句子结构及各类从句详解

.Topic1：whether to attend college at home or abroadTopic2：what do you think young leaders？Topic3：describe a person that impressed you most句子成分：定义：组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语（直接和间接）、补语、表语、定语和状语。一、主语1. 定义：主语是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当，位于句首。The desk is old. （名词作主语）He is a doctor. （代词作主语）To see is to believe. （不定式作主语）The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching . 不断磨练 （名词短语做主语）2、 谓语谓语是用来说明主语“干什么”或“怎么样”的。谓语或谓语部分里的主要词必须用动词。运用中，谓语和主语在人称和数上应保持一致，且谓语应在主语后面。I play basketball in the morning. （实意动词作谓语）We can speak English . （情态动词和实意动词作谓语）3、 宾语表示及物动词的动作对象或内容，通常位于动词之后或介词后构成介词短语。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。Pass me the book, please. （代词和名词作间接引语和直接引语）I want to eat two hamburgers now. （不定式作宾语）She likes skipping .跳绳（动名词作宾语）4、 表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质或状态的词。常位于系动词之后，由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或不定式来充当。It is a flower. （名词作表语）We are at work . (介词短语做表语）She is nice . （形容词做表语）Her job is to look after her baby. （不定式作表语）5、 定语用来修饰名词或代词。定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。通常名词、形容词、数词、分词、不定式、介词短语或定语从句都可以用作定语。The boy pupil is in class three. (（名词作定语）The girl in red is my sister. （介词短语作定语）6、 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的句子成分。状语表示动作、行为发生的时间、原因。地点、方式、目的或程度等。一般由副词、不定式、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语通常位于句末，但有时也可以放在句首和句中。I can jump high. （副词做状语）Without the idea, I cant finish the work. （介词短语做状语）7、 补语补语是用来对句子中的某些成分（主语、表语、宾语等）进行补充说明。补语的形式由动词的类别来决定。Tom was made monitor. （主语补语）I made Tom monitor. （宾语补语）I am sure to succeed. *通常情况下，主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词做状语放在句子后面。如下：（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）（The tall）boy （often）goes （to the big）zoo （on Sunday）.句子分类简单句、并列句、复合句简单句基本句型：S+Vi. （主语+不及物动词） S+Vi+S.C （主语+不及物动词+主语补足语） S+Vt+O. （主语+及物动词+宾语） S+Vt + I.O+D.O （主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语） S+Vt +O+O.C （主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语）1、 主语+不及物动词不及物动词本身就可以表达完整的意思，不需要宾语及补语，但有时可有副词，介词短语等状语修饰语，这些动词常有：appear，apologize，arrive，come，die等It happened.Things change .The operation progressed smoothly.2. 主语+不及物动词+主语补足语这里的不及物动词就是指系动词，系动词本身不能表达完整的意思，需要形容词、名词、介词短语等来补充说明主语，也叫主语补足语。根据句子的含意，系动词可分为1）表示转变或结果的，有get，become，turn，come，够等，2）表示状态的，有be动词，look，seem，sound，smell等Its getting colder and colder.The soup has gone bad.My sister is a writer.He looks sad.3. 主语+及物动词+宾语这种句型中的动词是指及物动词，或是可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，动词后面必须接上宾语意思才完整。句子中的宾语成分通常是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等。My mom will fix everything. (everything 不能省略，省略句子意思不完整）I prefer to watch movie.4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语有些及物动词需要双宾语才能表达一个完整意思，这样的及物动词称之为授予动词，其后接两个宾语，也就是直接和间接宾语I sent a gift to Susan.My friend wrote a long letter to me .I will provide a new position for you.5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语这种句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”统称为“复合宾语”。担任补足语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、分词、动词不定式、介词短语等I found the movie interesting. （形容词interesting做补语）My father named the dog Harley. （专有名词Harley做补语）三大从句类型：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句1、 名词性从句定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。其功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中可担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。根据在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1. 主语从句定义：在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由连词that和whether，连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词what来引导1）That 引导：e.g That he is still alive is sheer luck.2） Whether 引导：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.3） 关系代词what引导：What he wants to tell us is not clear.4） 连接代词引导：Whatever I do is wrong.Whichever you want is available.5） 连接副词引导：How we find it is unknown.Why he leaves here was a secret.补充：有些时候为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置。可分为以下几种情况：1） 对于用连词that引导的主语从句，通常可以用形式主语it代替主语从句Its necessary that you take an umbrella.2） 对于关系代词what引导的主语从句，通常直接把主语放在句首，有时也可用形式主语it.It is obvious what we must do.3） 对于用连接代词或副词引导的主语从句，可以用形式主语it代替主语从句，也可直接在句首用主语从句Whether he would accept this was a question.=Its a question that whether he would accept this.4） 固定搭配：It be + 名词+ that从句：It is a fact that .、It is a surprise that.It be + 形容词+ that 从句：It is important that.、It is necessary that .It +不及物动词+that从句：It appears that.、It happens that.It +be +-ed分词+that从句：It is said that.、It is believed that.2. 宾语从句定义：在句子中起宾语作用的从句，即在复合句中做主句的宾语1） 由从属连词that、whether引导，只起连接主句与从句的作用，在从句中不充当句子成分。由that引导的宾语从句中，that可省略I am not sure if/ whether I can catch up with you.Our teacher said that you are a good student.2） 由连接代词who（whom、whose）、what、which等引导，连接代词有词义，除了连接作用，还在从句中充当句子成分，作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。I want to know whose that is.I want to know what he has told you.3） 由连接副词where、when、how、why等，有词义，除了起到连接作用，还在从句中做状语Do you know how to get there？3. 表语从句定义：表语是一个句子，说明主语是什么或者怎么样的句子，表语由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语1） 连系动词be、look、seem、sound、appear等引导表语从句It seems we have made a progress.2） 由as if、as、though引导的表语从句It looks as if he were sleeping.3）由because、why引导That is because I practiced a lot.Thats why he came.4）使用虚拟语气的表语从句：在表示劝告、建议、命令等含意的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可省略，常见的词有plan，advice，suggestion，order，proposal等My idea is that we should do it this way.He proposal was that we should hold a meeting. 4. 同位语从句定义：同位语从句用于对其所修饰的名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。也就是说，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上未同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。同位语从句一般跟在抽象名词之后：hope，wish，answer，fact，belief，news，idea，information，conclusion，suggestion，problem，thought等1） 同位语从句一般由that，whether，what，which，who，when，where，why，how等词引导We received the order that we should finish this task at once.We are talking about the problem whether we should buy a new car.I have no impression how we met each other at first.The idea came to his mind that he had put his key in the drawer.2） 同位语从句的语气：在suggestion，advice，request，order等表建议，命令，要求的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词常用should+动词原形的虚拟语气结构，should可以省略He gave me some suggestion how I should use the microscope.My teacher gave us some advice that I should read English every day.*同位语从句与定语从句的区别相似性：都放在某一名词或代词后不同性：1. 从性质上区分：定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句与前面的名词之间是同位关系，同位语从句是从句对前面的抽象名词的进一步解释说明，属于名词性从句的范畴The idea that he told me just now is impractical.（定语从句）The news that you will go abroad is true.（同位语从句）2. 从先行词区别定语从句的先行词只能是名词、代词、主语的一部分或是整个主句，而同位语从句前面的名词只能是fact，idea，hope，news，promise，truth等由一定内涵的名词The girl whom you are looking for is in the shop.We will get married，which made us very happy.The possibility that this method will work is being discussed now.3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别定语从句的引导词在句中作成分，而同位语从句的引导词不在句子中作成分The idea that he gave just now was wonderful. （定语从句，作宾语）The idea that the earth is flat has long been discredited. （同位语从句，不作成分）2、 定语从句定义：在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句通常跟在先行词之后，由关系词引出。关系词可分为：关系代词which、that、who、whom、whose等；关系副词when、where、why等1） 关系代词who/whom/that所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。The boys who are playing football are from Class one. （who在从句中做主语）She is the girl whom/ that I saw yesterday.2） 关系代词whose用来指人或物，指物时还可与of which 互换，指人时可与of whom互换I have a classmate whose father is a doctor.3） 关系代词which，that所代替的先行词是指物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等，做宾语时可省略Computer game is something that is linked by most boys.4） 关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语The time when we got together finally came.5） 关系副词where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语Beijing is the city where I was born.6） 关系副词why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语Please tell me why you are late.定语从句可分为限定性与非限定性定语从句1） 从形式上：限定性不用逗号和主句隔开；非限定性用逗号和主句隔开2） 从意义上：限定性 是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除；非限定性 是先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整3） 从译法上：限定性 翻译成先行词的定语，“”的“”；非限定性 通常翻译成主句的并列句4） 关系词的使用上：限定性 作宾语可省略，可用that，可用who代替whom；非限定性 不可省略，不用that，不用who代替whomChina is a country which has a long history.China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.My sister who is a teacher always encourages me to study hard.My sister, who is a teacher, always encourages me to study hard. 3、 状语从句定义：状语从句指在复合句中作状语的从句。状语从句由从属连词或起连词作用的词语引出，它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句位于句首或句中时，通常用逗号与主句隔开；位于句尾时不用逗号隔开。1） 表示时间在复合句中，由表示时间的连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句，常见的有when，while，as，after，before，as soon as， since， until等。When I lived in the countryside ， I used to carry some water for him.As she left the room she remembered that book.2） 表示地点地点状语从句一般由连接副词where，anywhere，wherever等引导Where there is no rain，farming is difficult or impossible.Well go anywhere you like.3） 表示方式方式状语通常由as， as if ，as though （仿佛似的），assoAs water is to fish， so air is to man。我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水He pretended as if knowing a lot of knowledge.4） 表示让步Though，although引导让步状语从句Although she was poor, yet she wanted to buy that dress.He said he would come ,he didnt ,yet.5） 表示比较比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的句子之后，并且常常会省略相同的句子成分You know as much about that as I do .They work harder than we do .6） 表示条件用于表示“假设条件下会”，一般由连词if，unless、as long as, supposing ,only if 等引导I will come to see you if I have time.You cant learn English well unless you work hard.Supposing it rains, can we play the match indoors?7） 表示原因由连词because，since，as引导，也可由for、now that等词引导Since It is so hot , lets go swimming.He is absent because he is ill.8） 表示目的目的状语的引导词是so that, in order that ,in order that,in case 等。Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me .Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.9） 表示结果由连词sothat，suchthat，so much/manythat 引导Suddenly it began to rain heavily, so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.Hes such a good person that we all like him.