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1 英文文献翻译1.1 Research On The Growth Path Of Technological Capability Of Automobile Manufacturers In Latecomer CountriesThe development level and competitive ability of the automobile industry are the comprehensive reflection of all kinds of technical capabilities in the automobile industry, and the vehicle manufacturing enterprises, as the carrier of the final products and services, are the key to the development of the automobile industry. Taking the car industry as an example, in order to quickly improve the technical ability of the car manufacturing enterprises, China has adopted the cooperation with the international auto industry giants to establish the development model of the joint venture. But the result of several years is full street foreign cars and joint ventures. The joint venture has not formed the expected technical ability, not only the car market is divided by foreign brands, but the original technical ability base of the Chinese joint venture is also lost. The failure of the technical ability model of the joint venture of market exchange technology makes us have to reexamine the growth path of the technical ability of our automobile manufacturing enterprises. This paper selects 5 representative independent brand car manufacturing enterprises in China, compares Japanese TOYOTA and Korea Hyundai Motor Company, and analyzes the technological capability growth path of the national automobile enterprises through comparison of their technological capability growth.1 Automotive industry modularization and technological capability modular growth1.1 The modularization of automobile industrySome complex systems can be decomposed into several interrelated semi autonomous subsystems according to certain rules. The system with this decomposable characteristic is called the module system. With the internationalization and specialization of automobile production, the automobile industry system also shows obvious modularity characteristics. The modular of automobile industry refers to dividing the whole vehicle product into several independent modules according to function in design, each module is integrated with multiple parts or assemblies, and each module maintains a relatively fixed connection. The change of parts or assembly inside the module does not affect the connection between modules, and the whole car is produced on the basis of modules. The modularization of the automobile industry is based on the modularization of technology. From the function integrity and the module structure of the whole vehicle product, the components of the vehicle product can be divided into four categories: component, complete function module, single function module and multi-function integrated module (as shown in Figure 1). The modules of these different levels form the module system of the automobile industry through the aggregation and common function of the functions. The modular development of the automobile industry promotes the differentiation of enterprises in the industry into two main types of system integrated enterprises (vehicle manufacturing enterprises) and module enterprises (modular integrated suppliers, parts enterprises and various professional and technical companies). A large number of modular enterprises can make vehicle manufacturing enterprises form a vehicle production system through many ways such as subcontracting, purchasing and cooperation. In the process of the joint venture, the localization of parts and components has formed a large domestic spare parts supply system and technical output of various professional and technical companies, so that the car enterprises of our own brand can develop rapidly.1.2 Technology capability structure of late developing country automobile manufacturing enterprises based on module knowledge systemTo analyze the growth of technological capabilities of enterprises, we need to start with the essence and constitution of technological capabilities. From the essence of technical ability, enterprise technical ability is a kind of knowledge, so the growth of technical ability is the growth of stock knowledge and the creation of new knowledge. The stock knowledge refers to the existing knowledge in the knowledge system. From the view of structure, the knowledge structure characteristic of the automobile manufacturing enterprise is presented in the automobile manufacturing enterprise because of the modularization and modularization of the automobile industry.The knowledge of the module system exists in the form of information, and the internal information of the system is the basis of the existence and development of the module system. Baldwin and Clark borrow the similar ideas of computer science to divide the information of the module system into system information (visual design rules) and module information (the stealth design rules). The system information is composed of structure information, interface information and standard information. It is the system knowledge that defines the components, functions and integrated module information of the system module. The module information refers to the design rules within the module, does not exceed the boundary of the module, and is a hidden 3- 6 for the module outside. Various modules form a modular knowledge system through systematic knowledge connection (the conceptual framework of system modularization is shown in Figure 2). For automobile manufacturing enterprises, system knowledge includes the relevant technologies and standards in the whole process of vehicle development, and modular knowledge refers to parts and components technology and internal standards.In the module system, some modules are very important for the existence and development of the whole module system. These modules are called key modules. From the perspective of system complexity, the key modules have the following three characteristics:(1) the technical complexity of the module is high.(2) the interaction between modules and other modules is more. According to the basic principle of graph theory, the nodes of this type of modules have more adjacent nodes, so these modules have great influence on the stability of the system.(3) module function constitutes an important part of the main body or main body of the function of the superior module. The key module is the core function part of the module system. It is the premise and foundation of the whole system. The development and changes of the key modules often cause the fundamental change of the whole module system, and the evolution and upgrading of the module system are based on the evolution of the key modules. For the automobile module system, the power assembly module and the intelligent chassis module are the typical key modules for the whole vehicle products. At the same time, the engine is the key module of the power assembly module.2 Research on the growth path of technological capability of automobile manufacturers in latecomer countriesThe development level and competitive ability of the automobile industry are the comprehensive reflection of all kinds of technical capabilities in the automobile industry, and the vehicle manufacturing enterprises, as the carrier of the final products and services, are the key to the development of the automobile industry. Taking the car industry as an example, in order to quickly improve the technical ability of the car manufacturing enterprises, China has adopted the cooperation with the international auto industry giants to establish the development model of the joint venture. But the result of several years is full street foreign cars and joint ventures. The joint venture has not formed the expected technical ability, not only the car market is divided by foreign brands, but the original technical ability base of the Chinese joint venture is also lost. The failure of the technical ability model of the joint venture of market exchange technology makes us have to reexamine the growth path of the technical ability of our automobile manufacturing enterprises. This paper selects 5 representative independent brand car manufacturing enterprises in China, compares Japanese TOYOTA and Korea Hyundai Motor Company, and analyzes the technological capability growth path of the national automobile enterprises through comparison of their technological capability growth.2.1 research on the growth of technological capability of the national automobile manufacturing enterprises after the initial stageThere is a famous saying in the Toyota Corporation that imitation is always simpler than creation. It is the only way for technical ability to learn from the mature technology in the industry. In the initial stage of automobile manufacturing enterprises in late developing countries, the main task is to rapidly launch vehicle products, occupy the market or gain profits, so as to realize the survival needs of enterprises. The modular network of automobile production makes the automobile manufacturing enterprises can obtain all kinds of modules of the whole vehicle production through various modular integration suppliers, parts enterprises and professional technology companies. How to integrate the modules and components of different sources into the whole vehicle product is the key point for the development of the technological capability of the automobile manufacturing enterprises in the late development period. Therefore, the growth of the technological capability of the late developing countrys automobile manufacturing enterprises is mainly manifested by the stock growth of the system knowledge.The growth of the stock of system knowledge is formed through the technological learning of vehicle development process, with two main ways, namely, independent research and development, and commissioned research and development. In particular, in the way of independent research and development leading, enterprises learn through reverse engineering. Most of their models have imitative traces. The first models of TOYOTA, Geely and Chery can find the imitative shadow. In the way of principal R & D leading, enterprises entrust professional technology companies to develop new models and send them at the same time. Technical personnel participate in the whole process and carry out technical learning. Modern, Changan and Hafei take this kind of research and development mode 7. The key to develop the vehicle development ability is to actively participate in the whole vehicle development practice, to carry on the technical learning of the whole vehicle development process and to establish its own R & D team, whether it is independent R & D LED or commissioned by R & D leading. Complete entrustment design does not have the ability to develop vehicle development, because there is no technical learning in the complete entrustment design, for example, Huachen did not develop vehicle development ability at the start stage. And the module knowledge in the beginning stage does not appear technology growth, from the point of view of engine technology, all the automobile enterprises take the way of direct introduction or purchase of mature technology at this stage.Through the above comparison, it can be seen that the growth of the technical ability of the automobile manufacturing enterprises in the initial stage is the growth of the system knowledge represented by the vehicle development technology, and the replication and imitation of the technical ability in the system knowledge can be realized. The main way is technology learning. The successful construction of the technical ability of the enterprise in this stage is that the enterprise has the signature right of the vehicle design, and can independently carry out the purchase, production, assembly and simple adaptive improvement of the modules and components of the automobile products, and launch the first independent model. Start-ups often launch models for low-end markets that are ignored by large car manufacturers.2.2 the growth of technological capability of late developing countrys automobile manufacturing enterprisesWith the initial development of vehicle development technology in the early stage, enterprises have the basis of independent vehicle production, and enterprises enter the early stage of growth. At this stage, enterprises often adopt the strategy of imitation and follow up, and expand in the low-end market. However, the development of imitation based models requires enterprises to enhance vehicle development technology, which will inevitably require further growth of system knowledge. In addition, the market expansion of enterprises has touched the interests of large auto companies, and the key module technology, such as engine, is often in the hands of large automobile companies.The growth of system knowledge is manifested in the growth of stock knowledge and the creation of new knowledge. On the basis of deepening the technology learning, the enterprise carries on the adaptive creation of the system knowledge, mainly aiming at the adaptability of the module knowledge in the model improvement of the model. At this stage, enterprises with independent research and development strategies mimic successful models in the market by imitating improved R & D strategies, such as TOYOTA, Hyundai, Chery and Geely; companies with cooperative R & D strategies have deepened their R & D levels and increased their R & D ratios, such as Changan,Hafeiand Huachen . And no matter what research and development strategy, enterprises are actively looking for external partners, one is to make up for the lack of vehicle development technology, the two is to deepen technical learning. The continuous deepening of technological learning and vehicle development practices is a necessary way for knowledge growth of enterprise systems.The growth of key module knowledge is represented by the stock growth of module knowledge. In the process of expansion and growth of the independent brand car manufacturing enterprise, the original key module technology provider will stop the technical supply out of various considerations (such as the Mitsubishi Cos engine technology interruption to the modern engine) or the adaptive improvement of the refusal Technology (Fords refusal of the Chery engine to change the requirements), and the key module is high technology. Fees also make it difficult for independent brand auto manufacturers to afford (TOYOTA raises the price of Geelys engine supply). Enterprises urgently need to get rid of technology monopolies on key modules. These subjective and objective conditions force independent brand car manufacturers to realize the autonomy of key module knowledge. From the power assembly module, the car enterprises of independent brand generally adopt the purchase of lower layer module technology, cooperate with the professional engine technology company to carry out the technology learning and development practice of the power assembly module.Through the above comparison, it can be seen that the development of technological capability in the early growth stage of the automobile manufacturing enterprises in the latter country shows that the development of vehicle development technology on the basis of imitation is improved continuously in the growth of system knowledge, and the growth of the stock knowledge of some key modules in the growth of the module knowledge is the growth of the stock knowledge of some key modules. The main approaches are continuous technological learning, technological cooperation and vehicle development practices. The symbol of the development of the technical ability of the national automobile manufacturing enterprises in this stage is the design and production of the engine based engine based power system module.2.3 Research on the growth of technological capability of late developing countries automobile manufacturersWith the continuous expansion of the scale of enterprises, the profits of the low end market are relatively low, and it is difficult to support the rapid expansion of enterprises. In the high speed growth stage, the product line of the enterprise began to extend to the middle end. The enterprise began to compete directly with the large automobile manufacturing enterprise. The technological ability of the imitation strategy made the enterprise inferior in the competition. First of all, in quality, the system knowledge and module knowledge caused by the imitation strategy do not adapt, making the independent brand automobile product quality generally poor; secondly, the competition focus of the low-grade car market is the price, and the focus of the middle grade car market is the price ratio, and the enterprise must improve the performance on the basis of imitation. Therefore, the improvement of product quality, the leading strategy of low cost and the implementation of differentiation strategy are the developing direction of the technological capability of enterprises at this stage. For Chinas independent brand car manufacturing enterprises, whether from the perspective of technological capability growth or from the perspective of enterprise scale, most of them stay in the early stage of growth, and have not entered the stage of high speed growth. Therefore, this stage selects TOYOTA and modern development for comparative analysis.The growth of system knowledge is manifested as the adaptive creation of new knowledge. It mainly includes:(1) to solve the problem of system adaptability caused by changes in module knowledge. With the change of key module technology, the vehicle development technology must be adjusted adaptively to ensure the stability of the whole module system.(2) improve the quality of the product. Almost all of the independent brand cars have left a quality and cheap impression in the early stage of growth. The crown RS of TOYOTA has been cold in the American market because of its low performance, and it has been considered the pronoun of low price cars in modern times. The rapid growth of enterprises needs to get rid of this negative influence. Therefore, the emphasis of vehicle development technology is on improving quality.(3) reduce the cost of production. As a market entry, whether in brand loyalty or technical level, the post national independent brand car has no advantage in the competition of the same grade model. TOYOTA and Hyundai have adopted low cost strategies to provide the same grade of vehicle products at lower prices. The successful implementation of low cost strategy is inseparable from efforts made by enterprises to reduce costs in vehicle development technology. The increasingly perfect JustInTime production mode is TOYOTAs magic weapon in this stage.2.4 The development of technological capability of automobile manufacturers in late developing countriesThe maturity of automobile manufacturing enterprises is represented by multiple series of vehicles with different market segments. First of all, mature enterprises enter the high-end car market, and the introduction of high-end models is a sign of the maturity of automobile manufacturers. From the development process of independent brand car manufacturing enterprises, its models are also rising step by step from low end to middle and high end. The high-end vehicle is a comprehensive reflection of the technical capability of the automobile manufacturing enterprise. The technological capability of the enterprise must be higher than that of the large automobile manufacturing enterprise in all aspects. Secondly, the original medium and low-grade car market also needs new upgrading and replacement to consolidate and maintain. This requires a comprehensive promotion of the technical ability of the enterprise.The growth of module knowledge is characterized by the rapid development of multiple key modules and the development of
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