成人高考-英语语法

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成人高考英语复习一、 名词复习及配套巩固练习:1. 名词的类别名词是人、事物或概念的名称. 1)专有名词: 专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称,它的第一个字母必须大写。如:the Summer palace, Beijing, Asia等. 英语 2)普通名词: 普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称.如: worker mother paper machine hope youth 1)个体名词:表示某类人或事物中的个体, 如: worker, father, book, tree, school等. 2) 集体名词: 表示一群人或一些事物中的集合体, 如:people, family, class, team等 普通名词 3) 物质名词: 表示构成各种物体的物质, 如:iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等. 4) 抽象名词: 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念. ,如:life, thought, idea, strength等.2. 名词的数 个体名词(有单、复数形式) 可数名词 集体名词(有单、复数形式)名词 物质名词 不可数名词 抽象名词(只有单数形式)。1) 可数名词单数变复数: 一般加s :lesson lessons, pen pens 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o结尾的加es :buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, heroes, tomatoes,potatoes但以辅音字母加o结尾的名词,是加s构成复数:kilo kilos, piano pianos, radio radios, photo photos, zoo zoos 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的改y为i,再加es :city cities, story stories (注意:days, boys) 以f 或fe结尾的,一般将f或fe改为v,再加es :knife knives, leaf leaves,life-lives,shelf-shelves但有些以f 结尾的名词,是在f后加s,构成复数形式:belief beliefs, roof roofs, safe(保险箱)safes, proof(证据) proofs, chief chiefs, handkerchief handkerchiefs2、有些名词,不按上述规则构成其复数形式,有以下几种情况: 单复数形式相同:Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep 不规则变化:man men, woman women, goose geese, foot feet, tooth teeth, child children, mouse mice, ox oxen 。但是,German Germans 复合名词的复数形式:editor-in-chief editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law daughters-in-law, grown-up grown-ups, woman teacher women teachers, man driver men drivers go- betweens(中间人)passers-by3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题 物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如:fishes各种鱼,frui各种水果,steels各种钢材。 物质名词表示数量时,一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如:a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如:work(工作) works(著作),arm(手臂) arms(军火),glass(玻璃) glasses(眼镜),cloth(布) clothes(衣服)。 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式,表示全家人或夫妇二人;姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词,则表示若干个姓的人。如:the Wangs王家,three Wangs三个姓王的。 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如:physics, mathematics, news, the United States 有些名词形似单数,但实为复数。如:police, people, cattle 有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用,如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如:class, family, couple, audience, government, public 有些抽象名词在具体化时,可以复数形式出现。表示特指时,可和定冠词连用;表示“某种”或“一次”意义时,可和不定冠词连用。如:How did you smooth away the difficulties?(指各种具体困难);It is a great pleasure to talk with you.;What a surprise!注意:可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即,名词的类别不是固定不变的,它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换,其词类别的转换可归纳如下:1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词 Our school is not far from my home.(个体)我们学校离我家不远。School is over at six.(抽象)六点钟放学。2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词 He broke a piece of glass.(物质)他打破了一块玻璃。 He broke a glass.(个体)他打破了一个杯子。Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)3、个体名词转专有名词 His father is a teacher.(个体)他父亲是个教师。不同国家的人的单复数 名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人 两个人中国人a Chinesthe Chinesee two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians俄国人the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americans an American two Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germansa Germans two Germans英国人the English an Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swede two Swedes3. 名词的所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系,作定语用。1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“”或“s”。如:Toms bike, Engless (Engles) works, a works school, Womens Day, the editor-in-chiefs office2、如果一个事物为两个人所有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“s”。如:Tom and Mikes room.(共有),Toms and Mikes books.(不共有)。3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词,可以在词尾加“s”或“”表示所有格,如:todays papers, ten minutes walk4、在表示某人家,店铺时,所有格后面的名词常常省略:at Mr. Greens(在格林先生家); at my brothers(在我兄弟家);at the tailors(在裁缝店); at the barbers(在理发店);at the doctors(在诊所)5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如:the window of the room6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系,而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如:the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个,双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词,这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般只能用双重所有格。如:an old friend of my uncles, a daughter of Mrs Greens, the house of one of my friends4.名词的普通格作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语,一般用单数形式。e.g. stone figures(石像);paper money(纸币);country music(乡村音乐);table cloth(桌布);river bank(河岸);school gate(校门口);book stores(书店);traffic lights(交 通 灯);summer holidays(暑假);evening dress(晚礼服)。但在个别情况下,也有需用复数的。e.g. sports meet(运动会);the United States government(美国政府);students reading-room(学生阅览室);goods train(货车);two men doctors(两个男医生)。二、 冠词复习及配套巩固练习 不定冠词:a(an),(泛指).a用于辅音发音开头的词前,an用于元音发音开头的词前.冠词 a book, a university, an hour, an old man 定冠词:the,(特指).1、不定冠词的基本用法: 泛指一个。如:There is a book on the table. 指人或事物的某一种类。如:His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea. 指某一个人或事物,但不具体说明。如:My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire. 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前,表示“每一”。如:We have meals three times a 表示同样的。如:They are of an age.(他们是同岁。) 表数量,相当于one,但语意较弱。如:There is a pen and two books on the desk. 使抽象名词具体化。如:The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand译帮手) 固定搭配。如:as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word ,have a good time, have a headache, a few, a greatmany students, a lot of, go for a walk, have breakfast, make a decision . 2、定冠词的基本用法: 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如:I have bought a book. The book is very useful. 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如:Close the window, please. 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。 用于表示方位的名词之前。如:the east, the right. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如:the first, the tallest. 用于形容词之前,使其名词化。如:the sick, the wounded, the deaf, the dumb(哑巴),the rich. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如:the United States, the United Nation. 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如:the Changjiang River, the East Lake. 用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如:The Smiths 用于乐器的名词前。如:play the piano; play the violin. 用于逢整十数词的复数前,定冠词有时可用于逢整十的复数数词前,表示世纪中的年代。如:He moved to the south in the fifties. 他于50年代搬到了南方。The war broke out in the 1980s. 战争爆发于20世纪80年代。 发明物,如:The compass was invented in China. 年代名词前,如:He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 固定词组中,如:in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same timeat the same time 同时 by the way 顺便问一句for the present 暂时 go to the cinema 看电影in the end 最后 in the dark 在黑暗中,不知道in the least 一点,丝毫 in the open 在野外in the past 在过去 in the long run从长远来看in the event of 万一 in the morning 在上午in the way 挡道,碍事 on the whole总体上on the other hand 另一方面 on the contrary相反地 out of the question不可能的 3、不用冠词的情况: 表示总称的复数名词之前。如:Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。) 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如:We are studying English. 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如:I like this picture; I do not haveany money; As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct. 季节、月份、星期等名词前,一般不用冠词。如:She likes spring most. 呼语前不用冠词。如:What shall I do next, Mother? 三餐饭前不用冠词。如:What did you have for lunch? 节假日前不用冠词。如:People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day. 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如:She is fond of playing basketball. 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如:arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); sideby side(肩对肩); day and day(日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)等。(10) 某些用介词 by 构成的表方式的短语通常用零冠词: 表示乘坐交通工具:by bus 乘公共汽车 by bike (bicycle) 骑自行车by plane / by air乘飞机 by ship (boat) 坐船by land 走陆路by sea 走海路 表示用通讯或通信等方式:by phone 用电话 by telegram 用电报 by letter 用信件by post 用邮寄by radio 用无线电 by hand 用手工(11) 有些短语用零冠词和定冠词均可,只是含义不同:out of question毫无疑问 out of the question不可能,不值得考虑的keep house 料理家务 keep the house 呆在家里不外出in charge of 负责,管理,主管 in the charge of 在的管理(负责)之下by day在白天 by the day按天计算in case of以防 in the case of就来说in charge of负责,管理 in the charge of由负责in office执政 in the office在办公室in sight(of)看见 in the sight(of)在看来go to sea去当水手 go to the sea到海边去out of question毫无疑问 out of the question不可能take advice征求意见 take the advice听从劝告be of age成年 be of all age同龄go to church去做礼拜 go to the church去教堂in prison坐牢 in the prison在监狱特别提示:当地点名词表示地点时,其前用定冠词;表示在这一地点所发生的活动时,其前不加冠词。如:He went to the bed and fetched me a magazine before he went to bed,他睡觉前到床边给我拿了本杂志。典例:George couldnt remember when he first met MrAnderson,but Lhe was sure it was Sunday because everybody was at churchA/;the Bthe;/ Ca;/ D/;a【解析】 C不定冠词用于表示星期的名词前,泛指“某个星期几”;at church表示“做礼拜”,at the church表示”在教堂”。故本题选C。 (12) 许多习语用零冠词:at night在夜里;at home在家;day after day 日复一日;by telephone打电话;in danger在危险中;on purpose故意地。catch fire 着火 give way 让路 lose heart 灰心move house 搬家 send word 捎信 take place 发生by chance 偶然 catch sight of 看见 make use of 利用at day-break 在天亮时 before dawn 在天亮前at dusk 在黄昏时 after sunset 在日落后after sunrise 在日出前 towards dark 天快黑时at midnight 在半夜 from dawn till dusk 从早到晚高考语法通关1(2011重庆调研)Any help from you will be greatly appreciated.Please give me a reply at your earliest _.Ainterruption Binstruction Cconsideration Dconvenience解析:考查名词辨析。这里表示“请在你方便的时候尽早给我回复”,at your earliest convenience 是固定表达,表示“在你方便的时候请尽早”,符合语境。interruption打断;instruction 指导,指示;consideration 考虑。答案:D2If you ask why I plan to study in the United States,the only answer is that it is a(n) _ for me.Apuzzle Badvantage Cchallenge Daverage解析:考查名词辨析。challenge 意思是“挑战”,即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境;puzzle 意思是“困惑”;advantage 意思是“优点,优势”;average 意思是“平均数”。答案:C3. The conference has been held to discuss the _ of global warming on peoples lives all over the world.Aimportance Beffects Cprotection Dattitudes解析:考查名词辨析。effects 意思是“影响”,即讨论全球气候变暖对人们生活的影响。其他选项不合题意,importance 意思是“重要性”;protection 意思是“保护”;attitudes 意思是“态度”。答案:B4(2012芜湖模拟)We all hold the belief that _ 2012 London Olympic Games will be _ success.A/;a Bthe;/ Cthe;a Da;a解析:第一空为特指,应用定冠词the;第二空success 为抽象名词具体化,“一个成功的人或事”,应用不定冠词a,类似的词还有failure,pleasure 等。答案:C5(2012长沙期中)Its_ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them_ pleasure.A/;a Ba;/ Cthe;a Da;the解析:句意为:上海世博会给人们带来了欢乐,欣赏世博会是一种美好的感受。有些不可数名词,如knowledge,command,feeling等,前面有“a/an形容词”修饰时,表示一件具体的事情或一个的人。pleasure意为“愉快,快乐”,为不可数名词,故不加冠词。答案:B6(2012合肥模拟)It is generally believed that teaching is _ it is a science.Aan art much as Bmuch an art as Cas an art much as Das much an art as解析:当名词前有what、so、as、too、quite等词修饰时,其形容词被这些词修饰,组成下列结构,如:What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等,应采取too/how 形容词(副词) a(an) 名词的形式。答案:D7(2011银川模拟)I will go to the _ to have my hair cut.Abarber Bbarber shop Cbarbers shop Dbarbers解析:句意:我要去理发店把头发剪一下。表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之后省去shop,house,home等地点名词。答案:D8(2011广州调研)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents _ will be to my poor examination result.Aexpression Breaction Cappearance Dexpectation解析:考查名词辨析。句意为:我真的有点担心,因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression 表情;reaction 反应;appearance 外表;expectation 期望。答案:B9(2011西安检测)There is no_ in going to school for the students merely to learn some facts.Adoubt Bmind Cpoint Dwonder解析:考查名词辨析。固定句式There is no point in doing sth.表示“做是没有必要的”,其他搭配不正确,所以这里选C项。答案:C10Here are some _ for you to follow when you take a test in chemistry.Apatterns Btips Ctopics Defforts解析:考查名词辨析。语境为“下面给你提出几点忠告,当你参加化学测验时应该遵循”。tip 忠告,意见;pattern 样式,花样,图案;topic 题目,论题,话题;effort 努力,尽力。答案:B11(2012苏州质检)Mr Li has some trouble sleeping,so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common_ .Apractice Bknowledge Cexperience Dduty解析:考查名词辨析。因此每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他通常的做法。common practice 通常的做法,符合题意。答案:A12(2012杭州模拟)Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.In my_ ,his decision is not wise.Aword Bview Csight Dway解析:考查名词。句意为:在我看来,他的决定不明智。in ones view表示“在某人看来”。答案:B13(2011徐州一模)My English teacher is really very kind.Ill never forget the_ he has done me.Afavor Bdeed Chelp Dvalue解析:句意为:我的英语老师实在是太好了。我永远不会忘记他对我的帮助。do sb.a favor 帮助某人。答案:A14(2012武汉联考)First impressions are the most lasting.After all,you never get_ second chance to make_ first impression.Aa;the Bthe;the Ca;a Dthe;a解析:句意为:第一印象最持久。毕竟,你不会再有机会去形成第一印象。第一空后有second,在此表示再一次机会,而不是表顺序,应用不定冠词;第二空中的第一印象是泛指,也不是表示顺序,又根据题干可以判断impression 在此处是可数名词,可数名词单数表泛指时须用不定冠词。答案:C15(2012潍坊期中)If we expect _ much cleaner world,we should attract _ worlds attention to protecting the world.Aa;a Ba;/ Ca;the Dthe;/解析:考查冠词。第一空为泛指,指“一个更加干净的世界”;第二空world 前通常用定冠词。答案:C16We work together to achieve our common purpose:_ world that is safer,cleaner and healthier than _ one we found.Athe;the Ba;/ Ca;the Dthe;/解析:考查冠词的用法。第一空表示泛指,用不定冠词;第二空后面由we found 限定,表特指,用定冠词。答案:C17(2012青州模拟)Many lifestyle patterns do such_ great harm to health that they actually speed up_ weakening of the human body.Aa;/ B/;the Ca;the D/;/解析:句意为:很多生活方式对身体健康是很有害的,实际上它们能加快体质变弱。do harm to.为固定短语,意为“对有害”;第二空为特指的用法,即特指体质变弱,故用定冠词the。答案:B18(2012深圳调研)There are over 58,000 rocky objects in _ space,about 900 of which could fall down onto_ earth.Athe;the B/;the Cthe;/ Da;the解析:句意为:太空中有58 000颗星体,其中有900颗左右可能坠落到地球上。第一空in space“在太空”,固定用法,类似用法还有in nature,in society 等;第二空表示地球,独一无二的事物前须加定冠词the,如the moon,the sun等,答案:B19(2012合肥联考)What do you think about _ dress in the shop window?Oh,its beautiful.You may give it to Linda as _ birthday present.Aa;a Bthe;a Ca;the Dthe;the解析:考查冠词的用法。第一空表特指橱窗里的那一件,所以要用定冠词the;第二空泛指一件礼物,所以要用不定冠词。答案:B20(2012锦州一模)It is clear that _ little money the invention will bring him can hardly support so large _ company.A/;the Ba;the Ca;/ Dthe;a解析:考查冠词。句意为:很显然,这项发明带给他的不多的钱很难支撑如此庞大的一个公司。此题的关键在于hardly 的暗示,说明钱不多或很少,用little 表示“少量的,不多的”,后面又有定语从句修饰,故其前应加定冠词the;第二空处是soadj.a可数名词结构。答案:D三、 代词复习及配套巩固练习代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。1.人称代词数 人称 格单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweare第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheythem句子的成份例句作主语(代替上文中提到的人或物)Mrs. Suzan is an English teacher. She teaches us geography.I cant read the story. It is written in Russian.作宾语(用宾格)直接宾语Let her play now.We often meet him at the school gate间接宾语Granny offered us fruit.The sun gives us light and heat.介词宾语Please sit between him and me. The teacher took good care of us.作表语 (用主格或宾格)Who is that?Its me.It was I whom you saw at the station.1.人称代词不仅仅指人,也可以指事或物。2.人称代词主格单数he, she和it的复数,都是they,宾格形式也相同,为them。3.第三人称的人称代词分阳性he(him),阴性she(her)和中性it(it),复数只有一个形式they(them)不分性别。4.选用什么人称代词,取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。2. 物主代词物主代词是用来表示所有关系的,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语,相当于形容词;名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,相当于名词,可以作主语、表语或宾语。物主代词形容词性数人称单数复数第一人称my 我的our 我们的第二人称your 你的your 你们的第三人称his 他的,her 她的,its 它的their 他们的物主代词名词性数人称单数复数第一人称mine 我的ours 我们的第二人称yours 你的yours 你们的第三人称his 他的,hers 她的,its 它的theirs 他们的物主代词的用法:(1)形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。例如:His pencil box is on the desk.This is our school.(2)名词性物主代词作名词用 本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,因此,后面不可再加名词。 作主语: Richards school bag is blue and mine is black. 里查德的书包是蓝色的,我的书包是黑色的。(mine=my school bag) 作表语: Its his. 这是他的(东西)。 作宾语: He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典,你可以借我的。(作及物动词的宾语) “of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语,表示强调: He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。注意:试比较下面两句句子:This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。(照片是我拥有的,但不一定照的是我本人)This is a photo of me. 这是一张我本人的照片。(照片上是我本人)3. 反身代词反身代词用于所强调的动作与动作执行者的关系,强调主语或宾语为同一人或物。反身代词的形式:单数myself我自己yourself你自己himself他自己herself她自己itself它自己复数ourselves我们自己yourselves你们自己themselves他们自己反身代词的用法:句子成分例句宾语直接宾语My father taught himself Japanese.Please help yourselves to some fruit, everyone.介词宾语The twelve-year-old boy can take care of himself.Dont think too much of yourself.同位语主语同位语She taught Thomas Edison herself.The detective story itself is worth reading.宾语同位语 Li Ming, I want to ask for leave. Youd better ask the teacher herself / himself.表语同位语 Who is the man? It was Mr. Yang himself.表语Im not quite myself today itself. 今天我感到不舒服。4.指示代词(一)指示代词是具有指示概念的代词this 这; that 那; these 这些; those 那些; (二)指示代词的用法1) this(these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物,而that (those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。e.g. This is a novel and that is a magazine2)this(these)一般指后面要讲到的事物,而that(those)常指前面讲到的事物。e.g. What he told me is this:he wanted to go to Beijing/ He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know 3)that, those 常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。e.g. The oil output in 1998 was higher than that of 1995( that 代替oil output) /The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany5. 疑问代词疑问代词的用法:句子成分例句主语Who invited you to dinner? Whose is the best?Whats in the bag? Which of them will win the prize?宾语直接宾语Whom did you meet on your way home? What is she doing?Which do you want, the red one or the blue one?间接宾语Whom are you waiting for?From whom should we learn? What are you talking about?表语Who are those women? What are you?Whose is the new bike?定语Which class are you in? Whose report is this?What subjects do you study?注意:1Who 用于询问别人姓名,身份或关系。What 用于询问别人职业。2Which 指的物有范围限制,侧重于哪一个;What 指的物无范围限制,侧重于种类。3Whose 用于明确所有者,Whom 在口语中,whom 多为 who 代替。反意问句考点分析:?1、祈使句的反意问句;2、I think +宾语从句的反意问句;3、主从复合句的反意问句;4、表示判断的情态动词构成的反意疑问句。考题点击:1、I dont suppose anyone will volunteer, _? (01 上海) (C) A. do I B. dont I C. will th
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