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Chapter 1单词digital computer 数字计算机decimal digits 十进制binary 二进制bit 位；比特computer system 计算机系统hardware system 硬件系统software system 软件系统I/O devices 输入输出设备memory 存储器 application software 应用软件video game 计算机游戏system software 系统软件register 寄存器 floating point data 浮点数Boolean 布尔值character data 字符数据 punched card 穿孔卡片 magnetic tape 磁带main memory 主存vacuum tubes 电子管；真空管magnetic drum 磁鼓transistors 晶体管 solid-state devices 固态器件magnetic cores 磁芯silicon chip 硅片multiprogramming 多道程序设计timesharing 分时技术minicomputers 小型计算机mainframe 大型计算机word processing文字处理 electronic spreadsheets 电子表格database management programs 数据库管理程序desktop publishing 桌面印刷personal computers个人计算机microcomputers 微型计算机storage capacities 储存容量stand-alone computer独立计算机peripheral devices 外部设备assembly line 流水线supercomputer 巨型计算机auxiliary memory 辅助存储器buffer memory 缓冲存储器dynamic memory 动态存储器external memory 外部存储器hypothetical memory 虚拟存储器缩略词1、ASCIIAmerican National Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国国家信息交换标准码2、I/Odevices input and output devices 输入输出设备3、CPUcentral processing unit 中央处理器4、EBCDICExtended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code 扩充二十进制交换码5、FLP/FPfloating point 浮点（数）6、ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator 电子数字积分计算机7、VTvacuum tube 真空管8、PCpersonal computer 个人计算机9、MPmultiprogramming 多道程序设计10、ICintegrated circuit 集成电路11、LSIlarge-scale integrated 大规模集成12、VLSIvery-large-scale integrated 超大规模集成单词填空1、 Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields.2、 An 8-bit signed integer can have any value between -128 and127 3、 System software controls the computer and enables it to run the hardware and applications software.4、 A computer system consists of hardware system and software system.5、 List four types computers: microcomputer, mainframe, minicomputer, supercomputer.(简答题)翻译1、 By using various coding techniques, groups of bits made to represent not only binary but also other discrete symbols.通过应用各种编码技术，一组二进制不仅可以表示二进制数据还可以表示其他离散符号。2、 System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.系统软件不仅包括专业人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序，它还包括用于启动计算机和提供给其他应用程序使用的管理程序。3、 Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results.数据是数字和其他二进制编码信息，这些二进制代码是可操作并能满足要求的计算结果。4、 Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating character, a computer may concatenate strings of character, replace some character with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings.计算机可能把字符连接成串，用其他的字符替换或用其他的方法处理字符，而不是用算术的或逻辑的方法处理。5、 software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting, and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available, giving more people reasons to use a computer.像文字处理、电子表格、数据库管理程序、画图程序及桌面印刷等软件应用起到一定的商业效力，使更多的人去使用计算机。Chapter 2单词memory subsystem 存储子系统I/O subsystem 输入输出子系统bus 总线system bus 系统总线chip 芯片address bus 地址总线instructions 指令memory location 存储单元data bus 数据总线control bus 控制总线local bus 局部总线microprocessor 微处理器register set 寄存器组clock cycle 时钟周期control unit 控制器computer architecture 计算机体系结构instruction format 指令格式addressing modes 寻址方式instruction set 指令集internal memory 内存main memory 主存secondary storage 辅助存储器 virtual memory 虚拟存储器refresh circuitry 刷新电路cache memory 高速缓冲存储器ultraviolet light 紫外线memory hierarchy 存储器体系结构auxiliary memory 辅助存储器storage capacity 存储容量keyboard 键盘alphanumeric key 字母数字键function key 功能键cursor key 光标键numeric keypad 数字键mouse 鼠标touch screens 触摸屏infrared ray 红外线monitor 监视器display screen 显示屏laser printer 激光打印机ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机dot-matrix printer 点阵式打印机modem 调制解调器input-output interface 接口peripheral 外部设备interrupt 中断program counter 程序计数器vectored interrupt 向量中断nonvectored interrupt 非向量中断interrupt vector 中断向量timeout 缩略词 1、 BIOSBasic-Input-Output System 基本输入输出系统2、 DMADirect-Memory-Access 直接存储器出存取3、 RAMRandom-Access-Memory 随机存取存储器4、 ROMRead-Only-Memory 只读存储器5、 DRAMDynamic RAM 动态RAM6、 SRAMStatic RAM 静态RAM7、 masked ROM 掩模ROM8、 PROM 可编程ROM9、 EPROM 可擦写ROM10、 EEPROM 电可擦写ROM单词填空1、 The computer hardware consists of three major parts which are the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem.2、 There are two major types of memory: Random Access Memory(RAM) and Read Only Memory(ROM).3、 The cache memory in personal computers is constructed from SRAM.4、 I/O interface provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices.5、 Data transfer between the central computer and I/O devices may be handle in a variety of modes. These modes are programmed I/O, interrupts and direct memory access(DMA).简答题How many levels of memory hierarchy do you know? Name at least three of them.Identify the types of data transfer modes. Programmed I/O, interrupts and Direct Memory Access(DMA)翻译1、 By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions.为了保证内部和外部控制信号的序列正确，控制单元保证CPU和计算机的其他部件提供需要正确执行的指令操作。2、 Ina computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed.在使用了虚拟存储器的计算机中，很少使用的程序从RAM移到硬盘中，仅在需要时才被移回来。3、 A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time.为了弥补操作速度的不匹配，在CPU和主存之间采用非常快且小的缓存。它的存取时间接近于处理器的逻辑时钟周期。4、 The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slowly than the rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.外设的数据传输速率通常比CPU的传输速率慢，因此需要一个儿童部装置。5、 In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where the beginning of the I/O service routine is stored.在一些计算机中，中断向量是一个地址，它指向存储器中存储I/O服务程序起始地址的单元。Chapter 4单词algorithm 算法parallel algorithm 并行算法primitive 原语syntax 语法semantics 语义pseudocode 伪码exhaustive search 穷举搜索divided-and-conquer algorithm 分治算法dynamic programming 动态规划 bottom-up 自下而上top-down 自上而下array 数组one-dimensional array 一维数组two-dimensional array 二维数组pointers 指针program counter 程序技术器 instruction pointer 指令指针 list 列表linked list 链表 singly-linked list 单向链表doubly-linked list 双向链表circularly-linked list 循环链表stack 栈push 压栈pop 出栈stack pointer 栈指针queue 队列tree 树root 根level 层次degree of a node 节点的度 depth of a tree 树的深度binary tree 二叉树traversal 遍历M-way search tree M 向搜索树 缩略词FIFOFirst In/First Out 先进先出LIFOLast In/First Out 后进先出简答题Name at least four of algorithmic techniques.(1) Brute-force Algorithms(2) Divided-and-Conquer Algorithms(3) Dynamic Programming (4) Greedy Algorithms (5) Randomized AlgorithmsHow many classes of data structures do you know? Name at least four of them.(1) Arrays(2) Lists(3) Linked List(4) Stack and Queues(5) Trees单词填空1、 Each primitive consists of two parts: its syntax and its semantics.2、 A pseudocode is a notational system in which ideas can be expressed informally during the algorithm development process.3、 The running time is refer to the computational time required by an algorithm.4、 We define the worst case running time of an algorithm to be the maximum running time of that algorithm over all possible inputs of size n.5、 A list is one the most fundamental data structures used to stored a collection of data items.翻译(1) In short, communication problems arise when the language used for an algorithms representation is not precisely defined or when information is not given in adequate detail.简单来说，算法描述所采用的的语言不具有精确的定义或者信息不顾详细也会使交流产生问题(2) Another common algorithmic structure involves that the needed to continue executing a statement or sequence of statements as long as some condition remain true.另一种常见的算法结构是当条件为“真”时，循环执行一条语句或者语句序列。(3) In many algorithms, running time will vary not only for inputs of different sizes, but also for different inputs of the same size.在众多算法中，影响运行时间的不仅有不同长度的输入，也包括相同长度的不同输入。(4) Thus, dynamic programming is a bottom-up technique that usually begins by solving the smallest subproblems, saving these results, and then reusing them to solve larger and larger subproblems until the solution to the original problem is obtained.因此，动态规划是一种自上而下的方法，这种方法通常最先解决最小的子问题，并保存其解，之后这些解对较大的问题求解，一步一步的进行直到得到原来问题的解。(5) The conversion from this conceptual one-dimensional array organization to the actual arrangement within the machines memory is straightforward, and the data can be stored in a sequence of 24 memory cells with consecutive addresses in the same order envisioned by the programmer. 从这种概念性的一维数组的组织方式到机器内存中的实际安排的转换是非常直截了当的。这些数据可以保存在有程序员想象的相同顺序的24个相邻的内存单元中Chapter 5单词program 程序programming language程序设计语言software engineering 软件工程pseudocode 伪码flowcharts 流程图coding 编码program testing 程序测试desk-checking 手工检查documentation 文档user documentation 用户文档programmer documentation 操作员文档machine language 机器语言assembly languages 汇编语言high-level languages 高级语言very- high-level languages 超高级语言natural languages 自然语言artificial intelligence 人工智能compile 编译assemble 汇编source code 源代码object code 目标代码linker 连接器executable file 可执行文件 object-oriented programming 面向对象的程序设计 object 对象class 类member variables 成员变量class variables 类变量member functions 成员函数inheritance 继承derived class 派生类overload 超载message 消息static binding 静态绑定dynamic binding 动态绑定polymorphism 多态性visual programming 可视化编程markup languages 标记语言hyperlinks 超链接Java virtual machine Java虚拟机 缩略词1、 AIartificial intelligence 人工智能2、 HTMLHyper Text Markup Language 超文本标记语言3、 4GLthe fourth generation language 第4代语言4、 XMLextensible markup language 可扩展标记语言简答题Name at least four of the programming languages. How many important terminology if object-oriented programming do you know? Name at least four of them.Classes and objects inheritance message passing Dynamic binding and polymorphismPutting it all togetherDesign philosopy单词填空1. In programming, the documentation is classified user documentation, operator documentation and programmer documentation.2. A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data-processing task.3. The lowest level of programming languages is machine language.4. Very-high-level languages are often called 4GLs.5. Natural languages allow questions or commands to be framed in a more conversational way or in alternative forms.翻译1.Documentation is needed for everyone who will be involved with the programusers, operators, and programmers. 文档的编制涉及到参与程序设计的每一个人用户、操作员和程序员。2. Rather, programs written in a high-level language or assembly language are converted to machine language, which is then executed by the computer. 取而代之，用高级语言或汇编语言编写的程序先被转换为机器语言，然后再让计算机执行。3. The corresponding programs set forth precise procedures, or series of instructions and the programmer has to follow a proper order of actions to solve a problem. 相应的程序设立了精确的过程，或一系列的代码，程序员必须遵照合理的处理顺序才能解决问题。4. 4GLs may not entirely replace third-generation languages because they are usually focused on specific tasks and hence offer fewer options. 4GLs可能不会完全取代第3代语言，因为它们通常着重于特定的任务，选择余地较小5. Inheritance is the means by which objects of a class can access member variables and functions contained in a previously defined class, without having to restate those definitions. 继承是指一个类的对象可以访问包含在以前定义的类中的成员变量和成员函数，而不必重新定义这些变量函数。Chapter 15单词concurrency control 并发控制recovery 恢复function information system 职能信息系统Manufacturing Information System 制造业信息系统static or dynamic models 静态或动态模型probabilistic or deterministic models 或然或确定模型optimizing or sub-optimizing models 最优化或局部最优化模型structured problem 结构化问题semistructured problem 半结构化问题unstructured problem 非结构化问题strategic planning 战略计划management control 管理计划operational control 运行控制TPSTransaction Processing System 事务处理系统OLTPOnline Transaction Processing 联机事务处理MISManagement Information System 管理信息系统IOSInterorganization Information System 跨组织系统MRPMaterial Requirements Planning 物料需求计划CIMSComputer Integrated Manufacturing System 计算机集成制造系统CIMComputer Integrated Manufacturing 计算机集成制造EISExecutive Information System 主管信息系统DSSDecision Support System 决策支持系统GFSSGroup Decision Support System 群体决策支持系统SSSStrategy Support System 战略支持系统CIOChief Information Officer 首席信息官HRISHuman Resource Information System 人力资源信息系统HRMSHuman Resource Management System 人力资源管理系统SDSStructured Decision System 结构化决策系统 AISAccounting Information System 会计信息系统单词填空1. A DSS should assist managers in making decisions to solve semi-structured problems.2. The implementer sees TPS as a large number of interactive users accessing shared databases.3. In DSS, database produce information as a result of either simulations that involve one or more.4. A DSS model includes: database, mathematical models, and report writing software.5. One objective of a DSS is improving the managers decision-making effectivenessrather than its efficiency.翻译1. Since many users may be simultaneously exercising the same transaction, the TP subsystem must be able to keep track of which instantiation of the transaction belongs to which user.由于许多用户可能同时进行相同的事务处理，TP子系统一定能够知道哪个事务的实例和哪个用户对应。2. The access method routines not only invoke the scheduler to determine whether they can “safely” access the data, but they also invoke log manager routines to log redo and possibly undo data.存取程序不仅调用调度程序以确定是否能够进行对数据的安全访问，它们也能够调用记录管理程序以记录重用的和被取消的数据。3. Another characteristic of transaction processing mentioned earlier is that once a transaction commits, the data updated by it is persistent.另一个事务处理的特征是一旦提交一个交易，数据就进行更新，因为它是稳定的。4. The information specialists decided that the only solution was for them to design and implement systems to produce information that they thought the managers needed.信息专家认为，唯一的解决方法是，他们按照自己对管理者的需求的理解进行对系统的设计和实施。5. The horizontal dotted line separates the problems that bad, at that time, been successfully solved with computer assistance from those problems that had not been subjected to computer processing.水平虚线把当时那些在计算机的辅助下能够成功解决的问题和当时那些不适合于计算机流程的问题分开了。Chapter 16单词Knowledge System 知识系统Forward Reasoning 正向推理Reverse Reasoning 反向推理Expert System shells 专家系统外壳程序Heuristic 启发式user interface 用户界面knowledge base 知识库inference engine 推理机制AIArtificial Intelligence 人工智能GPSGeneral Problem Solver 通用问题求解ESExpert System 专家系统 单词填空1. AI is being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, which use human knowledge to solve problems.2. The user interface enables the user to interact with the expert system.3. Decision houses the accumulated knowledge of the particular problem to be solved.4. The inference engine provides the reasoning ability that interprets the contents of the knowledge base.5. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledgeof human experts in the form of rule.翻译1. Heuristics do not guarantee results as absolutely as do conventional algorithm that are incorporated into DSSs, but they offer results that are specific enough most of the time to be useful.探索法并不能保证其结果如同DSS系统中传统的运算法则那样绝对化。但是，探索法提供的结果非常具体，以至于能用于大部分情况。2. The concept of expert system is based on the assumption that an experts knowledge can be captured in computer storage and then applied by others when the need arises.专家系统的概念是建立在专家知识能够储存在计算机并能被他人应用的假设基础上的。3. The Knowledge Base contains both facts that describes the problem area and Knowledge representation techniques that describe how the facts fit together in a logical manner. 知识库既包括描述问题域也包括以一定的逻辑描述事实的陈述技巧。4. In its most basic form, the help desk consists of one or more technical experts who, perhaps using an 800 number, receive users telephone calls for help. 桌面帮助最基本的形式就是一两个专家给用户进行电话答疑。5. Expert system shells have brought artificial intelligence within the reach of firms that do not have the resources necessary to develop their own systems using programming languages. 专家系统框架引入了人工智能，为此公司没有必要开发他们自己的系统。Chapter 17单词seamless integration 无缝集成island of information 信息孤岛sales forecasting 销售预测closed-loop MRP 闭环MRPmaster production scheduling 主生产计划accounts receivable 应收账款sales and operation planning 销售和营运计划accounts payable 应付账款advanced planning system 远景规划系统 general leger 总分类账supplier rating system 供应商评估系统capacity requirements planning 能力需求计划ESEnterprise System or Enterprise Software 企业系统或企业软件ERPEnterprise Resource Planning 企业资源规划MRPManufacturing Resource Planning 制造资源计划MRPMaterial Requirements Planning 物料需求计划JITJust In Time 及时生产CRMCustomer Relation Management 客户关系管理BPRBusiness Process Reengineering 业务流程重组ROIReturn On Investment 投资回报率BOMBill Of Material 物料清单RCCPRough-Cut Capacity Planning 粗能力计划单词填空1. ERP began life in the 1960s as Material Requirement Planning (MRP) , an outgrowth of early in bill of material processing.2. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) predicts and balances and supply .3. The goals of ERP include high levels of customer service, cost reduction, and inventory turnover .4. Closed-loop MRP has provisions for feedback from the execution functions back to the planning functions. Plans can then be altered when necessary, thereby keeping priorities valid as conditions change.5. Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) is an enterprise-wide set of forecasting , planning, and scheduling tools, which: Links costumers and supplies into a complete supply chain , employs proven process for decision masking and coordinates sales marketing, operations, logistics, purchasing, finance, product development, and human resources.翻译1. Theres a lot of sloppy terminology flying around today in the business press, and one misnomer is to label enterprise-wide transaction processing software systems as ERP.今天的商业新闻中充斥着术语，把企业的事务处理系统软件说成ERP，这真是用户不当。2. It is a strong contributor to Americas amazing economic performance of the 1990s and the emergence of the New Economic.它是20世纪90年代美国惊人的经济增长和新经济出现的强大贡献者。3. When our customer demand changes, we and our supplies can manage to our schedules on a very coordinate and controlled basis.当我们客户的需求变化时，我们自己和供应商能够基于一个经过调整和控制的日程表来应对变化。4. This is important, because in a manufacturing enterprise, change is not simply a possibility or even a probability.这很重要，因为在制造企业中，变化不仅仅是一个可能。5. Its goals include high levels of customer service, pro
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