《英语语法知识体系》PPT课件.ppt

,ENGLISHGRAMMAR,SchoolofForeignLanguagesJiangsuTeachersUniversityofTechnology,Introduction,Whatislanguage?Whatessentialelementsdoesalanguageconsistof?Whatisgrammar?Whydowehavetolearngrammar?Howdowelearngrammar?,英语语法知识体系,目录,名词代词动词形容词副词数量词冠词介词连词,感叹词句子成分主谓一致句子类型独立成分倒装省略转换与合并标点,名词,可数/不可数单数/复数规则变化/不规则变化阴性/阳性所有格功用,1.抽象名词的具体化,ItisalmostaprofessiontobeacelebrityHehasagoodpracticalknowledgeofcomputerscienceHemadeanearnestinvestigationwithreferencetoagricultureinthatarea,名词,2具体名词的抽象化,HewasprincipalofouruniversityManisthemasterofhisownfateWomanplaysanequallyimportantpartasmanMorningisthebesttimeforstudy,3.外来语名词的复数形式,die：-dies货币等的印模-dice骰子formula：-formulas俗套话-formulae公式genius：-geniuses天才人物-genii神仙，恶魔index：-indexes索引-indeces指数medium：-fmediums巫师-media手段，媒介物,4.双重所有格的使用,HefoundaboneofthedogsHefoundaboneofthedogHefoundthedogsboneIsawaportraitofShakespearesIsawaportraitofShakespeareIsawShakespearesportrait,5.名词状语的语法意义,Thegroundissnowwhite(=Thegroundisaswhiteassnow)Chinaisworldfamousforthebeautyofnaturalscenery(=Chinaisfamousforthebeautyofnaturalsceneryintheworld),6.名词向动词的转化,BustraystodishroomShemotheredherbrotherandsisterHehurriedlypencilledthetimeonitPleasewheeltherubbishouttothedump,7.名词与形容词做定语的意义区别,aChinanewsman一位在中国的新闻记者(未必是中国人)aChinesenewsman一位中国籍的新闻记者(未必在中国)Chinaedition专门销售到中国的版本(未必是中文本)Chineseedition中文版本(此版本未必专门销售到中国)Chinapolicy对华政策Chinesepolicy中国政策,代词,类型主格/宾格特指/泛指不定代词,1.指上文/下文提到的人或物,Therearetwoclassesofpeople:theselfishandtheselfless:thesearefoundinworkingclass,whilethoseinthecapitalists.,2.宾格还是主格,-Yououghttodoit.-What,me!,3.人称代词名词化,Inoticedthat,asusual,thereweremoreshesthanhesinthisroom.,4.we的特殊用法,Wellnowexplainthetext.(代替I),5.You的特殊用法,Itwasnotabadlife.Yougotupatseven,hadbreakfast,wentforawalk,andatnineoclockyousatdowntowork.(暗指某人),6.第三人称的特殊用法,He,whoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverything,isindeedagood-for-noting.(用于谚语中),7.人称代词的排列顺序,You,heandIhavebeenchosen.Iandhe/Heandyouaretoblame.,8.反身代词与介词的连用,Tenenemywillnotperishofthemselves.Onecannotdosuchathingforoneself.Theymadethemodelplanesallbythemselves.Thisproblemgetsachaptertoitself.Diamondishardinitself.Hewasbesidehimselfwithjoy.,课堂练习,请判断这四种说法哪一个不正确？theothers/others/theothers/otherscopytheothers/others/theothershomeworkcopyothershomeworkDickisnothonestatall.Heoftencheatsbycopyingothershomework.,动词,时态语态语气功用：谓语/非谓语,不表示一般现在时的一般现在时结构HeleavesforAmerica,andgetsbacksoon.Ihandyouthisletter.Johnarriveshomenow.heseeshiswife.Shecriesbitterly,buthedoesnotseemtorecognizeher.,Explanationofkeyanddifficultpoints,动词的时态,不表示正在进行时的正在进行时结构Theflowerisopening.Imustbegoingnow.Wearesimplydefendingourownbenefit.Heislacking（=deficient）incourage.Wearewonderingifyoucanjoinus.,动词的时态,不表示现在完成时意义的现在完成时结构Wellstartattwelveifithasstoppedrainingbythattime.Theyoftenplaybasketballaftertheyhavehadsupper.,动词的时态,过去完成时的特殊用法IhadexpectedtoseethefilmbutIcouldntgetaticket.（wanted/hoped/thought/supposed/meant）,动词的时态,将来进行时的某些用法,表示事情正有进展，其动作是由客观情况决定的。-Iveforgottentopostthisletter.-Dontworry.Illbepassingthepostoffice.生动、形象地表现将来动作的情景。Ifyoudontwrite,theywillbewonderingwhathashappenedtoyou.表示未来某动作迟于所安排的第一个动作。TheyarestudyingBook2nextterm,andlatertheyllbestudyingBook3.,强调未来动作的持续。Ihopeitwontraintomorrow.表示推测或语气较委婉的命令。Motherwillbeexpectingme,andgettinguneasy.表示一种无意图的动作。Helldohisbest.用于特殊疑问句，表示礼貌。Whatareyougoingtohaveforbreakfast?用于一般疑问句，用来提出一个有礼貌的问题。Willyou（please）cometoseemesoon?,非将来时形式表示将来时间,表示将来时形式的多种形式will/shall动词原形begoingto动词原形beto动词原形beV-ingbeabout不定式will/shallbeV-ing一般现在时,一般现在时表示将来时Waitandseewhatfollows.一般过去时表示将来时Dontforgettocalltoletusknowyouarrivedsafely.Iwonderedifyouwerefreetonight.,“动词+a/an+名词”的结构特点havea+n.takea+n.givea+n.makea+n.doa+n.,动词短语,不能变为被动句的主动句Themanpossessedgreatwealth.Thejarholdsoil.WordsfailustoexpressourloveandrespectforPremierZhou.,动词的语态,被动形式表示主动意义be+excited(attached,occupied,charged,stationed,dressed,seated,),动词的语态,主动形式表示被动意义Goodmedicinetastesbitter.Ripeorangespeeleasily.Thestoneshavewornsmooth.Theworkdoesnotpay.,动词的语态,被动结构与系表结构的区别Thewaywaslostbetweenthetrees.（系表结构）Thebridgewascompletedin1999.（被动结构）,动词的语态,“情态动词+不定式完成式”1.must+havev-ed2.can/could+havev-ed3.may/might+havev-ed4.should/oughtto+havev-ed5.will/would+havev-ed6.neednt+havev-ed,情态动词,由情态动词引起的问句的肯定和否定回答CanI?MayI?MustI?NeedI?,情态动词,shall和will不一定都表示将来时IshalldiewhenIamold.（表示自然规律，不是任何人的愿望）2.Iwilldie,Ihatetolive.（表示说话人自己的愿望）3.IpromiseIwillpayyou.（表示意愿）4.Youshallnotsmoke.（表示禁止）,情态动词,形容词和副词,功用和位置比较级和最高级规则变化/不规则变化,名词化形容词的用法,一类人theyoung(old,sick,wounded,poor,rich,weak,strong)一类事/物thegood(beautiful,true)在固定搭配中frombadtoworse,frombigtoinfinite,atonesbusiest,单个形容词做后置定语,在由any,some,no,every所构成的复合代词之后Thereissomethingwrongwithmyradio.但形容词前有定冠词的则不必后置Andthere,glowingwithfaintbluelightintheglasstest-tubesonthetables,wasthemysterioussomethingwhichtheyhadworkedsohardtofind:Radium.大多数以-able和-ible结尾的形容词Thisistheonlyfuelavailable.,以a开头的某些形容词Theyarethemosthappymenalive.某些外来词allthestudentsandteacherspresent表示时间的某些形容词intimepast形容词化的过去分词，视情况而定Illnevergetmarried-Idontwanttospendmylifesurroundedbyscreamingchildren.,前置或后置，意义有别Afterdueconsideration,hetookupthestudyofJapanese.Thebillduetodayistoohigh.后置的形容词可与不定式、介词短语或从句等连用Heisamandifficulttoworkwith.,动态形容词和静态形容词,动态形容词可用于以be开头的祈使句。Dontbesorudewiththechildren.动态形容词可用于动词be的进行时态之后作表语。Theyounggirlisbeingsweet.动态形容词常用于“it+is+adj.+of”的机构中，静态形容词一般用于“it+is+adj.+for”的结构中。Itiskindofyoutohelpme.Itiseasyforyoutodothework.静态形容词可以构成“the+adj.”的短语，表示一类人或物。,副词的非状语功能,作表语Theriveris500metersacross.作定语Theonlywayoutistofight.作介词宾语Hedidnotknowtheansweruntilquiterecently.作补语Iamgladtoseeyouupandabout.,副词up与down的用法,Itgetshotwhenthesuncomesup.Itgetscoldwhenthesungoesdown.Hehasgoneupnorth.Hehasgonedownsouth.Herspiritswentup.Shesdowninspirits.,形容词和副词的异类比较,同类比较Irunfasterthanyourbrother.异类等量比较Thereisasmuchmilkaswaterinthiscup.异类不等量比较HeknowsmoreaboutmusicthanIknowaboutliterature.异质同等程度比较Theroomisaslongaswide.异质不同等程度比较Theyaremorebravethanwise.,比较级的各种表达方式,1.as.as2.morethan3.themoreofthetwo4.senior(junior,superior,inferior,anterior,posterior)to5.通过上下文暗中比较6.用over,above,nextto,comparewith等词汇手段表示7.在句中插入nottospeakof,nottomention,tosaynothingof,letalone等否定结构，可表示比较意义。8.动词preferto,choosebefore可表示比较意义。,单音节形容词比较等级的构成,1.由过去分词、现在分词演变而来的形容词Youaremorelearnedthanhe.2.表示国籍的形容词转义表示该国人的行为举止时HeismoreEnglishthantheEnglish.3.只作表语的双音节形容词Iammoreafraidofyouthanhe.,4.形容词之后接定语或宾补Theyfounditmoreeasytorememberthetextthantheindividualwords.5.比较在同一人或物内进行的Theboyismoreshythanunsocial.6.形容词在句中只表示强调不表示比较的Theypreferamoresweettypeofbeerduringthewinter.7.复合形容词只在第一个形容词此尾加-er,-est构成Thechangehereisevendeeper-rooted.8.在“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构中可用moreThemoreoldheis,themorewisehebecomes.,没有比较等级的形容词,表示方位的形容词表示终极意义或绝对概念的形容词某些表示绝对状态的形容词某些表示时间概念的形容词表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词表示顺序或含有明确数学概念的形容词表示独一无二的形容词表示几何形状的形容词表示国籍的形容词以a开头的形容词,比较等级的分量/程度,加强语+asasWhatyoudidisjustasfitaswhatyouhadsaid.加强语+morethanShearrivedearlierthanIbyfiveminutes.加强语+themostTheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestoneinChina.,数量词,基数词/序数词实际应用,序数词的某些表达法,thefirst(street)floorthegroundfloorthesecond(next)beststudent,数词的某些特殊作用和意义,用于文学作品中，表示夸张、渲染yetforyou,Iwouldbetrebledtwentytimesmyself构成固定词组或成语Itissixofoneandhalfadozenoftheother.构成谚语Twoofatradeneveragree.表示某些特定意义ten-twenty-thirty,某些数词的特殊用法,All,both,one,half,aquarter,treble,quadruple,athird,double,sixtimes的用法.onethirdhispricedozen,score,hundred,thousand,million,billion的用法ascoreofthesepeople,数词的复数形式,做简单乘法时表示“几十年代”时表示“几十几岁”时表示复数概念时表示“成百上千”，“成千上万”，“几亿”，“无数”等时many(afew,several,some)+hundred(s)of表示“多少人一组或一排”时表示分数时序数词表示“第几名”时在固定用语中,倍数的表达法,“倍数+as+形容词（副词）+as”“倍数+as+形容词（副词）+as+数字”“倍数+thesize(length,height)of”“倍数+比较级+than”“increase(decrease,reduce)+by+数字(倍数)”“increase(decrease,reduce)+to+数字(倍数)”“倍数+upon(over)”“exceed(increase,decrease,reduce)+bythefactorof+倍数”“倍数+what从句”,比例、乘方、方根、分数、小数的表示法,比例的表示法Heearned$700permonthtoMary$600.乘方、方根的表示法105：thefifthpoweroften,tentothefifth分数、小数的表示法3/7：threesevenths,long/wide/high/thick/deep/roundinlength/width/height/diameter/circumferencebyinchessquaremilesquarts/gallons/pints/litersofsth.weighsounces/pounds/stone,长、宽、高、深、重、面积、体积等的表示法,年龄的表示法,Heistwenty(years/months/daysold).Heistwentyyearsofage.Heisagedtwenty.Heisatwenty.Heisatwenty-year-oldboy.at20/attheageof20/aged20/age20,冠词,分类用法,1.不定冠词的选用,A以u开头的单词前的不定冠词Heisa/anundergraduateB以h开头的单词前的不定冠词Illwaitherefora/anhalfhourC以ew和eu开头的单词“Passaway”isa/aneuphemismfor“die”Done和once之前的不定冠词Thatwasa/anonceprovinceoftheNortheastE缩略语前的冠词a/anIATAmembera/anFIATmanagerF带引号的字母前的冠词Thereisa/an“hintheword“hour”G发音以h开头的两个音节以上的单词前的不定冠词a（an）historicalessay,冠词,Asuch(many,what)+a/an+n.Thetentwasnowabitcrowded,asthecamelhadsuchalongneckBas(so,too,how,however)+adj.+a/an+n.ItisasbigaparkaswehaveneverseenbeforeChalf+a/an+n.IllbebackhalfanhourlaterDquite（rather，noless）+a/an+adj.+n.Swimmingbecameratherapopularexercise(aratherpopularexercise)nowadaysE当even，only等副词修饰或限定单数名词时，不定冠词要置于这些词之后。EvenachildcartunderstandthebookF当名词由all或both修饰时，定冠词须置于其后。Boththewindowsarenotopen,2.冠词倒置的几种情况,3.人名前的冠词,AHeisnowadifferentJamesfromwhathewasfiveyearsagoBLuXunwaslikenedtotheGorkyofChinaCThechildissittingintheFord,D“SheisadistantrelativeofHenryFord.”“Isshe,indeed?TheHenryFord?”“Yes,theHenryFord.”EThattheMissLucasesandtheMissBennetsshouldmeettotalkoveraballwasabsolutelynecessaryFHewasaStuartG“AHubert!AHubert!”shoutedthepopulace,4.作表语的名词前用与不用冠词的区别,AHewasa/principalofourcollegeBHeusedtobeateachertillheturnedwriterCSheismoremotherthanwife.DHewasnephewofthekingEHeisaNewtonoftodayFThecarrierwasinhighspirits，goodfellowhewasGThoughsheisayounggirl,sheknowsalot.,5.形容词最高级前不用定冠词的情况,AWheredidyougetthisbiggestdictionaryofyours?BWearebusiestonSundaysCHeshoutedhisloudestshoutDShetoldusamosttouchingstory.EShortestthoughheis,hecanjumphighestFKindestregardstoyourfamilyGSheistheyoungestbut(the)tallestgirlinourclass.H.Icanpaytenyuanat(the)most,6.序数词前不用定冠词的情况,AThefirsttimberbeingthuslaid,asecondandathirdwerefixedBHewasonlyachildwhenIfirstsawhimCSusansfirstthingtodowastohaveamealDHeboughtathird-classticketandtravelsthird-classEOnethirdofstudentsinourschoolaregirls,FHetookafirstintheexamGItisclothofsecondqualityHTwenty-fourthStreetIInPhiladelphia，theUnitedStatesofAmericawasbornandGeorgeWashingtonservedasfirstPresidentJHecomestoseemeeverysecondmonthKTheseventeenthofMarch,1938istheverydaythatIwillnotforget.,7.方位词与定冠词,AOnthenorthandeastofChinaareKorea，theRussiaandtheRepublicofMongoliaBHefoughtnorthandsouthwhenhewasyoungCTheSouthiswarmerthantheNorthDSouthAmericaisjoinedtoNorthAmerica，andonlyanarrowstraitseparatesNorthAmericafromAsia,TranslationExercise(C-E),年轻人大都喜欢流行音乐；我的一些年轻朋友还写关于自己和校园生活的歌。“stoping”这个单词漏掉了字母“p”。,AnalysisofGrammaticalErrors,错误案例分析案例1长城参观券上的英文简介：ThebuildingoftheGreatWallstartedinSeventhCenturyB.C.whichcoversatotallengthofmorethan6,000kilometers.,介词,分类与其他词的搭配与副词的区别（略）,连词,分类与用法与介词的区别（略）,感叹词,使用场合（略）,句子成分,主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语,四六级写作常见语法错误,句子成分残缺不全Wealwaysworkingtilllateatnightbeforetakingexams.(误)Weshouldreadbooksmaybeusefultous.(误)句子成分Thistestisend,butthereisanothertestiswaitingforyou.(误)Thedriveroftheredcarwasdiedonthespot.(误),ExamplesMyguideis/arethestars.EnglishandFrenchgrammarare/isdifferent.Sweetandsourporkare/isdelicious.Allworkandnoplaymakes/makeJackadullboy.Mary,andherparentstoo（oralso,likewise,aswell）,is/arefondofJohn.,主谓一致,Subject:pluralorsingle?Sevenwere/waskilled,fourwounded,andtwomissing.Alittleis/areenough.Thereis/areenough,WhenanumeralisusedasasubjectTheremonthsseems/seemalongtimetoyou,butashorttimetome.Thelast3yearshas/havebeenfullofsurprises.,Translation(CE):一切顺利。所有人都到齐了。他家不是一个大家庭。他的家人都是音乐爱好者。,四六级写作常见语法错误,主谓不一致Someone/Somebodythinkthatreadingshouldbeselective.(误)Mysistergotothecinemaatleastonceaweek.(误)动宾搭配不当Wemustpayattentiontoitandmakesolutionstotheproblem.(误)Italsomayhelpyoutomakesuccess.(误),句子的类型,按结构分简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句按功能分陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句,五种基本句型,1.S十V“主语谓语”结构Weallbreathe.2.S十V十P“主语系动词表语”Hewasastrangelittleman.3.S十V十O“主语谓语宾语”结构Ihaveboughtsomechocolateforyou.4.S十V十O1十O2“主语谓语双宾语”结构Mr.SmithtaughtusEnglish.5.S十V十O十C“主语谓语宾语宾语补足语”结构Hecouldmakehislessonslivelyandinteresting.,不是疑问句的疑问句Howareyou?Howdoyoudo?Whoknows?Whodoesnotknow?,独立成分,感叹语Silence!HerecomesMr.Li.呼语Waiter,fourbottlesofbeer,please.插入语Thatboy,Ithink,isfromGuangxi.,独立分词Comingtothequestionofgrammar,Ihavesomethingtosay.独立不定式Togetbacktooursubject,grammarisneithereasynordifficulttolearn.独立副词Seriously,whydontyouworkharder?,倒装,倒装的形式倒装的原因（略）,省略,省略的形式省略的原因为避免重复语法上允许习惯上需要（略）,标点,标点符号的分类和用法与汉语标点符号的区别,标点符号的使用,常见的标点符号错误把英文的句号与中文的句号混淆。句号的使用过于随意。逗号与句号的使用不分规矩。众所周知的组织、机构、电台等的缩写词一般不用句号，例如，CCTV,VOA,UN。如用句号必须全写。常见的错误是，缺少最后一个句号。如C.I.T.S（中国国际旅行社）U.S.A中文的书名号和篇名号被用到英文当中。,THANKYOU.,Goodbye!,