句法差异：形合与意合.ppt

Comparativestudies,1.语义的差异2.语法的差异3.句法的差异4.思维的差异Page17,孙致礼,整体综合与细节分析syntheticvsanalytical.中国人习惯于概括综合,整体把握,不强求形式分析与逻辑推理;英语国家的人重个体成分的独立作用及相互关系,强调形式分析和规则的制约.,Inthinking:,3.句法的差异：形合(hypotaxis/hapotactic)与意合(parataxis/paratactic),Hypotaxis:Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnective,forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudontcome.(TheAmericanHeritageDictionary),形合：句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来，表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。,3.句法的差异：形合(hypotaxis/hapotactic)与意合(parataxis/paratactic),意合：词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。英语：明示(overtcohesion)汉语：隐含(covertcoherence),Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectiveshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Example:Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewashedaway.,形合:英语的句子通常以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，借助诸如分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词之类的连接手段，把句子的其他各个语法成分层层搭架，呈现出由中心向外扩展的“分岔式或空间式”结构。意合:汉语意合句则是按时间的先合顺序,即通过多个动词的连用或流水句形式,按时间顺序和事理推移的方法,一件一件交代清楚,一层一层铺开,呈现的是一个时间顺序的流水图形式.(RefertoEx2:21),1.注意形式vs注意达意形合:Letsgohome,asitislate.意合:已经晚了,我们回去吧.,1.注意形式vs注意达意意合:我常见许多青年的朋友，聪明用功，成绩优异，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，问其故曰其兴趣不在语文方面。(梁实秋学问与趣味)形合:Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriendswhohavedoneexceedinglywellintheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.TheycannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.WhenIaskedthemwhy,theysaidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.,2.词形变化组句vs多个动词按时间顺序组句.形合:Hejumpedupandhastenedtothemirrorinthebathroom,takingawaythetoweltoexaminethecutuponhischeek.意合:他跳起来,连忙跑到卫生间的镜子前,拿起毛巾,仔细察看脸上的伤口.月亮故乡好,故乡好月亮.月好亮故乡,故乡月好亮.“有什么可吃的?”“您老,吃什么有什么.”“有什么吃什么!”,3.英语多倒装句与汉语的不存在倒装句.形合:NeverdidIseehimsoangry.意合:我从来没见到过他这么生气.形合:Littledoesheknowhowmuchsufferinghehascaused.意合:他就不大知道他给别人造成了多大的痛苦.E:do,does,did;C:一般词序不变,只增加某些词而已.,4.空间搭架vs时间顺序的流水形图式.形合:复合句意合:连动句E:RefertoEx2:sentence21.sentence22,4.空间搭架vs时间顺序的流水形图式.E:可以打破先后顺序或采取灵活的词序.意合:注重动作的先后次序与因果的前后关系.形合:AfterIhadmydinner,Iwentforawalk.(IwentforawalkafterIhadmydinner.)意合:我吃过晚饭后出去散了散步.,21.Dr.Smith(1)resumed重新开始theactivitiesofanti-cancerexperiment(2)begunin1945and(3)financedbytheFederalgovernmentassoonashe(4)snapped突然断裂from(5)hisoriginaldisappointmentat(6)repeatedfailures,whichhas(7)resultedinitsforcedsuspension暂停.史密斯医生于(2)1945年开始着手(3)由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。他由于(6)屡遭失败而(5)感到沮丧，(7)被迫终止了实验工作,(4)现在他又重新振作起来，(1)恢复了抗癌实验活动。,22.(1)They(thepoor)arethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacurse(2)whichdestroystheoldmuscle-powerjobs(3)thatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.(recasting)(3)对于以往几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段，(2)而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。(1)因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。,24.(1)Thesecretofthemoonremainedunveiled除去.的面纱untilthelatterhalfofthetwentiethcenturyduetothelackoflunarspacecarrier,(2)foraseriesofquestionsconcerningfuel,material,safelanding,propellingmechanismandparticularlyelectroniccomputationetc.weretoointricate复杂的,错综的tosolveunderthetechnicalconditionsearlyinthiscentury,(3)whichhavesincebeenundergoingprofoundchangeandgreatlyimproving.(reversing/inserting)(3)20世纪初，技术条件产生了深刻的变化，有了极大的改进。(2)但在当时的技术条件下，燃料、材料、安全着陆、推进装置，特别是电子计算等一系列的问题都过于复杂，难以解决，没有登月运载工具。(1)因此直到20世纪后期才揭开月球的秘密。,6.(1)Plasticsismadefromwater(2)whichisanaturalresourceinexhaustibleandavailableeverywhere,coal(3)whichcanbeminedthroughautomaticandmechanicalprocessesatlesscostandlime(4)whichcanbeobtainedfromthecalcinations煅烧oflimestone石灰石widelypresentinnature.(cutting)(1)塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。(2)水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源；(3)煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低；(4)石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。,Exercise,她不老实,我不能信任她.人不犯我,我不犯人.(attack)不知苦中苦,哪知甜中甜?狼披着羊皮还是狼.(wolf;insheepsclothing)玩火自焚.他不来，我不去。种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。吃苦在前，享受在后。物极必反。王琼page55-60,1.Becausesheisnothonest,Icanttrusther.2.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.3.Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall胆汁,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?4.AWolfremainsawolfeventhoughitisinsheepsclothing.5.Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.,key,6.Ifhedoesntcomehere,Illnotgothere.7.Asyousow,sowillyoureap.8.Bethefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoycomforts.9.Onceacertainlimitisreached,achangeintheoppositedirectionisinevitable.,key,原文的形合句究竟是译成形和句还是意合句，应视情况而定，不能“一刀切”。E.g.:restructuring,Conclusion,王琼page55-60,Reference:,土地的价格占了整个房价的30%。(accountfor)科学证据表明人类的一些行为导致了气候的变化。(contributeto；humanactivities)统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。(bychance；correspondence)我们应尽可能多地收集数据，以便找出它长期发展的趋势。(data,identify)从图中可以看出，10年间食品价格有了大幅度的提高。,Translation,1.土地的价格占了整个房价的30%。(accountfor)Landpricesaccountfor30%ofthehouseprices.2.科学证据表明人类的一些行为导致了气候的变化。(contributeto；humanactivities)Scientificevidencesuggeststhathumanactivitiesarecontributingtoclimatechange.3.统计分析表明这些吻合不可能偶然发生的。(bychance；correspondence)Statisticalanalyseshaveshownthatthesecorrespondencesarehighlyunlikelytohaveoccurredbychance.,Translation,从图中可以看出，10年间食品价格有了大幅度的提高。Itcanbeseenfromthechartthatfoodpriceshaverosedramaticallyinthepastdecade.,Translation,AThequestionofwhetherheredity(“nature”)orenvironment(“nurture”)ismoreimportantindeterminingthecourseofhumandevelopmenthasbeendebatedthroughthecenturies.Forexample,theseventeenth-centuryBritishphilosopherJohnLockerejectedtheprevailingnotionofhisdaythatbabieswereminiatureadultswhoarrivedintheworldfullyequippedwithabilitiesandknowledgeandwhosimplyhadtogrowinorderfortheseinheritedcharacteristicstoappear.Onthecontrary,Lockebelievedthatthemindofanewborninfantisa“blankslate”(tabularasa).Whatgetswrittenonthisslateiswhatthebabyexperienceswhatheorshesees,hears,tastes,smellsandfeels.AccordingtoLocke,allknowledgecomestousthroughoursenses.Itisprovidedbyexperience;noknowledgeorideasarebuiltin.,Translation,Thequestionofwhetherheredity(“nature”)orenvironment(“nurture”)ismoreimportantindeterminingthecourseofhumandevelopmenthasbeendebatedthroughthecenturies.分译：从句-主句到底是否应该延迟退休，这一问题在中国已经争论了十年之久。Thequestionofwhethertheretirementageshouldbeextended(to60or65)hasbeendebatedforadecade.(hasbeenahottopic),Translation,Forexample,theseventeenth-centuryBritishphilosopherJohnLocke洛克约翰rejectedtheprevailingnotionofhisdaythatbabieswereminiatureadultswhoarrivedintheworldfullyequippedwithabilitiesandknowledgeandwhosimplyhadtogrowinorderfortheseinheritedcharacteristicstoappear.Reject:refusetoagreeto(arequest)拒绝接受（请求)，不同意Prevailing:占优势的;主要的Notion:aconceptionoforbeliefaboutsomething概念；观念；看法，见解,Translation,thatbabieswereminiatureadultswhoarrivedintheworldfullyequippedwithabilitiesandknowledgeandwhosimplyhadtogrowinorderfortheseinheritedcharacteristicstoappear.Miniature:athingthatismuchsmallerthannormal,especiallyasmallreplicaormodel小型物；微缩模型；缩影Beequippedwith:supplywiththenecessaryitemsforaparticularpurpose配备，装备Inherit:derive(aquality,characteristic,orpredisposition)geneticallyfromonesparentsorancestors遗传而得（品质，特性，体质),Translation,Forexample,theseventeenth-centuryBritishphilosopherJohnLocke洛克约翰rejectedtheprevailingnotionofhisdaythatbabieswereminiatureadultswhoarrivedintheworldfullyequippedwithabilitiesandknowledgeandwhosimplyhadtogrowinorderfortheseinheritedcharacteristicstoappear.Inorder：accordingtoaparticularsequence按顺序分句：,Translation,Onthecontrary,Lockebelievedthatthemindofanewborninfantisa“blankslate”(tabularasa).Slate:石板,Translation,Whatgetswrittenonthisslateiswhatthebabyexperienceswhatheorshesees,hears,tastes,smellsandfeels.AccordingtoLocke,allknowledgecomestousthroughoursenses.Itisprovidedbyexperience;noknowledgeorideasarebuiltin.Builtin：buildsthin;buildsthintosth：tomakesthafixedandpermanentpartofasystem,aplan,etc.使成为(体系、计划等的)组成部份:abuilt-incupboard壁橱,Translation,Whatarethebenefitsofsmallerclassesonacademicperformance,Writing,Whatisthefigureabout?(step1)1.Figure1displaysdataoveran18-yearperiod(1986-2004),comparingthenumberofpeopleemployedinthemanufacturingandserviceindustriesandalsoserviceindustriesandalsoshowingthedifferenceinmaleandfemaleemployment.,Writing:Task6,2.Duringthisperiod,therehavebeensignificantlymorepeopleemployedintheservicesectorandthenumbershavebeenincreasinglysteadily.3.However,thenumbersinmanufacturinghavedeclined.4.Itisnoteworthythattherearenowmorefemaleemployeesintheserviceindustriesthanmalesandthegapseemstobeexpandingslightly.,Writing:Task6,5.Conversely,therehasbeenagreaternumberofmalesemployedinmanufacturingthroughouttheperiod.Numericallythegendergaphas,ifanything,increasedinrecentyearsinthemanufacturingsector.Thismayreflectaglobaltrend,oratleastbeinlinewiththegeneraltrendinthedevelopedworld.,Writing:Task6,Step1:subjectStep2:makeageneralcommentonthemaintrend.Step3:commentonsomeofthesignificantfeaturesStep4:compare/contrastvariousaspectsofthedataStep5:discussthedata,Writing:Task6,