感染相关英文词汇-4.1 肺炎链球菌

.感染相关英文词汇小结G+（1肺炎球菌感染）.1. Gram-Positive Bacteria 革兰阳性菌2. micrococci微球菌3. Louis Pasteur路易斯，巴斯德4. etiology of pneumonia肺炎的病因学5. Etiologic agent病因学微生物6. Streptococcus链球菌7. cell division occurs along a single axis细胞分裂沿单一轴进行8. grow in chains or pairs成链或成对生长9. hemolytic properties溶血特性10. S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）肺炎链球菌11. -hemolytic group溶血组12. blood agar血培养皿13.characteristically produces a greenish color特征绿色14. reduction of iron in hemoglobin还原血红蛋白中的铁15. fastidious苛养（菌）16. mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）17. Pneumococci without a capsule无夹膜的肺炎球菌18. colonies with a rough surface克隆表面粗糙19. optochin(ethyl hydrocuprein hydrochloride)奥普托欣试验（）20. bile soluble在胆汁中溶解21. a polysaccharide capsule多糖夹膜22. serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型23. rabbit polyclonal antisera兔多克隆抗血清24. the Quellung reactionQuellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下，夹膜肿胀25. phagocytosis吞噬作用26. determinant of pneumococcal virulence毒力的决定因素27. Unencapsulated variants无夹膜的变种28. invasive disease.侵袭性疾病29. host defense mechanisms宿主防御系统30. Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素31. cytolysis of cells and tissues细胞和组织的溶解32. cell wall proteins细胞壁蛋白33. complement pathway补体系统34. complement deposition补体沉积35.preventing lysis an/or opsonophagocytosis防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用36. The pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic)肺炎球菌H抑制体37. impedes the formation of C3 convertase抑制C3转话体的形成38. pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC)肺炎球菌表面蛋白C39. choline-binding protein A (CbpA)胆碱结合蛋白A40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase) NanA表面锚定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶）41. sialic acid唾液酸42. pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子43. potential vaccine candidates潜在的疫苗靶点44. Molecular typing分子型45. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis脉冲凝胶电泳46. genetic relatedness基因相关性46. superseded by sequencing of housekeeping genes管家基因测序已取代（电泳）47. multilocus sequence typing, MLST多位点序列分型48.pneumococcal MLST Web site ( http:/spneumoniae.mlst.net/)肺球菌多位点分型查询49. whole-genome sequencing will soon supersede MLST全基因组测序不久将替代MLST50. routine childhood administration of pneumococcal polysaccharideprotein conjugate vaccine (PCV)幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗51. secular trends长期趋势52. epidemiologic features流行病学特征53. serotype distribution血清学分布54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normally sterile site)侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体内无菌出现感染）55. disease burden疾病负担56. military barracks军营57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy human nasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌58. respiratory droplets呼吸道飞沫59. socioeconomic status社会经济状况60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission主要的肺链球菌传播者61. Cross-sectional prevalence data横断面发病率数据62. high rates of colonization高定植率63. community transmission dynamics社区传播动力学64. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)脑脊液65. aspiration of pneumococci吸入肺球菌66. a positive blood culture血培养阳性67. routine pediatric vaccination schedule常规幼儿疫苗接种计划68. pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎69.bacteremia菌血症70. a definitive etiologic diagnosis病原学诊断明确71. radiographically confirmed pneumonia影像学确诊的肺炎72. clinically diagnosed pneumonia临床确诊的肺炎73. The case-fatality ratios (CFRs)病死率74. underlying medical condition基础疾病75. access to care治疗情况76. severity of disease at presentation起病时病情的严重程度77. hospitalized patients住院患者78. appropriate and timely management is available适当及时的治疗79. the first 24 h of hospitalization住院后24h80. rapidly progressive cascade of events快速进展81. irrespective of antibiotic administration与抗菌药物应用无关82. temperate climate温带气候83. ethnic group民族84. crowded settings 拥挤的环境85. susceptible individuals易感人群86. preceding viral respiratory disease (especially but not exclusively influenza)曾患呼吸系统疾病（尤其但不限于流感）87. secondary pneumococcal infections继发的肺炎球菌感染88. seasonal and pandemic influenza季节性、流行性感冒89. Reduced pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感性下降90. prevalence of pneumococcal isolates resistant to single or multiple classes of antibiotics分离出的肺炎球菌对一种或多种抗菌药物耐药的趋势明显91. minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs)最小抑菌浓度92. rising absolute magnitude绝对值提高93. penicillin G青霉素G94. cefotaxime头孢噻肟（3nd）95. ceftriaxone头孢曲松96. macrolides大环内酯类97. difficult-to-treat infections难治性感染98. pneumococcal antimicrobial nonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌药物耐药问题99. mucosal surfaces膜状表面100. otitis media中耳炎101. pneumonia肺炎102. distant sites: brain远处播散103. joint关节104. bones骨骼105. peritoneal cavity腹腔106. pneumococcal meningitis肺炎球菌性脑膜炎107. secondary to hematogenousspread继发于血流感染108. flow of mucus粘液的流动109. avoid local immune factors逃避免疫因子110. leukocytes白细胞111. complement补体112. cilia纤毛（cilium的名词复数）113. mucociliary escalator纤毛的活动114. mechanical clearance of pneumococci机械清除肺炎球菌115. colonization episodes定植的时间116. persistent colonization长期定植117. development of capsule-specific serum IgG（导致）夹膜特异性血清IgG抗体118. Intercurrent viral infections并发的病毒感染119. Local cytokine production局部细胞因子的产生120. upregulate adhesion factors上调粘附因子121. peptidoglycans肽葡聚糖122. teichoic acids磷壁酸123. interleukin I and IL-6白介素-1和白介素-6124. tumor necrosis factor (TNF)肿瘤坏死因子125. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes多形核白细胞126. innate immune factors固有防御因子127. splenic function肾功能128. cough reflex咳嗽反射129. C-reactive protein (CRP)C反应蛋白130. phosphorylcholine磷脂胆碱131. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)Toll样受体2132. lipoteichoic acid脂膜酸133. cell wall peptidoglycan细胞壁肽聚糖134. cystic fibrosis囊肿性纤维化135. bronchiectasis支气管扩张136. sickle cell disease镰状细胞（贫血）病137. cross-reactive antigens交叉反应抗原138. T cellindependent antigens不依赖T细胞的抗原136. delayed ontogeny（儿童）个体（B细胞防御系统）发育慢137. agammaglobulinemia丙种球蛋白缺乏138. chemically distinct（夹膜）化学结构不同139. serotype specific血清型特异性抗体140. pathognomonic presentation of pneumococcal disease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表现141. self-limited自限性疾病142. life-threatening危及生命的143. differential diagnosis鉴别诊断144. convulsions抽搐145. tachypnea(30 breaths/min)呼吸急促146. defined according to specific age strata根据特殊的年龄分层确定147. lower chest wall indrawing下胸壁凹陷148. noninvasive or invasive infection侵袭性或非侵袭性感染149. contiguous spread临近组织器官传播150. infection of a normally sterile body fluid无菌体液区感染151. Pneumonia（invasive with a positive blood culture）肺炎（血培养阳性考虑为侵袭性）152. a mild community-acquired infection轻度社区获得性感染153. intubation插管治疗154. at the outset起病时155. a viral upper respiratory infection上呼吸道病毒感染156. abrupt onset of cough and dyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困难157. fever发热159. shaking chills寒战158. myalgias肌肉疼痛160. nonpurulent无脓性161. purulent有脓的162. tinged with blood痰中带血163. stabbing pleuritic chest pain胸肋膜刺痛164. parietal pleura胸膜壁层165. tachycardia心动过速166. dullness沉闷167. percussion触诊法168. consolidation实性病变169. crackles噼啪声170. auscultation听诊171. Pleural rub胸膜摩擦音172. cyanosis苍白173. nasal flaring鼻翼煽动174. diaphragmatic pleura胸膈膜175. upper abdominal pain上腹疼痛176. myocardial infarction心肌梗死177. heart failure with atypical pulmonary edema心力衰竭伴不典型肺水肿178. cardiac conditions心脏疾病179. pulmonary conditions肺部疾病180. atelectasis肺不张181. mycoplasmas支原体182.etiologic diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原学诊断183. pathologic examination of lung tissue肺组织的病理学检查184. In lieu of代替185. an infiltrate on chest radiography 胸部影像学表现渗出186. lobar or segmental consolidation大叶性或节段性实变187. patchy分散不均的188. pleural effusion胸腔积液189. empyema脓胸190. round pneumonia圆形肺炎（http:/wenku.baidu.com/link?url=wuFa5cMxt56xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95SchnzWjqCqu1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXKQmidweX3yeRVMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0JxTffQ7）191. Urinary pneumococcal antigen assays泌尿系统肺炎球菌抗原检验192. culture of sputum痰培养193. Parapneumonic effusions并发于肺炎的胸腔积液194. aggressive and complete drainage充分引流195. pyogenic condition化脓性疾病196. skull fracture头颅骨折197. gradual-onset headache逐渐出现的头痛198. stiff neck颈僵200. photophobia畏光201.altered consciousness意识状态变化202. seizures癫痫203. bradycardia心动过缓204. increased intracranial pressure颅内压升高206. Kernigs or Brudzinskis signKernig征、Brudzinski征207. cranial nerve palsies(3rd and 6th cranial nerves)颅神经麻痹（3、6脑神经）208. examination of CSF脑脊液检查209. evidence of turbidity (visual inspection)浊度（肉眼检查）210. elevated protein level, elevated white blood cell count, and reduced glucose concentration (quantitative measurement)蛋白、白细胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量检查）211. specific identification of the etiologic agent (culture, Grams staining, antigentesting, or PCR)病原鉴定（培养，革兰染色，抗原鉴定，PCR）212. in conjunction with同时伴随213. deafness耳聋 214. hydrocephalus脑水肿215 mental retardation. 智力迟钝216. diffuse brain swelling弥漫性脑水肿217. subarachnoid bleeding 蛛网膜下腔出血218. cerebrovascular complications脑血管并发症219. bacteremia菌血症220. osteomyelitis骨髓炎221. septic arthritis脓毒性关节炎222. endocarditis 心内膜炎223. pericarditis心包炎224. peritonitis腹膜炎225. sinusitis鼻窦炎226. otitis media中耳炎227. tinnitus耳鸣228. upper respiratory tract infection上呼吸道感染229. bulging tympanic membrane鼓膜突出230. reduced movement on insufflation or tympanography注气法或鼓室造影法显示活动减少231. facial pain面部疼痛232. congestion充血233. persistent nighttime cough持续夜间咳嗽234. aspiration and culture of sinus material鼻窦分泌物吸出及培养235. parenteral penicillin G静脉给予青霉素G236. the drug of choice for disease首选药物237. 50,000 U/kg for minor infections to 300,000 U/kg for meningitis轻度感染：50,000U/kg脑膜炎：300,000U/kg238. parenteral -lactam drugs静脉给予内酰胺类药物239. ampicillin阿莫西林240. cefuroxime头孢呋辛241. penicillin-susceptible strains青霉素敏感的菌株242. offer little advantage over penicillin与青霉素相比，没有特殊优势243. Macrolides and cephalosporins大环内酯类和头孢菌素类244. alternatives for penicillin-allergic patients青霉素过敏患者的替代药物245. clindamycin克林霉素246.tetracycline四环素247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑248. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌249. tetracycline-, fluoroquinolone-and macrolide-resistant strains四环素耐药，氟喹诺酮类耐药，大环内酯类耐药的菌株250. Multidrug-resistant strains多重耐药菌251. alteration of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes青霉素结合蛋白基因的改变252. transformation and horizontal transfer of DNA from related streptococcal species基因转导以及从链球菌传递的DNA253. lower affinity for penicillins与青霉素的亲和力下降254. specific PBP(s) and the number of PBPs altered根据PBPs改变的类型和数量255. level of resistance ranges from intermediate to high耐药的程度分为中介耐药和高度耐药256. penicillin susceptibility breakpoints青霉素敏感性折点257. susceptible0.06 g/mL; intermediate, 0.121.0 g/mL;resistant2.0 g/mL敏感0.06 g/mL，中介0.121.0 g/mL；耐药2.0 g/mL258. were not predictiveof the response of可以预测用药反应259. revised penicillin G breakpoints修正的青霉素G折点260.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute临床与实验室标准学会260. The use of antibiotics selects for resistant pneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐药肺炎球菌的出现261. MICs of 0.12 g/mL indicate resistance（meningitis）MIC大于0.12g/mL意味着耐药（脑膜炎）262. the breakpoints are 2 g/mL forsusceptible organisms, 4 g/mL for intermediate organisms, and 8 g/mL for resistant organisms（nonmeningitis）敏感菌2 g/mL中介4 g/mL耐药 8 g/mL（非脑膜炎感染）263. the Infectious Diseases Society of America美国传染病协会264.American Thoracic Society美国胸科学会265.the British Thoracic Society英国胸科学会266.the European Respiratory Society欧洲呼吸协会267. vancomycin万古霉素268. rifampin利福平269. lumbar puncture腰椎穿刺270. dexamethasone地塞米松271. compromising clinical evaluation影响临床判断272. isolate分离菌273. advocate the use of glucocorticoids建议加入糖皮质激素274. not universally considered the standard of care并未公认为标准治疗方案275. neurologic sequelae神经系统后遗症276. doses 8 h apartQ8h277. severe -lactam hypersensitivity对内酰胺类药物严重过敏278. outpatient management门诊治疗279. high-dose amoxicillin高剂量阿莫西林280. afebrile不发热的281. Acute Otitis Media急性中耳炎282. nonsevere illness非紧急疾病283. an uncertain diagnosis诊断不明确284. a 10-day course疗程10天285. should be commenced应开始使用药物286. myringotomy鼓膜切开术287. tympanocentesis鼓膜穿刺术288. obtain samples for culture取材培养289. vaccination against S. pneumoniae and influenza viruses肺炎链球菌和流感病毒疫苗290. prevention of antibiotic overuse预防抗生素滥用291. fuels pneumococcal resistance加剧肺炎球菌耐药292. Capsular polysaccharide vaccines夹膜多糖疫苗293. Polysaccharideprotein conjugate vaccines多糖蛋白结合物疫苗参考资料：1.American Academy of Pediatrics RED BOOK.The report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases: http:/aapredbook. aappublications.org2. Pneumococcal Regional Serotype Distribution for Pneumococcal AMC TPP:www.gavialliance.org/library/documents/amc/tpp-codebook/