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.Module I Deep south一、重点单词与短语 1state n. 状态；状况e.g.As students, we should have a good state of mind.作为学生，我们应该有良好的心态。The house was in a dirty state. 那房子很脏。These buildings are in a bad state of repair. 这些建筑物需要整修。a state of emergency 紧急状态e.g.She was in a terrible state when we arrived.我们抵达时，她情绪很不好。 2depth n. 深度e.g. the depth of the well/box 井/盒子的深度in depth 在深度上Water was found at a depth of 30 feet.在30英尺深处找到了水。3adapt to sth./adapt oneself to sth. （使）适应e.g.Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark . 我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境。My son has adapted to the life abroad. 我儿子已适应了国外的生活。4trap v. 储存，留存；使陷入困境e.g.Help! Im trappedopen the door!救命啊！我出不来了快开门！They were trapped in the burning hotel. 他们被困在发生火灾的旅馆里。5mass n. 质量；(聚成一体的)团；块；大量e.g.a mass of 大量 masses of (人/物)许多的，大量的A mass of almost pure white cloud lay below us. 一团近乎纯白的云朵飘浮在我们下面。The yard was just a mass of weeds. 院子简直就是杂草堆。Masses of books cover every surface in the room. 大量的书籍摊满了整个房间。There was a mass of people around the club entrance.俱乐部门口聚集着一大群人。6as well as 也，和（并列连接词）e.g.He wrote three famous novels as well as some plays.他写了三部著名的小说还有一些戏剧。7set foot in(on) 进入，到达e.g.He said that he would never set foot in that house again. 他说他永远不再踏进那座房子。They were filled with joy when they set foot on Chinese soil in late July. 当七月底踏上中国的土地时，他们兴奋不已。8promote v.（1）促进，增进(help the progress of sth.; encourage or support)e.g.The organization works to promote friendship between nations. 该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。 （2）提升，晋升(raise sb. to a higher position )promote sb.(to sth.) 提升某人e.g.She worked hard and was soon promoted.她工作很努力，很快便获得提升。派生词：promotion n.gain/win promotion 获得晋级9come up with: think of (a plan, answer, reply), produce 想出e.g.He couldnt come up with an answer when I asked him why he was late.当我问他为什么迟到时，他说不上来。Can you come up with a way out？ 你能想出办法吗？二、重点句子 1With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert. 译文南极洲年降雨量几乎为零，严格来说该区域就是一片荒漠。with annual rainfall close to zero为介词短语，表示原因，由“介词+名词+形容词(词组)”组成 (有些语法书称它们为复合结构)。with的复合结构：with加复合宾语这种结构，在句中主要作状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随状语、时间、原因、方式，也可以作定语，常见结构如下：（1）with + n./pron. + adj.e.g.Its not polite to speak with your mouth full.满嘴东西说话是不礼貌的。(作伴随状语)（2）with + n./pron. + adv.e.g.She fell asleep with the light on.她睡着了，灯还亮着。(作伴随状语)（3）with +n./pron. + prep.phr.e.g.The teacher walked into the classroom with some books under his arm.老师走进教室，腋下夹着一些书。(作伴随状语)（4）with +n./pron. + present participlee.g.He used to sleep with the light burning.他过去常常亮着灯睡觉。(作伴随状语)With you standing here, we cant work.你站在这儿，我们没法工作。(作原因状语)（5）with + n./pron. + past participlee.g.A young man was brought in with his hands tied behind.一个年轻人被带了进来，双手被反绑着。(作伴随状语)（6）with + n./pron. + to doe.g.With him to help us, we finished the work well.由于他帮忙，我们很好地完成了这项工作。(作原因状语)2Covering about 14 million square kilometers around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world.译文南极洲覆盖了南极圈周围约为1,400万平方公里的面积，是世界第五大洲。在此句中，covering about在句中作状语的情况。e.g.They then headed north, pulling three lifeboats behind them. 他们拖着三条救生船朝北走去。pulling three lifeboats behind them在此作伴随情况的状语。3Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the worlds climate was like in past ages. 译文这些以火山灰形式封冻进冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。trapped in the ice是v-ed形式作定语，修饰volcanic dust。e.g.Most of the artists invited to the party were from south Africa.参加聚会的大部分艺术家来自南非。4But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days(the longest period of continuous darkness on earth) as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plant can survive there.译文但是南极洲冬天的夜晚长达182天(地球上持续时间最长的黑暗时期)，气候极度寒冷降水量极少，这意味着很少有植物能够在这里生存。which lasts for 182 days是一个非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句中，which有时并不代表一个名词/代词，而是代表前面句子的全部或部分意思。e.g.He changed his mind, which made all of us angry.他改变了主意，这使我们所有的人很生气。The students finished the work by themselves, which was encouraging.学生们自己完成了工作，这是非常鼓舞人心的。5Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. 译文直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现任何陆地。通过本句，我们复习否定词于句首的倒装句。当含有否定意义的副词或连词，如：hardly, never, not, seldom, barely, rarely, nowhere, not only, little等放在句首时，要部分倒装，即主语和助动词要倒装。e.g.Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.直到河里的鱼全死了，村民们才意识到污染多么严重。Not until his wife came back did he stop working. 直到他妻子回来他才停止工作。Not until is everyone seated will the meeting begin. 直到每人座好了，会议才开始。 Never shall I do this again. 我决不再做这样的事情了。注意not until在强调句中的运用，until作连词引导的从句不倒装。e.g.It was not until his wife came back that he stopped working.It was not until the war broke out that they left London.It was not until his lawyer entered the room that the man opened his mouth.三、语法：主语1主语通常由一个起名词作用的成分担任。起名词作用的成分可以是名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词(v-ing形式)，词组、名词化的其他词类、名词性从句等。*名词Our place is taking off in five minutes. 我们的飞机五分钟后就起飞。*代词Anybody knows the answer？*数词First went to the Chinese team.*动词不定式To study abroad is my long-term plan.起名词作用的-ing form(动名词)Listening to English every day is very important and helps us a lot.*词组Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.名词化的其他词类The rich should help the poor and contribute more to the society.*从句Who will go remains unknown.It is certain that they have won the match.Its not known where she went.2动名词作主语时，前面可加代词或名词所有格表示动名词的逻辑主语：Their winning the match is an inspiration to all of us.Janes joining the singing team gave them a surprise.四、典型例题解析 1.Why, Jack, you look so tired! Well, I _the house and I must finish the work tomorrow.（江苏）A. was painting B. will be painting C. have painted D. have been painting答案：D 2. _some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. （北京） A. Whether B. WhatC. That D. How答案：B 3. It is uncertain _ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. （浙江）Athat BwhatChow Dwhether答案：B4. Not until he left his home _ to know how important the family was for him.（江西） Adid he begin Bhad he begunChe began Dhe had begun答案：A5Joining the firm as a clerk, he got rapid promotion, and _ as a manager.（天津） A. ended up B. dropped outC. came backD. started off答案：A 选择题：1Hardly _ when it began to rain.Ahad he arrivedBarrived heChe had arrivedDdid he arrive2Not until the early years of 19th century _ what heat is.Aman did knowBman knewCdidnt man knowDdid man know3The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the people watching _ on beaches, chairs or boxes.Ahaving seated BseatingCseatedDhaving been seated4At least 100 persons were killed in the plane crash, _ 5 children.AincludedBincludingCcontained Dcontaining5Betty sings _, if not better than, John.Aas well Bas well asCso well asDwell as6After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, _ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.Awhere BwhatCthatDhow7Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university.AlackedBlacking ofClacking Dlacked in8A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.Asmoke BsmokingCto smokeDsmoked9_ her hand in mine, I walked with the blind old lady to her daughters house.ATo keep BKeptCKeeping DBeing kept10_ in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship.ADressingBDressedCTo dressDBeing dressed1A。hardly是否定副词，于句首时，必须倒装。hardlywhen/no soonerthan为固定搭配，意思是“一就”。 2D。本题干以否定副词not于句首，故必须倒装，即主语man和助动词did部分倒装。3C。本题有一定难度，考查with +n.(名词)+过去分词(-ed)复合结构。With the people watching seated on beaches作状语，现在分词watching作后置定语修饰people，seated作people的补语。4B。including在这里是介词，根据题干要用including，containing不能作介词。5B。本题可以理解为：Betty sings as well as John, if he doesnt sing better than John. 意思是：如果说Betty唱歌不比John好的话，至少和他唱得一样好。A as well as B指“A和B一样好”。 6B。what our astronauts desire to do是主语从句作主语，what=the things that，意思是：我们的宇航员渴望做的事情是。7C。全句意思是：虽然他父母亲缺钱，但还是设法送他上了大学。though是连词，原句为：Though his parents lack可用作及物动词，如lack money；也可作名词the lack of money；形容词为lacking (be lacking in sth.)。本题考查现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语相一致。8B。本题考查非谓语形式作补语的用法。find sb. doing sth.变为被动句为sb. be found doing sth.。此处是现在分词作主补。9C。keeping her hand in mine“我牵着瞎老太太的手”是现在分词短语作伴随情况的状语。非谓语动词现在分词短语逻辑上的主语必须与主句的主语一致。10B。本题考查过去分词短语作状语。 Module 2 The Renaissance一、重点词汇和短语 1work n.U & C工作，劳动；工艺品；著作，作品e.g.skilled work 需要技能的工作all sorts of valuable works of art 各种贵重的艺术作品Shakespeares works include plays and poems. 莎士比亚的作品包括剧本和诗歌。This mat is my own work.这个垫子是我自己做的。短语：in work/out of work 在业/失业do repair work 做修理工作at work 在工作，在干活2effect n. 结果；影响；效果e.g.The advertisement didnt have much effect on sales. 这个广告对销售额没起多大作用。Beating children has no effect. 打孩子不起作用。3dash vi. 猛冲dashadv./prep.e.g.He dashed across the street. 他冲过马路。Theyve been dashing about all day. 他们整天在跑来跑去。n make a dash for sth. 为而狂奔 4depend on/upon 相信，信赖e.g.You cant depend on Johnhe nearly always arrives late. 你不能相信约翰他几乎总是迟到。depend on sb. to do sth./doing sth.相信某人做某事e.g.Were depending on you the job.我们相信你可以完成这件工作。习惯用语：That (all) depends./It all depends. 那得看情况。5seek ( sought, sought) v. 寻找、寻求、探索e.g.seek after the truth 寻找真理The travelers sought shelter from the rain. 旅行者找地方躲雨。短语：seek ones fortune 去闯天下；寻出路 6on behalf of=in behalf of (AmE.) 为了的利益；代表(for the interests of)e.g.On behalf of everyone here, Id like to thank our special guest for his speech. 我代表在座的各位，感谢我们特邀嘉宾的讲话。7inspire vt. 鼓舞，鼓励；使产生灵感e.g.Lei Fengs spirit inspires us to work harder.雷锋精神激励我们更加努力地工作。The memory of his mother inspired his best music. 他对母亲的怀念使他产生灵感，谱写出最佳作品。 8debt n. C & U 任务；负债的情况e.g.pay ones debts 还债be out of debt/pay off the debt 还清债务run into debt 负债9blame n. 责任 v. 责怪e.g.The judge laid/put the blame for the accident on the driver of the car.法官把事故的责任归咎于汽车司机。习惯用法：be to blame for sth. 应为承担责任e.g.The children were not to blame for the accident. 那次事故不能怪孩子。10liberty n. 自由，自由权e.g.dream of liberty 梦想获得自由the Statue of Liberty 自由女神雕像短语：at liberty (free from prison, control) 获得自由的11lead to(result in) 导致e.g.Hard work leads to success. 勤奋导致成功。This will lead to trouble in the future. 这会导致以后的麻烦。lead to sb. doing 导致某人做某事e.g.This led to him resigning. 这导致他辞职。12take up（1）begin to spend time doing sth. 开始花时间从事(某种活动)e.g.John took up acting while he was at college. 约翰在上大学时开始喜欢上演戏。 He has taken up playing the guitar. 他开始迷上玩吉它。（2）fill or use (space or time) 占用take up time (space) 占时间/空间13get/be tired of 对感到厌倦；对失去兴趣e.g.Im tired of fried eggs.Im tired of your conversation.Everybodys tired of your complaints.比较：be tired with 因而疲倦e.g.Im tired with walking. 我走累了。Are you tired from rowing？ 你划船累了吗？二、重点句子 1It is believed to be the best example of a new lifelike style of painting that amazed people when it was first used. 译文它被认为是一种新的形象逼真型绘画的最好代表，这种绘画风格一经使用就使人们惊叹不已。本句的第一个it不是形式主语，而是有实在意思的人称代词，指的是the Mona Lisa；to be the best example是不定式短语作主语补足语；这句中的第二个it也是有实在意义的人称代词，指的是：a new lifelike style of painting。本句可替换成主语从句It is believed that the Mona Lisa is the best example of new lifelike style of painting.e.g. It is believed that they have discussed the problem. 相信他们已经讨论这个问题了。They are believed to have discussed the problem. (简单句) The problem is believed to have been discussed. (简单句)2Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 15031506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece.译文蒙娜丽莎由达芬奇于1503到1506年期间绘制而成，是一件神秘的杰作。painted by是过去分词短语作状语。e.g.Inspired by Lei Fengs spirit, I work harder.3The word was used to describe a period in European history which began with the arrival of the first Europeans in America，an age of exploration, and the beginning of the modern world. 译文这个词被用来描绘随着首批欧洲人抵达美洲而开始的那段欧洲历史，这是一段探险的历史，也是现代世界史的开端。此句中的was used to不是“习惯于某事”，而是表示被动的意思，to describe a period in European history是不定式短语作状语。比较搭配4This meant that people had money to spend on the arts; and it became easier for artists to find people who could afford to buy their works or employ them. 译文也就是说人们有钱花费在艺术上，对于艺术家来说要想找到人来购买他们的作品或者雇用他们也更容易。在这句中，to spend on the arts为不定式短语作定语，修饰money；for artists to find people为不定式短语作句子的主语，artists是不定式短语to find people的逻辑主语；can afford to do something出得起钱做某事，动词不定式to do作宾语。5After centuries of accepting a medieval world view in which human life was considered of little value compared with the greatness of God, philosophers began asking questions like“What a person？”“Why am I here？” 译文几个世纪以来，哲学家们都持有中世纪的世界观，认为与上帝的伟大相比人的生命很渺小。现在他们开始提出诸如“人为何物？”以及“我为何存在？”这样的问题。（1）in which是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句；（2）compared with是过去分词短语作状语。 comparewith/to 把和进行比较 compareto 把比作e.g.London is large, compared with/to Paris.与巴黎相比，伦敦较大。compare a rose to love 把玫瑰比作爱compare books to our friends 把书比作朋友6Wherever he went he carried a notebook around with him, in which he wrote down his ideas.译文不管走到哪里他都随身携带一个笔记本，以便随时记录下自己的想法。（1）wherever he went是让步状语从句，相当于no matter where he went。（2）in which引导定语从句，相当于in the note book。7In short, Leonardo was an extraordinary genius, an example of what has been described as “Renaissance man”: someone interested in everything and with many different talents. 译文简言之，莱奥纳多达芬奇是一个非凡的天才，一个被描绘成“文艺复兴人”的典范；一个对凡事皆感兴趣并有诸多才能的人。what has been described as“Renaissance man”是名词性从句，充当介词of的宾语；过去分词短语interested in作后置定语修饰someone。 三、语法非谓语动词的用法 1动词的-ing形式动词的-ing形式包括传统语法所讲的现在分词和动名词两种形式，因此，-ing形式在句子中可以起形容词、副词或名词的作用。（1）主语e.g.It is no use talking to him.（2）表语e.g.Your duty is looking after the baby.（3）动词和介词的宾语e.g.He dislikes being interrupted.She kept working all day without taking even one minutes rest.（4）宾语补足语e.g.I saw a light burning in the window.（5）定语e.g.Look at the sleeping child.What can you see from the boiling water？（6）状语e.g.Having arrived at a decision, the students began their work at once.Working hard, you will succeed.2动词的-ed形式及物动词的-ed形式表示被动意义，不及物动词的-ed形式表示主动地完成意思。（1）表语e.g.The door remains locked.（2）宾语补足语e.g.Every time they come to China, they find it greatly changed.The boy had his leg broken during the match.（3）主语和宾语e.g.The wounded was a young soldier.（4）定语e.g.The fallen leaves tell us that autumn is coming.You must repair all the broken windows in two hours.（5）状语e.g.Exhausted, the boy fell asleep soon.3动词不定式（1）主语e.g.To know the history of human civilization is helpful to learn foreign languages.（2）表语e.g.To see is to believe.What I want to suggest is to start the work at once.（3）动词宾语e.g.I dont know what to do.Please inform me where to get the tickets.（4）宾语补足语e.g.You made me laugh.Would you like me to tell Jane the truth？（5）定语e.g.Is that the best way to do the work？They will make another attempt to cross the river.（6）状语e.g.To get the best result, we should use clean water.He must be deaf not to hear that.四、典型例题解析 1. _the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.（上海） A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached答案：A2. It rained heavily in the south，_ serious flooding in several provinces. （天津） A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 答案：C 3. He had a wonderful childhood, _with his mother to all corners of the world.（安徽）A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling答案：D 4 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. (浙江卷)AknowingBknown Cbeing known Dto be known答案：B5 A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. (江苏卷)Aadvised Battended Cattempted Dadmitted答案：C 选择题：1The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.AcausingBbeing causedCto be caused Dto have caused2According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _ TV.Ato watch Bto watchingCwatching Dwatch3When he came to, he found himself _ to a tree, with his mouth filled with a towel.Ato tie BtyingCbeing tied Dtied4The movies produced in the 1930s established a solid base _ a Chinese film industry could grow.Awhen BthatCon which Dfor which5Colin married my sister and I married his brother, _ makes Colin and me double in-laws.Awhat BwhichCthat Dit6He hurried to the airport only _ that hed _ his passport behind.Afinding; leftBto find; forgottenCfinding; forgotten Dto find; left7Eva, _ born in Canada, lived and practiced law in America.AwasBhe wasCalthough Dwho he was8In order to make our city green, _.Ait is necessary to have planted many treesBmany more trees need to plantCour city needs more treesDwe must plant more trees9Mrs Buch stood _ for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appeared before her.Asurprised BsurprisingCbeing surprised Dto be surprising10_ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at allACompare BWhen comparingCComparing DWhen compared 答案与提示： 1C。本题考查动词不定式短语to be caused by viruses作主语补足语。还可以替换成主语从句：It is believed that the flu is caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells2C。根据spend time (in) doing sth., watching作25 hours a week这个宾语的补足语。3D。过去分词表示被动，tied作宾语补足语，构成复合宾语。“当他醒来时，发现自己被捆在树上，嘴上塞着毛巾。”4C。介词on+关系代词which引导定语从句，修饰先行词base。5B。关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。6D。to find作结果状语；leave sth. behind为固定搭配。7C。过去分词短语although born in Canada作让步状语，although后省略了主语和be动词(Eva was)。8D。注意非谓语动词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语相一致。9A。stand surprised为系表结构，surprised是过去分词作表语。10D。过去分词短语when compare作时间状语，连词when后省略了主语和be动词(the biggest ocean is)。Module 3 Foreign Food一、词汇和习惯用语 1owe v. 欠（钱）；应给予owe sb. sth./owe sb. for sth.e.g.I owe my brother $ 50. 我欠我弟弟50美元。We still owe the garage for those repairs. 我们还欠汽车修理厂的修理费。owe sb. a drink/letter/favore.g.Ill write and tell Mary, I owe her a letter anyway.我将写信给玛丽。不管怎样，我该给她写封信了。owe sb. an explanation/apology 该向某人解释/致歉owe sb. a lot/a great deal 应感激某人2obsess v. 使着迷；使心神不宁be obsessed with/by 痴迷e.g.Youre always been obsessed with making money.你总是心里想着挣钱。She was obsessed with the idea that she was being watched. 她总是觉得受人监视而心神不安。My father is obsessed with lottery and talks about nothing else. 我爸爸迷上彩票了，别的什么也不谈。3no wonder 怪不得，无怪乎，难怪e.g. (Its) no wonder/small wonder/little wonder 并不奇怪，不足为奇No wonder youve got a headache, the amount you drank last night.昨晚你喝得太多，头痛不足为怪。He has been working overnight. No wonder he looks worn out. 他工作了一整夜，难怪他看上去很疲倦。4end up 结果为；以结束（尤指意料之外的）e.g.Hell end up in
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