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连词conjunction,连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分。用来连接词，短语，从句与句子。,连词主要可分为两类：并列连词从属连词,并列连词表示词，短语，从句或句子之间具有并列关系。可以表示平行关系，转折关系，选择关系和因果关系。,and(和)bothand（和,两者都）neithernor（既不也不）notonlybutalso(不但而且)aswellas(和,也,除外,而且),1.表示平行关系的连词：,aswell(也,而且,)用于句末.,aswell/aswellas:,Heisascientist,butheisapoet_.,Heisascientist_apoet.,aswell,aswellas,2.表示转折关系的连词:,but;while(然而);yet(可是);however(而),3.表示选择关系的连词,or(或则,否则);otherwise(要不然);eitheror(或者或者),4.表示因果关系的连词,so;for（因为）;therefore（因此）,注意：and/or还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。1.Makeupyourmind,andyoullgetthechance.=Ifyoumakeupyourmind,youllgetthechance.2.Onemoreeffort,andyoullsucceed.=Ifyoumakeonemoreeffort,youllsucceed.3.Hurryup,oryoullbelate.=Ifyoudonthurryup,youllbelate.,but表示转折，while表示对比。,Somepeoplelovecats,_othershatethem.-Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?-Idliketo,_Imtoobusy.,while,but,二.从属连词是用来引导连接主句和从句的连词。分为引导名词性从句的连词,定语从句的连词和引导状语从句的连词。,名词性从句(一)Nounclauses,名词性从句的定义,在一个句子中，名词能作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。当我们在一个句子中用一个句子来担当主语、宾语、表语和同位语时，这个句子就叫做主语从句、或宾语从句、或表语从句、或同位语从句。这些从句的统称为名词性从句。,1.Heaskedifshewouldcome.2.Ihadnoideathatyouwereherfriend.3.Thetruthisthatthefogistoothickforthebustorunthatfar.4.Whenwewillstartisnotclear.,Practicetime：,Predicativeclause（表语从句）,Subjectclause（主语从句）,Appositionclause（同位语从句）,Objectclause(宾语从句）,引导名词性从句的引导词在语法上称为连接词。而连接词又根据它们在句子中的不同作用又被划分为：,连接词：that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which（主语或宾语）连接副词：when,where,how,why（状语）,所有名词性从句都用陈述句语序；主语、表语和同位语从句中的that不能省略；主语、表语和同位语从句中只能用whether不能用if.,NounClause名词性从句,TheSubjectClause（主语从句）:,1.that/what区别2.that引导的主语从句可转换为it作形式主语的句型,_hewillcometothediscussioniscertain._Ilikebestisabook.3._Ilikethebookbestisknowntoeveryone.4._shelookedaftertheoldpatientawholeyearmovesusall.5._puzzledthepolicewashowthemurdererdied.6._surprisedmemostwasthatshelookedaftertheoldpatientawholeyear.,thebook,That,What,That,That,What,What,That不充当成分What充当主语或宾语,1_wecantgetseemsbetterthan_wehaveAWhat，whatB.What，thatC.That，thatD.That，what2._hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresentAWhatBThatCThefactDThematter,A,A,ThePredicativeClause（表语从句）:,1.Itlooksasifitweregoingtorain.2.Wenzhouisnotwhatitusedtobe.3.Thereasonforhisabsencewasthathewasill.4.Whatshewantstoknowiswhichbooksheshouldbuy.5.Thatiswhyhefailedtheexam.6.Thatwasbecausehedidntpasstheexam.,名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不用because.,表语从句中的that,because和why,Thereasonwhyshewaslatewas_hedidntcatchthebus.Shewaslate.Thats_shedidntcatchthebus.（强调原因）Shedidntcatchthebus.Thats_shewaslate.(强调结果）,that,because,why,TheObjectClause（宾语从句）:,主要考察语序、连接词和时态一致,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,注：that在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略,Ihear(that)_.（一小时后他会回来）Theteachertoldus(that)_.（地球围着太阳转）,hewillbebackinanhour,theearthmovesaroundthesun,由连接代词what,whom,whose,which,what及连接副词when,where,how,why引导的宾语从句,1.Heasked_.(谁能回答这个问题）2.Doyouknow_.（他们在等谁）3.Heasked_.（谁的书法是班上最好的）5.Pleasetellme_.（我们什么时候开会）6.Canyoutellme_.（他在哪儿）7.Couldyoutellme_.（我该怎么去车站）8.Wouldyoutellme_（为什么火车迟到了）,whocouldanswerthequestion,whomtheyarewaitingfor,whosehandwritingwasthebestintheclass,whenwellhaveameeting,whereheis,howIcangettothestation,whythetrainislate,由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句,1.Iwanttoknow_.（他是否跟我们一起去公园）2.Askhim_.（他是否能来）3.Idontknow_.（是否要下雨）,if(whether)hewillgototheparkwithus,whether(if)hecancome,whetheritisgoingtorainornot,当句末为ornot时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.,同位语从句跟在某些名词，如：idea,news,fact,promise、thought、reply、report、question、hope、word、suggestion、doubt等的后面,用来表示它们的具体内容,引导词有连词that,副词how,when,where等。,TheAppositionClause（同位语从句）:,1.Ihavenoideathathehasalreadygoneabroad.2.Thenewsthatshehadpassedtheentranceexaminationmadeherparentsveryhappy.3.Thetexttellsusafactthatsmokingdoesgreatharmtopeopleshealth.4.Hecantanswerthequestionhowhegotthemoney.,同位语从句PK定语从句,1.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwonthegame.2.Thenewsthatyoutoldusyesterdaywasreallydisappointing.,1.同位语从句中，that是连词，不充当成分。2.定语从句中，that起连接作用外，还充当成分。3.同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，定语从句与前面的名词是所属关系，起修饰作用。4.同位语从句的连词that一般不能省略，定语从句中，作宾语的that常可省略。,定语从句,同位语从句,Practice:判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句,1.TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.2.ThehopethatsheexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.3.Thefactthatsheworkshardiswellknowntousall.4.Icantstandtheterriblenoisethatsheiscryingloudly.,同位语从句,定语从句,同位语从句,同位语从句,Whether/if辨析：,表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether:a.主语从句b.表语从句c.同位语从句d.介词后的宾语从句e.后接动词不定式(whethertodosth.)f.whetherornot连在一起引导宾语从句时不用ifg.作discuss等动词的宾语时，用whether不用if。,if/whether1.Iaskedher_shehadabike.2._wewillholdapartyintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.3.Wereworriedabout_heissafe.4.Idontknow_heiswellornot.5.Idontknow_ornotheiswell.,if/whether,Whether,whether,whether,whether,if/whether6.Thequestionis_heshoulddoit.7.Thedoctorcanhardlyanswerthequestion_theoldmanwillrecoversoon.8.Idontknow_togo.9._youarenotfreetomorrow,Illgowithoutyou.,whether,whether,whether,If,doubtDoyoudoubt_hewillwinthegame？Idoubt_hewillwinthegame.Idontdoubt_hewillwinthegame.,whether/if,that,that,2.besurea.Imsure_hewillcome.b.Imnotsure_hewillcome.,that,whether/if,补充:几种常见的含主语从句句型1.以it作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用句型有：,1.It+be+形容词+that从句,Itis/wascertainthatclauseclearimportantNecessaryprobablepossible,（1）Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.（2）Itisprobablethathetoldmeeverything.,2、It+be+名词词组+that从句,Itis/wasapitythatclauseshameduty,(1)Itisapitythatwecantgo.(2)Itisnosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.,3、It+be+过去分词+that从句,Itissaidthatclausereportedthoughthopedbelievedknown,(1)Itissaidthatheisthebeststudentintheclass.(2)ItisthoughtthatJoedrivesbadly.,4、It+seem,happen,appear等不及物动词+that从句。(1)ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.(2)IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.,2.Itis+一段时间+since（一般过去时）Itis(hasbeen)5yearssincehisfatherdied.,3.Itis+具体时间+when.“当的时候，是”。Itwas5oclockwhenhecamehere.,4.Itbe+一段时间+before.“之后”。Itwas3daysbeforehewenttoBeijing.Itwillbenotlongbeforehefinisheshisjob.,As引导定语从句扫描,一、as引导限制性定语从句：thesameas、asas、suchas,1.Itsthesamepersonaswewantedtofindyesterday.Doyouhavesuchbooksaswelike?Shewillmarryaswealthyamanasshecanfind.,二、引导非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾,1.Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.2.Theearth,asweknow,movesroundthesun.,非限制性定语从句中的谓语为被动式时，常用as做主语besaid/known/announced/reported/mentioned/expected/discussed,1.Grammar,ashasbeensaidbefore,isnotasetofdeadrules.2.Asisknowntoall,TaiWanispartofChina.,
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