将来时间连用e.g.Bytheendofnextmonth,wesurely_asatisfactorysolutiontotheproblem.AhavefoundBwillbefindingCwillhavefoundDarefinding,C,12.将来进行时,will/shallbedoing,表示将来某个时刻正在进行或发生的动作，常有时间状语e.g.Atthistimetomorrow_overtheAtlantic.A.weregoingtoflyB.wellbeflyingC.wellflyD.weretofly,B,高考题点击：1.-CanIjointheclub,Dad?-Youcanwhenyou_abitolder.(94N)A.getB.willgetC.aregettingD.willhavegot2.Insuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey_.(2001上海)A.havesurvivedB.aretosurviveC.wouldsurviveD.willsurvive,A,B,3.BythetimeJanegetshome,heraunt_forLondontoattendameeting.(05天津卷)A.willleaveB.leavesC.willhaveleftD.left4.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_officesoon.(93N)A.leavesB.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft,C,B,5.HewillhavelearnedEnglishforeightyearsbythetimehe_fromtheuniversitynextyear.(2002上海)A.willgraduateB.willhavegraduatedC.graduatesD.istograduate,说明：bythetime引导的是时间状语从句，故不能使用将来时。D选项虽可考虑，但beto结构大多用来表示“义务、决定、职责、约定”等，与句意不合。,C,注意：宾语从句中，主句是现在的时态，从句的时态不受限制；主句是过去的时态，从句要用过去的某一时态从句是客观真理时，从句不受主句时态的影响定语从句，比较状语从句不受主句时态的影响,祈使句中的动词问题高考题点击：1._itwithmeandIllseewhatIcando.(98N)A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave2._someofthisjuice-perhapsyoulllikeit.(2000北京春季)A.TryingB.TryC.TotryD.Havetried3._atthedoorbeforeentering,please.(01北京春季)A.knockedB.ToknockC.KnockingD.Knock4._bloodifyoucanandmanyliveswillbesaved.(2001上海)A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.Togive,D,B,D,B,被动语态,1.被动语态由助动词be+done在be动词，情态动词和助动词后面加be动词的各种形式，如：being,been,be等e.g.Heisreadingabook.Abookisbeingreadbyhim.Theywouldbuythehouse.Thehousewouldbeboughtbythem.,Ihaveseenthefilm.Thefilmhavebeenseen.,2.不及物动词没有被动语态如：belong,happen,takeplace,end,comeup,spread,last,cometrue,breakout,comeintobeing,comeout,comeup,consistof,giveout,workout,goup,liveon,fail,remain,succeed,lack,escape,exist.,3.有些及物动词没有被动语态cost,hold,fit,equal,become,have,own,datefrom,agreewith,comeacross4.makesbdo变为被动语态时，要还原to.e.g.Hewasmadetogo.5.被动语态的特例：getdone,gethurt,getpaid,getlost,getwoundede.g.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget_bythehour.A.payB.paidC.payingD.topay6.主动形式表被动的情况：）系动词没有被动语态e.g.Itsoundsinteresting.,2)有些表行为、方式的动词如：open,sell,write,close,shut,lock,cook,wash,draw,read,keep,wear,clean等用主动表被动e.g.Theclothwasheswell.Thepenwriteswell.Booksofthiskindsellwell.,3)有些及物动词如：print,burn,build,prepare等常用进行时表被动e.g.Thefactoryisbuilding.Thebookisprinting.4)be+adv.或介词词组，用主动表被动如：beon,beonshow,beonsale,beinsight,beunderdiscussion/control/repair,e.g.Thequestionisunderdiscussion.be+adj.+todo(主动）e.g.Theproblemisdifficulttoworkout.6)betoblame/let(主动）e.g.Thehouseistolet.,Goodbye,