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专英重点一、Parapharyngeal 咽旁 Septicemia 败血病 Sialolithiasis 涎石病 Periostitis 骨膜炎 Sialoductitis 涎管炎 Fracture 骨折 Comminution 粉碎 Hyperplasia 增生 Reparative 修复性 Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 Radiolucent X光透射 Space 间隙 Infection 感染 Prosthesis义齿 Oblique 倾斜 Scquestrum腐骨 死骨 Biopsy 切片检查法 Sialogram 涎管X线造影片 Giant巨大Nonmalignant良性的 Pyogenic 化脓性 Mole 胎块 Devoid 缺乏的 Laceration 撕裂 Hyperpyrexia高热 Self-reduce 自行使脱臼复位 句子翻译1. If proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise.若药液注射剂，针头及技术准备妥当，在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现，但是，医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。2. Postoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine.患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛，可能为非正常情况，需特别仔细检查，其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起。3. Acute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: (a) periapical (b)pericemental (c)pericoronal 急性牙槽脓肿，是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现。这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。4. Salivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts.涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎，及其后遗的导管狭窄症。5. The lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone.下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折。6. The common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare.普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的。7. Nearly all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs.几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围，除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官。8. The object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease. 被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具。包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。9. It includes also those oral or extraoral operations which are indicated for the restoration of lost bone, teeth or the insertion of retentive devices for dentures.用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包含在口腔和口外的手术10. The maxillary right central and left lateral incisors had Class 1 mobility3; the maxillary left central incisor had an oblique4 fracture line through the distal portion of the crown.上合右中切牙和左侧切牙属于1分类松动3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠远中部分有一个斜行的骨折线11. In the treatment of acute osteomyelitis the general rule is to institute antibiotic therapy and to surgically establish adequate drainage.在治疗急性骨髓炎时,全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗,外科方法为建立开放引流管道。12. The lower end of the short fragment is generally displaced upward and forward by contraction of the elevator muscles. In addition, Slight inward displacement is more common than external displacement.短部分的下部通常会因为提口肌群的收缩导致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向内的移位比向外移位常见二、anodyne镇痛剂apiciectomy 根尖切除术analgesic 止痛的adenocarcinoma 腺癌anastomosis 吻合alveolalgia 干槽症appliance 矫正器aggravate 加重恶化advious 迂回的apprehensive 敏捷的 担心的ankylosis 关节僵直appliance 器具 ameloblastoma 成釉细胞瘤advanced 晚期的bur 园头锉contraindication 禁忌症chisel 凿子cancellate 松的cellulites 蜂窝织炎condyle 棵突comminution 粉碎curettment 刮除术coronoid 冠状喙状crepitus 捻发音cripple使残废 circumferential环绕周围的 chondrosarooma 软骨肉瘤dermatitis 皮炎devitalization失活 去生肌detritus腐质dammed up 阻塞的dilation 膨胀扩大deformity 畸形deviation 偏向diffuse 弥散的discoloration 再生dissection 解剖分析demonstrable 可论证的employ使用ethyl chloride 氯乙烷enhance 增强epinephrine 肾上腺素ecohymosis瘀斑extraction拔出erupt萌出elevator牙挺excision 切除effusion渗出exostosis外生骨疣edentulous无牙的extravasation外渗液enucleation摘除术eradicate根除消灭flap 办片fracture 骨折fibrosarcoma 纤维肉瘤fixation固定fibroma 纤维瘤ganglion 神经节glenoid 关节窝的hypodermic 皮下hyperthyroidism 甲抗hematoma 血肿hematogenous 血源性的hyoid 舌骨的hypertrophy 肥大hyperostosis骨肥厚hemangioma血管瘤instillation滴注inadvisable不妥当的infraorbital眶下的idiosyncrasy特异性质impacted 阻生的infratemporal 颞下的inward 向内的isotope 同位素jaundice 黄疸lessen 减少loop 环圈lime 石灰laceration 撕裂ligation 结扎lymphangioma淋巴管瘤 lipoma脂肪瘤lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤lining 榇里medication 药疗法maxilla 上颌骨myxofibroma 粘液纤维瘤malposition 错位malposed异位的mallet 槌mental颏的morbidity发病率masseter嚼肌melanomaco黑瘤muoperiosteal 粘骨膜的muoperiosteum 粘骨膜myxoma黏液瘤myeloma骨髓瘤metastasize转移marsupialization造袋术neurasthenic 神经衰弱的neuralgia 神经痛neuroma 神经瘤nedule小节结notch 切迹nonmalignant 非恶性的ointment软膏 opponent 对抗肌odontoma牙瘤 orthodontic正牙的 osseous骨的 osteomyelitis骨髓炎 osteoma骨瘤osteoradionecrosis放射性骨坏死osteoid骨样的 osteoclastoma 破骨细胞瘤ossify使骨硬化paralyze使麻痹瘫痪 prolong延长 pericementitis 牙周膜炎psychically精神上地 periostitis骨膜炎 pyemia脓毒症脓血症 preanesthetic 前驱麻痹precipitate 促使加速premadicate术前用药 pterygomandibular翼突下颌 pterygoid翼状的palpation触诊periosteum 骨膜periosteal 骨膜的perineurium 神经束膜parapharyngeal咽旁的 pathognomonic特殊病症的 pyogenic 生脓的peripheral周围的 periodontoclasia牙周溃疡 pericoronal冠周的 precox 早发的periosteumpapilloma 乳头瘤paranasal 鼻旁的retard 延迟retrieval取回restricted 受限制的retrozygomatic 颧骨后的regeneration再生 rhabdomyoma横纹肌瘤 rhabdomyosarcoma横纹肌肉瘤sheath 鞘succedaneous替代的spine刺 脊柱symphysis 联合sinus窦 sequestrum 死骨supernumerary 多余的salt盐 sepsis 脓毒症败血症subcutaneous皮下的sialadenitis 涎腺炎sialoductitis涎管炎 septicemia 败血症sialolithiasis 涎石形成sialography 涎管X线造影技术swallow 吞咽splint 夹板suprahyoid舌骨上的tuberosity结节粗隆 trismus牙关紧闭traumatize 受外伤traumatism 创伤病traumatogenic创伤性的 thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎temporal 颞的tendernoss触痛 torus palatinus 腭隆凸transitonal转变的vicinity 附近邻近三、内科1、In evaluating the clinical features of gingivitis, it is necessary to be systematic. Attention should be focused on subtle tissue alteration, because these may be of diagnostic significance. A systematic clinical approach requires an orderly examination of the gingival for color, contour, consistency, position, ease and severity of bleeding, and pain.我们必须系统性的评估牙龈炎的临床特点。必须注意些微的组织变化,因为对诊断来说是有意义的。一个系统性的临床检查途径需照顺序对牙龈颜色、外型、质地、位置、出血情况和疼痛程度进行检查。2、当患者出现牙龈炎时,最常见的表现为牙龈的水肿和增生When the patient suffers from gingivitis, the most common signs are edema and proliferation of the gingiva.3、龈沟内上皮发生溃疡是急性牙龈炎的典型特征之一Ulceration of the sulcular epithelium is one of the typical signs of acute gingivitis.外科L91、However, if brawny massive induration which pits on pressure, presents in five to seven days with an elevation of temperature in spite of antibiotic treatment, and there is no fluctuation, then that space should be surgically explored.然而，尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗，体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感，就需要外科手术的探查了。2、After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.急性症状缓解后，病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。L101、Many salivary stones are symptomless. It is only when partial or complete obstruction occurs that symptoms develop.许多涎石是无自觉症状的，只有当发生部分或是完全阻塞的时候症状才会发展。2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.造成阻碍是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿，而造成的管腔狭窄。修复L131、Replantation: replantation means the reinsertion of a tooth in the socket from which it has been removed purposely or by accident. The replant fit its socket perfectly and should enjoy a high degree of success.再植术：再植术是指将由于某种目的或意外脱落的牙齿重新植入其脱落的牙槽窝内。这种再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窝,且具有很高的成功率。2、Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted tooth. 移植术：移植术是指将天然牙植入最近拔除牙齿的牙槽窝。3、The autotransplant (a transplant from one place to another within the same mouth) enjoys a high success rate often with indefinite survival, by vltue of prompt transfer of the tooth to its new site.Autotransplantations tooth is best performed when the root of the donor tooth is almost completely formed but its apices are still open.The most commonly used donor tooth for autotransplantation to first and second molarsite is third molar.The allogenic tooth probably was the first transplanted human organ.Teeth have been transplanted for centuries.The tooth inserted may be an old reserved one which has been extracted for a long time, or it may be a freshly extracted tooth from another individual.自体移植物（同一个口腔内从一处到另一处的移植物）迅速转移到新的定植部位有着较高的成功率,但常常不确定是否能存活。当供体牙的牙根基本发育完成但根尖还未封闭时作为自体移植牙效果最好。最常移植到第一二磨牙区的自体移植牙是第三磨牙。外源性的牙可能是最早进行移植的人体器官。牙的移植已经有几世纪的历史。植入的牙可以使很早以前拔除后保留下来的牙,或者是刚从另一个个体拔除的牙。4、Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into four major categories, such as metals; polymers; ceramics ;and carbon. 种植术是将人工牙植入一个新的牙槽窝(生物替代品)。能植入的材料可以分为四类,比如金属(钛和钴铬合金)、聚合物、陶瓷(氧化铝)、以及碳。5、Bone grafts are commonly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be composed of either compact or cancellous bone. Compact bone transplants may be used in the form of solid pieces or in the form of chips. Cancellous bone is commonly used in the form of chips. The grafts may be taken from ribs or iliac crest.骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷。骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨组成。密质骨可以整块拿来移植也可以以碎片的形式来使用。松质骨通常是以碎片的形式来使用。骨移植片可以从肋骨或髂嵴上获取L141、The third visit is concerned with obtaining vertical dimension and centric relation. This relationship is fixed and transferred to an articulator. In addition, eccentric relation is obtained , and the condylar guidance path is established. During this visit , it is usually possible to select anterior teeth.第三次就诊的重点在于获得垂直距离及正中关系。这种关系固定后转移到合架上。此外,还要纪录反常的关系及髁导斜度。再这次就诊中可选择出前牙。2、In the ideal abutment a proportionate relationship exists between the lengths of the crown and the root. Where the root is excessively short, either congenitally or due to resorption, it cannot furnish the necessary support to the crown or resistance to the forces of mastication developed during the various movements of the mandible. The additional forces in herent in a bridge will cause such teeth to fail as abutments.理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比。无论是由于先天性的还是再吸收导致的根长过短的牙齿,都无法对冠提供足够的支持,也无法抵抗颔骨各种运动所产生的咀嚼力。桥体所固有的附加应力也会导致这类牙作为桥基牙时修复失败。L161、A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these components: one or more bases; one or more major connectors; several minor connectors ;two or more direct retainers; one or more indirect retainers ; a varying number of resin or porcelain teeth or resin teeth with cast occlusal surfaces to replace those missing. Where the direct retainer is of the clasp type , it will usually include an occlusal rest, a reciprocal clasp arm and a retentive clasp arm.一个典型的可摘义齿应包括以下部分：一个或多个基托；一个或多个大连接体；一些小连接体；两个或多个直接固位体；一个或多个间接固位体；数目不等的树脂牙、瓷牙或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。当采用卡环作为直接固位体时,他通常包括一个合支托,一个卡环对抗臂,一个卡环固位臂。2、The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure. 基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个部分,因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽嵴。3、Since it prevents cervical movement of the appliance on the abutment the retentive terminal of the clasp is kept in the desiredposition on the cervically inclined infrabulge surface , and retention is maintained. 当卡环作为直接固位体使用时,作为它的一部分,必须有一个合支托。卡环的固位端被放置在颈部倾斜倒凹区斜面上,并保持其固位,而合支托可以阻止装置对基牙的颈向运动。4、The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential component for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is accomplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooths gteates diameter, commonly referred to as “the height of contour”.组成卡环的第三个非常重要的部分是固位臂。每个卡环至少要有一个臂设计成抵抗垂直向脱位。.它是通过把固位末端安置在牙齿最大直径上实现的,通常被称为外形最高点。L171、A phase of denture prosthesis widely practiced at the present time is the concentration of the immediate dentires. This type differs from the complete dentures described in the previous chapters primarily in that they are constructed and ready to be inserted immediately after the removal of all remaining natural teeth from either the maxillary or mandibular arch. 即刻义齿是现今广泛应用的一种义齿修复方式。如前几章所述,这种形式与全口义齿最大的不同在于它是预先做好并在拔出上颌牙弓或下颌牙弓的所有天然余留牙后立即戴入。2、For problem cases which arise after removal of all the teeth, attempts are sometimes made by means of implants of various types to provide a denture support which is superior to that provided by the mucoperiosteum alone.针对拔除全部牙齿后出现的问题,可以采取各种移植物来提供义齿的支持。这优于单纯由粘骨膜来提供支持。3、It should be appreciated, however, that the periodontal membrane of the naturaltooth is ideally suited to give spport against occlsual stresses.然而,应该认识到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵抗咬合力的理想结构。4、The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of complete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.因此,天然牙的牙根也优于任何人工的种植体。如果可以获得这种支持,就不该放弃。除非可以确定病人对于完全由粘骨膜支持的常规全口义齿是满意的。5、A part from providing the possibility of increased support and retention for a denture, the presence of some modified teeth may also give to the denture wearer the advantages of alveolar ridge preservation and better intraoral discriminatory ability.除了为义齿提供增加支持和固位的可能性,一些预备后的牙的存在也可给予戴义齿者保存牙槽嵴的优势和更好的口内辨别能力。6、The appear to be little doubt that if a denture is in contact with or attached to roots, the patient has a significantly increased ability to discriminate between the size of objects placed between the teeth and to sense direction and to control the amount of force applied to the denture and its supporting tissues. This ability is reduced markedly when the last tooth or root is removed from the dental arch.毫无疑问地,如果义齿接触或附着于牙根部,患者对于辨别放置于牙齿中的物体大小和感受方向,以及控制施加于义齿及其支持组织上的力的能力会显着提高。当从牙弓中移除最后一颗牙或最后一个牙根时,这种能力会显着降低。四、Xerostomia 口干症 matrix 基质Alveolalgia 干槽症 contraindication 禁忌症Carbonhydrate 碳水化合物 perikymate 采用柱横纹Pellicle 薄膜 glycoprotein 醣蛋白Supragingival 龈上的 subgingival 龈下的Niches 小生境 sulcus 沟Odontoblast 成牙本质细胞 fibroblast 成纤维细胞Mesenchymal 间质的 ischaemia 缺血Granulation 肉芽 hyperplastic 增生Calculus 牙石 periodontitis 牙周炎Probing 探查 Scaling 刮治术Curettage 刮治 RAU 复发性溃疡性口炎(Recurrent ulcerative stomatitis)Anodyne 镇痛剂 hematoma 血肿Preanesthetic 前驱麻醉 paralyze 使麻痹Elevator 牙挺 apicoectomy 根尖切除术Cellulitis 蜂窝组织炎 periodontoclasia 牙周溃坏Pericoronal 牙冠周 ecchymosis 皮下瘀血Subcutaneous 皮下的L9L10Sepsis 脓毒症 败血症 sialadenitis 涎腺炎Septicemia 败血病 sialoductitis 涎管炎Pterygomandibular 翼突下颌的 sialolithiasis 涎石形成Parapharyngeal 咽旁的 excision 切除Infratemporal 颞下的 pyemia 脓血症Retrozygomatic 颧骨后的 nodule 小结节Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎 dammed-up 阻塞的Periostitis 骨膜炎 dilation 膨胀 扩张Osteomyelitis 骨髓炎hematogenous 血原性的Fistula 瘘管Osteoradionecrosis 放射性骨坏死L91、However, if brawny massive induration which pits on pressure , presents in five to seven days with an elevation of temperature in spite of antibiotic treatment, and there is no fluctuation , then that space should be surgically explored.然而，尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗，体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感，就需要外科手术的探查了。2、After the acute symptoms have been subsided , the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.急性症状缓解后，牙齿的原病灶必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。L101、Many salivary stones are symptomless. It is only when partial or complete obstruction occur that symptoms develop.许多涎石并不是症状，只有当部分或是全部涎石变成阻塞物时候症状才会发展。2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.阻碍物是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿使的管腔狭窄。L13 L14Prosthesis 义齿修复术 impression 印膜Undercut 倒凹 gingiva 牙龈Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 alginate 藻酸盐Retentive 固位的 articulator 咬 牙合 架Hypertrophy 肥大 bite rim 牙合 堤Depressor 降肌 hydrocolloid 水胶体 Nasalis 鼻肌 mastication 咀嚼Buccinatoris 颊肌 L15Genioglossus 颏舌肌 abutment 基牙Mentalis 颏肌 bridge 桥Frenum 系带 contraindicate 禁忌Frenectomy 系带切除术 monocarious 单龋的Reposition 复位术 polycarious 多龋的Ankylotomy 舌系带切除术 complete veneer 全覆盖Ankyloglossia 舌系带短缩 calcify 钙化Alveolectomy 牙槽缘切除术 margin 边缘Exostosis 外生骨疣 casting 铸件Malignancy 恶性肿瘤 grind(ground) 磨Autotransplant 自体移植物 malpose 错位Polymer 聚合物 malrelate 错 牙合Silicon 硅 invest 包埋Raphe 缝 mesiodistally 近中远侧地Contour 外形 buccolingually 颊舌地Creat 脊 rotation 旋转Alar 翼 etiology 病因学Prognathia 上颌前突 esthetics 美学Cancollous 网状骨 L16Iliac 查骨的 connector 连街体Torus 隆凸 porcelain 瓷料Clasp 卡环Resin 树脂leverage 杠杆作用occlusal rest 牙合 支托L17 Overlay 覆盖物 implant 移植物Hybrid 混合的 clench 咬紧Threshold 阈L131、Replantation: replantation means the reinsertion of a tooth in the socket from which it has been removed purposely or by accident. The replant fit its socket perfectly and should enjoy a high degree of success. 再植是指牙因事故或曾经治疗故意移除重新插入牙槽。此再植体高度符合此槽以及有较高的成功率。2、Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted tooth. 移植为使用邻近的无用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上。自体移植(同一个体的口腔中从这处转植到另外一处)活络的生存力剧有高度的成功率，取决于牙移植的时机，自体移植牙的最佳时刻是供体牙根几乎完全形成，但根尖孔尚未闭合。最常使用自体移植牙为第三磨牙来替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙。异体牙移植大概是人类器官移植的开端，牙移植已经有数世纪的历史，被植入的可能是被以前拔出很久时间且存放的牙或是才刚从其它个体拔出的新鲜牙。3、Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into four major categories, such as metals; polymers; ceramics ;and carbon. 种植为植入人工牙到新的牙槽上。可使用的材料分为四类：金属、聚合物、陶瓷和碳。L141、The third visit is concerned with obtaining vertical dimension and centric relation. This relationship is fixed and transferred to an articulator. In addition, eccentric relation is obtained , and the condylar guidance path is established. During this visit , it is usually possible to select anterior teeth.第三次的诊疗主要是要获得正中关系和垂直关系的尺寸。这关系要修正以及转移到咬合架上。此外，非正中关系和髁导斜度也要确认。经过这次的疗程，就可以选牙排列前牙了。L151、Root Length of Abutment ：In the ideal abutment a proportionate relationship exists between the lengths of the crown and the root. Where the root is excessively short, either congenitally or due to resorption, it cannot furnish the necessary support to the crown or resistance to the forces of mastication developed during the various movements of the mandible. The additional forces in herent in a bridge will cause such teeth to fail as abutments.理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比，当根的长度因天生关系或是再吸收使长度过短，是无法充分提供冠或固位体抵抗下颌骨发展的不同咀嚼力道。外力对牙槽脊的影响会使基牙损坏。L161、A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these components: one or more bases; one or more major connectors; several minor connectors ;two or more direct retainers; one or more indirect retainers ; a varying number of resin or porcelain te
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