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_ 九年级仁爱版Unit2Unit4知识点 U2 Topic 2 I. 重点词组-可编辑修改-1. as a result 结果2. here and there 到处3. in the beginning 一开始4. in danger 处于危险中5. cut down 砍倒6. change sth. into sth. 把变成7. prevent from 防止8. greenhouse effect 温室效应9. refer to 提到10.deal with 处理11.take up 占据12.cut off 中断II. 重点句型1. As we know, none of us likes pollution. 众所周知，没有人喜欢污染。 none与no one 的区别：a) none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。如： He has read none of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。 None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。 No one is here. 没有一个在这儿。b) none回答how many/ much的问题；no one回答who的问题。 如： A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None. 有多少的学生搭出租车来上学？ 没有人。 A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None. 瓶子里有多少水？ 一点儿也没有。 A: Who is in the room? B: No one. 谁在房中？没有人。2、Trees can also stop the wind blowing the earth away.树木也能防风固土。stop / prevent sb. /sth. (from ) doing sth. 阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事keep sb./sth. from doing sth. 阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事3、You may either take a bus or a taxi. 你们可能搭公车去或者是搭出租车去。 a) eitheror “要么要么; 或者或者” 并列连词,连接对等结构;连接主语时,根据就近原则。如： You may come either today or tomorrow. 你要么今天来，要么明天来。 We can either sing or dance. 我们可以唱歌或者跳舞。 Either you or he is right. 要么你对，要么他对。 b) either 单独使用时，是代词，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主语时，谓语动词用作单数。如： A：ould you like coffee or tea? B: Either is OK 你想要咖啡还是茶？随便都可以。 Either of us is right. 我们俩中有一人是对的。 III. 语法不定代词和不定副词：(一) 不定代词： 指人：someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody no one/ nobody everyone/everybody 指物：something anything nothing everything（二）不定副词指地点：somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere（三）用法：1 some-复合代词/副词常用于肯定句；如：I saw someone in the room. 我看见房间里有人。There is something in the woods. 树林里有什么东西。2、any-复合代词/副词常用于否定句或疑问句；如：I didnt see anyone in the room. 我没看见有人在房间里。There isnt anything in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。3、no- 复合代词/副词表全否定；如：I saw nobody in the room. 我看见房间里没有人。There is nothing in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。4、every- 复合代词/副词代替全部；如：Everyone is here. 大家都在这儿。It seems he knows everything. 似乎他知道一切。 some-复合代词/副词用于疑问句中时，表希望得到对方的肯定回答或表请求；如：Would you like something to drink? 你要点喝的东西吗？ any-复合代词/副词用于肯定句时，表“任何”；如：If people spit anywhere in public, they should be punished. 如果人们在公众的任何地方吐痰，他们应该受罚。 不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；如：No one knows this secret. 没有一人知道这个秘密。Everything goes well. 一切进展顺利。 如果有定语修饰,定语应放在不定代词或不定副词后；如：I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事告诉你。There is nobody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。 no= not any nobody = not anybody; nothing = not anythingShe didnt say anything. = She said nothing. 她什么也没说。There is nobody strange here.= There isnt anybody strange here.这儿没有一个陌生人。Topic 3 I. 重点词组1. not onlybut also 不仅而且2. be supposed to 应该3. ought to 应该4. turn off 关掉5. instead of 代替6. on time 准时7. make sure 确保8. push forward向前推9. push down 向下10.pull up 向上拉11、encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事12、after all 毕竟 above all 最重要的是.II. 重点句型1. We should use both sides of paper, and reuse plastic bags rather than throw them away. 我们应该把纸的两面都使用，将塑料袋再次使用而不是轻易扔掉。a) both 修饰复数名词；而 either 修饰单数名词； 如：There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.= There are a lot of trees on either side of the road. 在路的两边有许多树。b) rather than 表“（是）而不是”;连词, 连接对等结构, 相当于instead ofc) 如: I like coffee rather than tea. = I like coffee instead of tea. 我喜欢咖啡而不是茶. He likes listening to music rather than/ instead of singing. 他喜欢听音乐而不是唱歌. He wants to go today rather than/ instead of tomorrow. 他想今天走而不明天. I did my homework rather than watched TV. = I did my homework instead of watching TV. 昨晚我做作业了而不是看电视. 但rather than位于句首时, 后跟动词原形,它不受句中谓语动词的时态影响。如： Rather than do it by myself, I didnt ask for help.宁可自己干, 我没请人帮忙。2. Everyone is supposed to do it. 每个人都应该那样做。be supposed to do sth.指（按规定、习惯、安排等）应当做某事；必须做某事；相当于should; 用于否定句时，表“允许”； 如：Teachers are supposed to/ should know a lot. 老师应该知道很多。You are not supposed to smoke here. 这里不允许抽烟。3. First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room. 首先，当你离开房间的时候，应该随手关灯。ought to 情态动词, 表 “应该; 应当”; 语气比 should 强;指道义上应该做的事,有时含有责备或督促的语气。should 指主观上感到有责任或义务去做。如：You ought to help your mother do some housework.你应该帮你妈妈做些家务。We should study hard.我们应该努力学习。其否定式和疑问式：You oughtnt to get up so late in the morning.你早晨不应该起这么晚。Ought I to tell her the bad news? 我该告诉她坏消息吗？Yes, you ought. No, you oughtnt. III. 语法并列句：由两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句构成。结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句常用的并列连词有：and, or, but, while, not only but alsoe.g. 1. The river is dirty and the temperature of the earth is rising.2. They work well, but they are slow and cant run for long. Unit 3 Topic1 一.重点词语1.be able to=can 能够,会2.cant wait to do sth.迫不急待地做某事3.have a (good) chance to do sth.有(好)机会做某事4.practice doing sth.练习做某事5.be made by被制做;be made of/from由制成; be made in在某地制造6.on business出差7.be similar to和相似8.translateinto把翻译成9.have no/some trouble (in) doing sth.做某事没有/有些困难10.once in a while=sometimes/at times偶尔,间或11.whatever=no matter what无论何时12.as well as以及13.mother tongue 母语14.take the leading position处于领先地位15.encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事16.call for号召二.重点句型1.Disneyland is enjoyed by millions of people from all over the world.世界上数以百万的人们都喜欢迪斯尼乐园。2.I hope I can go there one day. 希望有一天我能去那儿。3.English is widely spoken around the world.英语在世界上被广泛使用。4.It is also spoken as a second language in many countries.在许多国家它也被用作第二语言。5.It is possible that you will have some trouble.你可能会遇到一些麻烦。6.Its used as the first language by most people in America,Canada,Australia ,Great Britain andNew Zealand.它被美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、英国和新西兰的大多数人用作第一语言。7.And two thirds of the worlds scientists read English.并且世界上三分之二的科学家用英语阅读。三.语法学习一般现在时的被动语态英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态。如：We clean the classroom.我们打扫教室。主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。如：The classroom is cleaned (by us).教室被（我们）打扫。1 被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+（by+宾语）其中by意为“被；由”，表动作的执行者。如：The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那个男孩打破的。be有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。如：English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式）English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式）Is English widely spoken around the world? （疑问式）Yes, it is./No, it isnt.2 被动语态的用法：（1）在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下可用被动语态。如：This coat is made of cotton.这件大衣是棉制的。（2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态。如：Her bike is stolen.她的自行车被偷了。 3 主、被动语态的转换：主动语态：主语+及物动词谓语动词+宾语（+其它） 被动语态：主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+by+宾语（+其它）注意：（1）主动、被动互转时，时态不变。（2）主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动态by的宾语时，要用宾格形式。如：(1) People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown (by people) in the south.(2) She takes care of the baby. The baby is taken care of (by her).Topic 2 一. 重点词语1.see sb. Off给送行2.depend on取决于；依靠3.be different from与不同 4.succeed in成功，达成5.make yourself understood表达你自己的意思6.on ones way to 在某人去的路上7.regard as 把.当做.8.leave for前往某地/leavefor离开去9.in twenty minutes二十分钟之后10.written English笔头英语/oral English英语口语11.generally speaking一般说来，大致上说12.as for sb./sth.至于某人/某物13.be close to靠近14.in person身体上，外貌上；亲自15.be found of爱好16.be forced to do sth.被迫做/force sb.to do强迫某人做某事17.even worse 更糟的是二、 语法学习用现在进行时表示将来现在进行时表示将来时，常有“意图”、“安排”（但不是固定不变的）或“打算”含义。它表示最近或较近的将来，所用的动词多是位移动词。如：come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start, begin, return, open, die例：Im going.我要走了。 When are you starting?你什么时候动身？Dont worry. The train is arriving here soon.别着急，火车马上就到了。表示将来的现在进行时除了用于位移动词外，亦可用于某些非位移动词。如：My uncle is meeting us tomorrow.我叔叔明天会见我们。She is buying a new bike soon.她不久将买一辆新自行车。 Topic 3 一、 重点词语1.in public在公共场所 2.at times=sometimes有时3.feel like doing=would like to do想要做4.give up sth./doing sth.放弃5.turn to sb. for help求助于某人6.give sb. some advice on/about给某人一些有关的建议7.be weak in在方面很差/be good at在方面很好8.be afraid of doing sth.害怕做某事 9.make mistakes犯错误10.take a deep breath深呼吸 11.the best time to do做某事最好的时间12.do some listening practice做些听力训练 13.reply to=answer回答14.advise sb. to do建议某人做某事（名词advice）二、 重点句型1.Could you make yourself understood in the U.S.A?在美国，别人能懂得你的话吗？2.I dont know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？3.At times I feel like giving up.有时我想要放弃。5.I dare not answer questions in class, because Im afraid of making mistakes.我不敢在课堂上回答问题，困为我害怕犯错误。8.I insist that you practice English every day.我坚持认为你们每天都应该练习英语。三、 语法学习wh- +to do wh-是指when, where, which, who(m)及how等连接词，它们和动词不定式连用，即为wh- +to do结构。这种结构在句中常作主语、表语和宾语，作宾语时可以转换为宾语从句。(对于谓语动词来说，wh- +to do这个不定式动词的动作是个尚未发生的动作，所以在转换成宾语从句时，通常须加情态动词或用将来时表示未来。)如：I dont know what to do.=I dont know what I should do.She cant decide which to buy.=she cant decide which she will buy.反之，如果主句中的主语与宾语从句中的主语一致时，宾语从句（由疑问词引导）通常可以与“疑问词+不定式”互相转换。如：I dont know what I should do.=I dont know what to do.如果不一致就不能转换。I want to know what Mary will do.(不能说:I want to know what to do.) Unit 4 Topic 1 一、重点词汇：1.beusedfor+ving被用做2.cometrue实现3.Itssaidthat据说4.during/inoneslife某人一生5.beknownas以（身份）而著名6.know/sayforcertain确切知道/肯定地说7.allthetime一直、总是8.nolonger=notanylonger不再(nomore,notanymore)9.aslongas只要10.asfaras就，尽11.makeagreatcontribution对作出巨大贡献12.therestofthetime在其余地时间里13.atanytime在任何时候二、重点句型：1.BecauseImnotallowedtoplaycomputergames. 因为我不可以玩电脑游戏。allow“允许、准许”的意思。常用于以下几种形式：(1)allow+n./prep如：Wecantallowsuchathing. 我们不容许这种事情发生。(2)allowsb.todosth允许某人做某事 如：Sheallowedmetogofishing. 她允许我去钓鱼。(3)allow+doingsth允许做某事如：Wedontallowsmokinginthereading-room. 我们不允许在阅览室吸烟。(4)beallowedtodosth如：被允许做某事Thestudentsareallowedtoplaygamesontheplaygroundafterschool.放学后学生们被准许在操场上做游戏。2.Itsmadefromwood. 它用木材做的。(1)bemadein在地方制造，后接表示地点的名词。(2)bemadeof用制造的，表示原材料未经化学变化，仍可看得出原材料。(3)bemadefrom用制造的，表示原材料经过化学变化，已看不出其原样。(4)bemadeby由（被）（人）制作，后接表示人的名词或代词。(5)bemadeinto（某物）被制成(6)bemadeupof由组成如：TheTVsetismadeinJapan. 这台电视机是日本生产的。Thesehousesaremadeofstones. 这些房子是由石头建造的。Paperismadefromwood. 纸是木头造的。Wasthiscakemadebyyourmother? 这蛋糕是你妈妈做的吗？Metalcanbemadeintoallkindsofthings. 金属可以制成各种各样的物品。Themedicalteamismadeupoftendoctors. 这支医疗队由10位大夫组成。4.ItsusedforhelpingustoimproveourEnglish. 它用来帮助我们提高英语水平。(1)beusedfor+ving beusedtodo（被）用来做 强调用途或作用(2)beusedas（被）作为而用，强调被当作工具或手段来用。(3)beusedby被使用，by后跟人/物，强调使用者。如:Pensareusedforwriting. 钢笔被用来写字。Woodisusedtomakepaper. 木材被用来造纸。EnglishisusedasaforeignlanguageinChina. 英语在中国被当作外语使用。RecordersareoftenusedbyEnglishteachers. 英语老师经常使用录音机。5.Peoplearesurprisedattherapiddevelopmentofrobots.人们为机器人的飞速发展感到惊讶。句子中besurprisedat是一个系表结构，表示“对感到惊讶”。而besurprisedby是一个被动语态形式，表示“被所惊讶”。如：Iamsurprisedatyou. 我对你的举动感到诧异。Themanagerwassurprisedbywhathesawonthecomputer.那位经理被眼前出现在电脑屏幕上的东西所惊讶。6.Theywillnolongerwanttobeourservants,butourmasters.它们将不再愿意做我们的人，而要做我们的主人。nolonger（通常在动词前），notanylonger;notanymore（用于非正式文体中）都可表示“（过去曾）现在不再”如：Shenolongerliveshere.Shedoesntlivehereanylonger(或anymore).她不在这儿住了。（过去她曾住这儿）7.Thismethodworkedwellatnightaslongastheweatherwasgoodandthestarscouldbeseen.在夜间只要天气晴朗，能看见星星，这种方法就能很好地发挥作用。workwell有效aslongas只要四、重点语法：1、一般过去时的被动语态谓语部分的基本形式是be的过去式was/were+及物动词的过去分词。如：Whenwasitmade?它是什么时候制造的？Itwasmadein1980.它是1980年制造的。Whenwasthedigitalcamerainvented? 数码像机是什么时候发明的？Itwasinventedin1975. 它是1975年发明的。2、时间前所用介词的速记歌年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。 遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。 午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错。at也用在时分前，说“差”可要用上to。说“过”只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记，莫让岁月成蹉跎。 Topic2一、重点词汇：1.travelbyspaceship乘宇宙飞船旅行2.inthefuture 在将来3.inorderto 为了4.ontheradio通过收音机5.takepartin参加6.growup成长、长大7.preferto喜欢胜过8.Whatsworse更为糟糕的是9.beworthit有好处，值得一干10.atadistanceof相隔11.sendsbamessage给某人发送信息二、重点句型：1.Idontthinkalienscanbefoundinspace. 我认为外星人不可能出现在太空里。(1)当think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect等动词后的宾语从句含有not的否定词时，该否定应移至主句，即否定主句的谓语动词。如：Idontthinkitwillraintomorrow. 我认为明天不会下雨。如果主句的主语是第二、三人称，否定式一般不转移。如：Hesupposestheywontwinthegame. 他猜想他们赢不了比赛。(2)can+be+过去分词，是情态动词构成的被动语态。如：Thiscantbedoneinashorttime. 这不是短期内能完成的。2.IthasbeentwodayssincewelandedonMars.自从我们登上火星以来已经两天了。it用作主语谈论时间，常与since连用。如：Itis(或hasbeen)threeyearssinceweleftschool.自从我们离开学校以来已经三年了。3.Whatsworse,ourwatersupplieswereverylow.更糟糕的是，我们的水供给是非常有限的。Whatsworse更糟糕的是。类似结构还有：Whatsmore更有甚者；更为重要的是。4.Itsaquarterasbigastheearth. 它是地球的四分之一大。倍数表示法：倍数+as+形容词/副词+as如：Thisboxisthreetimesasheavyasthatone. 这只箱子是那只箱子的三倍重。5.Marsgoesaroundthesunatadistanceofabout228millionkilometers.恒星在相隔大约228000000千米的地方绕着太阳转动。(1)atadistanceof相隔(2)atadistance在远处。如：Themoongoesaroundtheearthatadistanceof380000km.月球在距地球38万千米的地方绕地球旋转。Thepolicefollowedhimatadistance. 警察远远地跟着他。四、重点语法：情态动词的被动语态:是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如：Alienscannotbeseenontheearth. 在地球上不可能见到外星人。Otherplanetsmaybevisitedsooninthefuture. 将来其他的星球也会有人登陆。Scientificresearchshouldbedonecarefully. 应该认真地进行科学研究。Thesetreesmustbewateredintime. 这些树应该及时浇水。 T31. go around 环绕2. sendinto =send upinto 把送入3. congratulations on sth 祝贺某事4. be proud of 为而自豪5. be moved by 为而感动6. Thanks/Thank you for +n./ving sth 感谢某人做的某事7. have physical examinations 做体检 8. in good/bad health 处于好（不好）的身体状态9. cant help doing 情不自禁做10. take turn to (do sth) 轮流（做某事）11. no doubt 无疑地12. as well as 除的之外，也13. for instance/example 例如14. work on 做（方面）的工作15. depend on/upon 依靠，依赖16. turn on 打开17. turn off 关掉18. turn up 开大19. turn down 关小20. click on 用鼠标点击21. look forward to doing sth 期待做某事二、重点句型：1. Now big plans are being made to send up more satellites and even build a space station.现在中国正在计划发射更多的卫星，甚至建造一个空间站。(1) 句子“are being made”是现在进行时的被动语态，结构“be being+过去分词”。(2) 主动句中的宾补如果是不带to的不定式时，变成被动句后，成为主补的不定式必须带to,常见跟不带to的复合宾语的动词有see、feel、hear、make等。2. Im moved by what Yang Liwei did. 我被杨利伟所做的事感动了。(1) What Yang Liwei did 是介词by的宾语从句，意为“杨利伟所做的事”(2) be moved by 为而感动 如：The students are moved by the old mans story.同学们为那位老人的故事而感动。3. Generally speaking, we are in good health now. 一般来说，我们现在的健康状况良好。(1) generally speaking “一般来说、大体上、大概”(2) in good/bad health 处于好（不好）的身体状况。如:He has a cold, he is always in bad health. 他感冒了，他的身体状况总是不好。4. We couldnt help looking at the earth again and again.我们忍不住再三地看着地球。 (1) cant/couldnt help doing sth. 忍不住做某事，不能停止做某事。如： I cant help crying. 我忍不住哭了。(2) again and again 一再，屡次，如：The teacher has told him again and again.老师已屡次和他讲过了。6. It has proved that China has made great progress in developing its space industry. 这证明了中国航天业的发展已取得了巨大的进步。It has proved that 这证明了7.There is no doubt that computers are widely used by workers in business and technology.毫无疑问,电脑被商业,科技工作者广泛地应用.There is no doubt that 译为“毫无疑问”如:There is no doubt that we should protect the environment. 毫无疑问我们应该保护环境。8. Computers have made the world smaller, like a “village”. 电脑使得世界变小了，就像一个“村庄”。 make+宾语+形容词 “使怎样”如：Well try our best to make our country more and more beautiful.我们将尽全力使我产的国家越来越美丽.3、 重点语法：定语从句1功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。2位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please.3先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。4关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等关系副词：when，where，why等 关系代词引导的定语从句 1、who, whom, that 代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。Is he the man who/that wants to see you? He is the man （whom/ that）I saw yesterday. 2、whose 用来指人或物，只用作定语。 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover (=the cover of which) is green.3、which, that代替的先行词是事物，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.The package（which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.三、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词when, where, why可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构。先行词是situation, case, circumstances, scene, occasion或point等, 常用where 引导定语从句。Occasion有时也用when引导。All the world is in a peaceful situation(形势), where we can trade with each other equally.In some cases(情况) where you cant get along well with each other, you had better be sensible.This is not an occasion(场合) for laughter, where you must take things seriously.I have come to the point (地步)where I cant stand him.There are occasions when（=on which）one must yield.Beijing is the place where（=in which）I was born.Is this the reason why （=for which）he refused our offer?书面表达技巧善于衔接。一篇好作文不仅是词汇、句子的简单罗列，语句间如缺乏必要的连接过渡和照应，作文就会结构简单，句式单调，缺少灵气，而看似不显眼的衔接过渡可大大增强作文的连贯性，逻辑性和可读性。常见的语篇衔接成分见下表：逻辑关系语篇衔接成分时间关系first(ly),second(ly),then, finally, suddenly, immediately,after, until, the moment, while空间关系in front of, across, above, nearby, at the back of, next to, on one sideon the other side对称关系on one handon the other hand, for one thingfor another转折关系but, however, yet, while, though, otherwise, rather than, no matter what ,on the other hand因果关系because of, thanks to, because, since, as, for this/that reason, as a result, so, therefore.条件关系as long as, if, unless, if necessary增补关系besides, in addition, not onlybut also, as well, whats more,whats worse举例for example/instance, such as, like, namely, in other words评价as far as I know, there is no doubt that, Im not sure that,Its certain that, as we know, Its known to all that,总结in a word, next to, in short, in general, in all, to sum upGenerally speaking, thereforeTHANKS !致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考
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