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MyersPSYCHOLOGY,Chapter1ThinkingCriticallywithPsychologicalScience,TheNeedforPsychologicalScience,Psychologists,likeallscientists,usethescientificmethodtoconstructtheoriesthatorganizeobservationsandimplytestablehypotheses,TheNeedforPsychologicalScience,HindsightBiaswetendtobelieve,afterlearninganoutcome,thatwewouldhaveforeseenitthe“I-knew-it-all-along”phenomenonOverconfidencewetendtothinkweknowmorethanwedo,TheNeedforPsychologicalScience,CriticalThinkingthinkingthatdoesnotblindlyacceptargumentsandconclusionsexaminesassumptionsdiscernshiddenvaluesevaluatesevidence,TheAmazingRandi-Skeptic,TheNeedforPsychologicalScience,TheoryanexplanationusinganintegratedsetofprinciplesthatorganizesandpredictsobservationsHypothesisatestablepredictionoftenimpliedbyatheory,TheNeedforPsychologicalScience,TheNeedforPsychologicalScience,OperationalDefinitionastatementofprocedures(operations)usedtodefineresearchvariablesExample-intelligencemaybeoperationallydefinedaswhatanintelligencetestmeasures,TheNeedforPsychologicalScience,Replicationrepeatingtheessenceofaresearchstudytoseewhetherthebasicfindinggeneralizestootherparticipantsandcircumstancesusuallywithdifferentparticipantsindifferentsituations,Description,Psychologistsdescribebehaviorusingcasestudies,surveys,andnaturalisticobservation,Description,CaseStudyPsychologistsstudyoneormoreindividualsingreatdepthinthehopeofrevealingthingstrueofusall,Islanguageuniquelyhuman?,Description,Surveytechniqueforascertainingtheself-reportedattitudesorbehaviorsofpeopleusuallybyquestioningarepresentative,randomsampleofpeopleRandomSampleasamplethatfairlyrepresentsapopulationbecauseeachmemberhasanequalchanceofinclusion,Description,FalseConsensusEffecttendencytooverestimatetheextenttowhichothersshareourbeliefsandbehaviorsPopulationallthecasesinagroup,fromwhichsamplesmaybedrawnforastudy,Description,Description,Ifmarblesoftwocolorsaremixedwellinthelargejar,thefastestwaytoknowtheirratioistoblindlytransferafewintoasmalleroneandcountthem,Description,NaturalisticObservationobservingandrecordingbehaviorinnaturallyoccurringsituationswithouttryingtomanipulateandcontrolthesituation,Correlation,CorrelationCoefficientastatisticalmeasureoftheextenttowhichtwofactorsvarytogether,andthushowwelleitherfactorpredictstheother,Correlationcoefficient,Indicatesdirectionofrelationship(positiveornegative),Indicatesstrengthofrelationship(0.00to1.00),r=+.37,Correlation,Scatterplotagraphedclusterofdots,eachofwhichrepresentsthevaluesoftwovariablestheslopeofthepointssuggeststhedirectionoftherelationshiptheamountofscattersuggeststhestrengthofthecorrelationlittlescatterindicateshighcorrelationalsocalledascattergramorscatterdiagram,Correlation,Scatterplots,showingpatternsofcorrelations,Correlation,Correlation,ScatterplotofHeightandTemperament,55606570758085,Correlation,ThreePossibleCause-EffectRelationships,(1)Lowself-esteem,Depression,(2)Depression,Lowself-esteem,Lowself-esteem,Depression,(3)Distressingeventsorbiologicalpredisposition,couldcause,couldcause,couldcause,or,or,and,IllusoryCorrelation,IllusoryCorrelationtheperceptionofarelationshipwherenoneexists,TwoRandomSequences,Yourchancesofbeingdealteitherofthesehandsispreciselythesame:1in2,598,960.,Experimentation,Experimentaninvestigatormanipulatesoneormorefactors(independentvariables)toobservetheireffectonsomebehaviorormentalprocess(thedependentvariable)byrandomassignmentofparticipantstheexperimentcontrolsotherrelevantfactors,Experimentation,Placeboaninertsubstanceorconditionthatmaybeadministeredinsteadofapresumedactiveagent,suchasadrug,toseeifittriggerstheeffectsbelievedtocharacterizetheactiveagentDouble-blindProcedureboththeresearchparticipantsandtheresearchstaffareignorant(blind)aboutwhethertheresearchparticipantshavereceivedthetreatmentoraplacebocommonlyusedindrug-evaluationstudies,Experimentation,ExperimentalConditiontheconditionofanexperimentthatexposesparticipantstothetreatment,thatis,tooneversionoftheindependentvariableControlConditiontheconditionofanexperimentthatcontrastswiththeexperimentaltreatmentservesasacomparisonforevaluatingtheeffectofthetreatment,Experimentation,RandomAssignmentassigningparticipantstoexperimentalandcontrolconditionsbychanceminimizespre-existingdifferencesbetweenthoseassignedtothedifferentgroups,Experimentation,IndependentVariabletheexperimentalfactorthatismanipulatedthevariablewhoseeffectisbeingstudiedDependentVariabletheexperimentalfactorthatmaychangeinresponsetomanipulationsoftheindependentvariableinpsychologyitisusuallyabehaviorormentalprocess,Experimentation,ResearchStrategies,Designofthesubliminaltapesexperiment,StatisticalReasoning,StatisticalReasoning,StatisticalReasoning,ModethemostfrequentlyoccurringscoreinadistributionMeanthearithmeticaverageofadistributionobtainedbyaddingthescoresandthendividingbythenumberofscoresMedianthemiddlescoreinadistributionhalfthescoresareaboveitandhalfarebelowit,StatisticalReasoning,ASkewedDistribution,StatisticalReasoning,RangethedifferencebetweenthehighestandlowestscoresinadistributionStandardDeviationacomputedmeasureofhowmuchscoresvaryaroundthemeanStatisticalSignificanceastatisticalstatementofhowlikelyitisthatanobtainedresultoccurredbychance,FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutPsychology,Canlaboratoryexperimentsilluminateeverydaylife?,FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutPsychology,Doesbehaviordependononesculture?Culture-theenduringbehaviors,ideas,attitudes,andtraditionssharedbyalargegroupofpeopleandtransmittedfromonegenerationtothenext,FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutPsychology,Doesbehaviorvarywithgender?,FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutPsychology,Whydopsychologistsstudyanimals?Isitethicaltoexperimentonanimals?Isitethicaltoexperimentonpeople?,FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutPsychology,Ispsychologyfreeofvaluejudgments?,FrequentlyAskedQuestionsaboutPsychology,Ispsychologypotentiallydangerous?,
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