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语法专题（一）,名词,名词要点精讲,名词是高考的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词的考查点。,专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。,名词,专有名词(ProperNouns),普通名词(CommonNouns),个体名词(IndividualNouns),集体名词(CollectiveNouns),物质名词(MaterialNouns),抽象名词(AbstractNouns),不可数名词(UncountableNouns),可数名词(CountableNouns),个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（CountableNouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（UncountableNouns）。,ProperNouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称,Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYearsDay,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,CommonNouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,1.IndividualNouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西,可以指具体的人或物。Eg:aunts;apanda;apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg:ayear;fairytales;adream,2.CollectiveNouns:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,Hisfamily_notlarge.(be),Cf:Hisfamily_allmusiclovers.(be),在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg:Theaudiencewas(were)excitedbytheshow.,is,are,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.,OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim.,3.MaterialNouns:指无法分为个体的物质。,Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.(两份）,Threebeers,please.(三杯）,Itwasaspecialtea.(一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg:rains（雨季）sands（沙滩）snows(积雪）waters(海域),4.AbstractNouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg:HeslearningFrenchforfun.,Iwishyougoodluck.,抽象名词转化为可数名词。,Failureisthemotherofsuccess.(失败与成功在此为抽象概念）Asateacher,sheisasuccess,butasamother,sheisafailurebecauseshedevoteslittletimetolookingafterherchild.(成功者，失败者，可数),名词的数,不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。,可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys,*3:以元音+oeg:videos;studios以oo结尾eg:zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外来词(特别是音乐方面的词)eg:pianos一些缩写词eg:kilos;photos;memos一些专有名词eg:Eskimos;Filipinos,直接在词尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefs,handkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。,单复数相同的情况：,sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu,只有复数形式的情况：,trousers(裤子);glasses(眼镜);compasses(圆规)apairofthanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle,复合名词的复数形式：,1.词末+-s:film-goers;forget-me-nots2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on;editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：womendoctors;mencooks*这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman,不规则复数：,有些外来词的不规则复数形式：,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）,aglass(玻璃杯)acopper(铜币板)atin(罐头)apaper(报纸，证件，论文)aniron(熨斗)awood(树林)agold(金牌)ayouth(年青人)apower(大国)abeauty(美人，美的东西)apleasure(使人感到愉快的事)arelation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,apoem(一首诗)amachine(一台机器)ajob(一件工作)alaugh(一个笑声)apermit(许可证)agarment(一件衣裳)abag(case)(一件行李)aloaf(一只面包)ahair(一根头发),poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发),几个名词的特殊用法,hair_.（他的头发是白的。）_.（他有几根白的头发。）,Hishairiswhite,Hehasafewgreyhairs,fruitThefruitissweet.Helikespears,peaches,grapesandotherfruits.,policeThepolice_searchingforthemurderer.,were,dozen,scoretwo(many,several)dozenpencilsthree_them/thesepencilsdozensofstudentstwoscoreofstudentsscoresofpeople,dozenof,word（消息，通知）,man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。,名词的格,所有格的形式：一般的名词所有格在后面加s，如：Marysbook以s结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加，如：TeachersDay,thestudentsreading-room以s结尾的专有名词所有格，如：Engelssworks或Engelsworks,s结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：todaysnewspaper,fifteenminutesride等与时间有关的名词。凡不能加s构成所有格的名词，都可以与of结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如：Doyouknowthenameofthegirlstandingatthegate?,一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：Thisisnotmypen,butMarys.有时某些s结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：WecanmeetatMarys.Hewenttohissistersfordinneryesterday.Ihadthedressmadeatthetailorsatthecornerofthestreet.LastweekwevisitedSt.Pauls.,名词所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns),somepatterns:,Illtaketheriskforfriendshipssake.Shewasatherwitsend.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheartscontent.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharmsway.Wehadbestkeepthematarmslength.Forgoodnesssake,stoparguing.Janegotthemoneysworthoutofthecoat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。名词作定语时，需注意：anenemysoldierseveral_aboystudentthree_amanteacherthree_awomandoctorthree_（一家鞋店）,名词在句子中的作用,enemysoldiers,boystudents,menteachers,womendoctors,ashoestore,hearttroublesnowmountainheartywelcomesnowytable-clothraindropsstonehouserainyseasonstonyheartrosegardenrosyfacegoldringgoldensunshine/times/age/wedding,用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较：,1._turngreeninspring.(NMET1986)A.LeafB.LeafsC.LeaveD.Leaves2.Hedroppedthe_andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffeescupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup(NMET1993)3.Ineed_cloth,forImgoingtomake_clothes.(上海1993)A.alotof;manyB.much;muchC.many;manyD.many;alot,历年高考试题,4.Hegainedhis_byprinting_offamouswriters.(NMET1995)A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works5.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof_.A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material(上海1996)6.Youllfindthismapofgreat_inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET1998)A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness,7.-Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?-_.(上海1998)A.PalmersB.ThePalmersC.ThePalmersD.ThePalmers8.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown_ofliving.(上海1998)A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion9.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol(上海1998),10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_oftheearthquake.(上海1998)A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudonttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewontbeenough_formystationery.(上海1998)A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_.(上海2000)A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results,13.Inthebotanicgardenwecanfinda(n)_ofplantsthatrangefromtalltreestosmallflowers.(上海2001)A.speciesB.groupC.amountD.variety14.-Canyoushootthatbirdatthetopofthetree?-No,itsoutof_.(上海2001)A.rangeB.reachC.controlD.distance15.ThelifeofLondonismadeupofmanydifferent_.(上海2001)A.elementsB.sectionsC.materialD.realities,16.Forthesakeofherdaughtershealth,shedecidedtomovetoawarm_.A.weatherB.temperatureC.seasonD.climate(上海2002)17.Toregaintheir_afteranexhaustinggame,theplayerslayinthegrass.(上海2002)A.forceB.energyC.powerD.health18.IsawBobplaythepianoatJohnspartyandonthat_hewassimplybrilliant.A.sceneB.circumstanceC.occasionD.situation(上海2002),19.Itcantbea(n)_thatfourjewelrystoreswererobbedinonenight.(上海2002)A.coincidenceB.accidentC.incidentD.chance20.Accordingtotherecentresearch,heavycoffeedrinkandheartattackisnotnecessarily_andeffect.(上海2002)A.reasonB.impactC.factD.cause21.-ImsorryIsteppedoutsideforasmoke.Iwasverytired.-Thereisno_forthiswhileyouareonduty.(上海2003)A.reasonB.excuseC.causeD.explanation,22.Themanagerhasgotagoodbusiness_sothecompanyisdoingwell.AideaBsenseCthoughtDthinking(2003北京春季)23.Dontleavematchesorcigarettesonthetablewithin_oflittlechildren.(2004湖北)A.handB.reachC.spaceD.distance24.Theenvironmentalistsandwildgoats_onthevastgrasslandswasagoodindicationofthebetterenvironment.(2004上海)A.escapeB.absenceC.attendanceD.appearance,25.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.Its_walk.(2004上海春季)A.afourhourB.afourhoursC.afour-hoursD.afourhours26.Ihavereadthematerialseveraltimesbutitdoesntmakeany_tome.A.meaningB.importanceC.senseD.significance(2004上海春季),
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