VERBTENSE动词时态.ppt

VERBTENSE,动词的时态,概说,时态是一种语法范畴，是用以表达各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。时间有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方面也有四种，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。将这些时间和动作组合在一起，即构成英语的16种时态，简称“时”（tense）。见下表格：,动作,时间,四个动作方面各有特点,一般方面，用以叙述一单纯事实，时间可以不具体。完成方面，用以表述一个动作已完成。动作发生于前一个时间，但是该动作对现在存在影响，说话人的兴趣一般在于后一个时间。进行方面，表示动作正在进行。完成进行方面，兼有完成与进行两个方面的特点。,一般现在时的构成形式如下表,DoIwork?,Idontwork,DoInotwork?,Iwork.,He/she/itworks.,Doeshe/she/itwork?,Hedoesnotwork.,Doeshenotwork?,Wework.,Dowework?,Wedonotwork?,Dowenotwork?,Youwork.,Doyouwork?,Youdonotwork.,Doyounotwork?,Theywork.,Dotheywork?,Theydonotwork.,Dotheynotwork?,一.一般现在时的基本用法,一般现在时常常表示经常发生的动作或者经常存在的状态。，常和always,often,usually,everyday,sometimes等表时间的状语连用，又是这些时间状语可不表达出来。1.Igotoschooleveryday.2.Heisalwayslikethat.3.Ifyouspeaktoofast,Ifinditdifficulttofollowyou.,一般现在时一般用于以下情况：1.表日常行为Theygetupat6a.m.everyday.2.表习惯、能力Heneverwearsahatinwinter.Doyoudrive?3.表客观存在Fireburns.Theearthmovesroundthesun.,一般现在时表将来,表示最近即将发生的动作，时常和whydontyou连用。WhydontyoutrythebakersshoponWellsStreet?表预定的行为，即已经安排好了的行为。Thetrainleavesatninep.m.Whendoyoustart?用于表将来的从句。Iwillwaittillhecomes.NexttimeIwilldoashesays.Iwillgiveyouanythingyouaskfor.Letsseewhogetstherefirst.,二.一般过去时的基本用法,一般过去时常表过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表过去的时间状语连用,如aminuteago,yesterday,lastwork,in1998,duringthenight,inthosedays等等.用一般过去时,要表达“过多少时间之后”,一般用after而不用in.一般过去时也可与today,thisweek,thismorning等时间状语连用,但这些时间状语都需指过去,而不指现在.Tomsuddenlyfellillyesterday.Theygotmarriedlastyear.ShedidntlookwellwhenIlastsawher.Didyouseehertoday?Hewentoutjustnow.一般过去时还可有下列情况:1.用于since从句中.主句的谓语动词用完成时态,其后接的since引导的从句一般用过去时态.,YouhaventchangedmuchsinceIlastsawyoutenyearsago.IthasbeenoneyearsinceImovedbackfromthecountryside.一般过去时还可表死者的状态.Whoisthemaninthispicture?Hewasmygrandfather.一般过去时还可表委婉客气的语气.Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpmeoutofthis.Didyouwantanythingelse?,三.一般将来时,一般将来时用来表示单纯的将来事实,一般和tomorrow,nextweek,inafewdays等表将来的时间状语连用.也可与now,today,tonight等时间词连用.Hewillcomenextweek.CanIseetomorrowmorning?Iwilldoitnow.Theywillgoat7oclocktonight.Yougoahead,Iwillcatchup.IwillaskhimassoonasIseehim.,四,一般过去将来时,一般过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间里发生的动作或存在的状态.一般用在间接引语中,主句的谓语动词为过去时态.如YouknewIwouldcome.Weneverimaginedthatjohnwouldbecomeadoctor.Ithoughtyouwouldtakethechance.一般过去将来时有时可带时间状语.如LateatnightonNovember28,1938,Dr.Bethunegotwordthatabattlewouldsoonbegan.Hesaidhewouldcomebackthenextmorning,whichhenevermadeit.Heturnedouttobekilledinatragiccaraccident.,五.现在完成时,现在完成时跨在两个时间之上,一是过去,一是现在.它表达的动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或产生结果),后面常不与时间状语连用.Sir,thecarhascome.(结果:车正在门口等.)Someonehasbrokenthewindow.(结果:窗户正破着,透风呢.)Hehasbeenill.(结果:他的脸色不好.)Hehastraveledovermanylands.(结果:他见多识广.)Haveyouseenthesea?(结果:如果你见过,就告诉我海是什么样子的吧.)Shehashadagoodeducation.(结果:她文化水平很高.)注意:havegone和havebeen的意思不同:Hehavebeentothelibrary.(结果:他已经去过了,现在回来了.)Hehasgonetothelibrary.(结果:他此时还在图书馆,还没有回来呢.),已经死去的名人,但是他们的言行对现在仍然有影响的话,仍用完成时态,不用过去时.如:Shakespearehaswrittenmostofthebestplaysweknow.Newtonhasexplainedthemovementsofthemoonfromtheattractionsoftheearth.现在完成时表持续和重复的动作或状态,一般情况下,这种动作或状态今后还会延续下去.如:Ihavelivedhereformorethanthirtyyears.IhavebeenheresincelastOctober.现在完成时一般不可和具体表示过去的时间状语如justnow,aminuteago,yesterday,lastyear等连用,但是可和just,recently,often,before,never,always,already,inthepast等笼统表示过去的时间状语连用.如:,Hehasjustgone.Haveyoubeenherebefore?Ihavealwayslikedhim.Ihaveseenhisnameinthepapersratheroftenoflate.我进来常在报纸上看到他的名字.Ihavealreadyreadthatbook.现在完成时与疑问副词how,why,where,when等的连用.如:Howhaveyoudoneit?Whyhasthechildrunaway?Wherehaveyoubeen?WhenhaveIbeenharshwiththechildren?现在完成时可用于时间和原因状语从句.现在完成时和现在一般时一样,可用在when,before,after,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句中,强调动作的完成或结果,如:,Whenhehasfinishedhisletters,healwaystakesthemtothepostofficehimself.Whentheyhavebeenfrightened,dairycowsmayrefusetogivemilk.一旦奶牛受到惊吓,常常会不产奶.(强调结果)Theyoftenplaychessaftertheyhavehadsupper.Almostassoonaswehavestarted,wefindourselvesatthebottomofthehill.WhenIhavestudiedabook,Ialwayswriteareportonit.现在完成时亦可表原因.如:Wecannotcrosstheriverbecausethewaterhasrisen.Shecandrivebyherselfbecauseshehaspassedherdrivingtest.,过去完成时,过去完成时的基本用法与现在完成时相似,所不同的是,现在完成时的动作需在现在以前完成,过去完成时的动作需在过去某一个时间以前完成,也就是说发生在“过去的过去”.因此过去完成时是一个相对的时态,它不能离开过去的时间而独立存在.如:Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper/hecametome.Bytheendofthatyear,Henryhadcollectedmorethanathousandforeignstamps.Whenwegottherethebasketballmatchhadalreadystarted.Nosoonerhadweleftthehousethanitbegantorain.IhadnotgonemuchfartherbeforeIcaughtthemup.Hetoldmethathehadseenthefilmthedaybefore.有时候,过去的这个时间段隐含在句中并不表达出来.如:,Theroadwerefullofvehicles,whichwehadforeseen(beforewemoved).过去完成时还可表愿望,通常是一种未实现的愿望或想法.如:Ihadmeanttocome,butsomethinghappened.Ihadintendedtospeak,buttimedidnotpermit.与现在完成时可表“将来”一样,过去完成时亦可表“过去的将来”.如:Hesaidhewouldcomeassoonashehadfinishedhiswork.Shetoldmethatshehadbeenhappierthanshewouldeverbefore.她告诉我这一段时间她比以往都要愉快.,将来完成时,将来完成时表示在将来某一个时间之前完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如:Ishallhavefinishedreadingthebookbytheendofthisweek.Beforelong,hewillhaveforgottenallaboutthematter.Willyousoonhavefinishedlayingthetable?Willtheyeverhavedonewiththeirtalking?他们的谈话还有完没完?WhenIhavedonethat,IshallhavedoneallIwassupposedtodo.作完了这件事,我就作完了我全部应做的事.Ifyoucomeatsevenoclock,Ishallnotyethavefinisheddinner.假如你七点钟来,我还没有吃完晚饭呢.,八.过去将来完成时,过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一个时间以前发生的动作,并往往会对过去将来某一个时间产生影响.它常和表示过去将来的时间状语连用.如:Thepartywouldhavearrivedby4oclock.Thedaywasdrawingnearwhenwewouldhavecompletedthereservoir.我们水库完工的日子不远了.Hesaidhewouldhavedonewithmycamerabytheendofnextmonth.他说到下个月底就不用我的相机了.,九.现在进行时,现在进行时表达的是正在进行的动作,可与now,atpresent,atthismoment,thesedays等时间状语连用,也可不用时间状语.如:Whatareyoudoing?Whereareyougoing?Thetelephoneisringing,wouldyouanswerit?现在进行时也可表达在最近一段时间内进行的动作.如:Georgeistranslatingabooknow.-whatareyoudoing?-Iamnotdoinganythingrecently.,Menaredroppingwithmalaria,dysentryandsimplestarvation.士兵们由于疟疾,痢疾和饥饿一个接一个地倒下.有时候现在进行时表示的是即将结束的动作.如:Heisdying.Thefruitisripening.Thegasolineisrunninglow.Wearerunningoutofmoney.与从句连用.Wearesufferingwhiletheyareexpanding.我们在受苦,而他们却兴旺发达.Youdontknowwhatyouaretalkingabout.Themanwhoisstandingthereismyuncle.现在进行时表将来.如:Iamleaving.,WhatareyoudoingnextSunday?Wearebuyinganewcarsoon.Iamnotwaitinganylonger.现在进行时表经常.如:WheneverIseehim,heisreading.Letapersongoawaywithsmallactsofdishonesty,andsoonheiscommittinggreaterones.放过一个人的小的欺骗行为,他不久就会进行大的欺骗勾当.Whenchildrenaredoingnothing,theyaredoingmischief.孩子们一旦无事可干,他们就会淘气.,WhatareyoudoingnextSunday?Wearebuyinganewcarsoon.Iamnotwaitinganylonger.现在进行时表经常.如:WheneverIseehim,heisreading.Letapersongoawaywithsmallactsofdishonesty,andsoonheiscommittinggreaterones.放过一个人的小的欺骗行为,他不久就会进行大的欺骗勾当.Whenchildrenaredoingnothing,theyaredoingmischief.孩子们一旦无事可干,他们就会淘气.,十.过去进行时,过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,和表示过去的时间状语连用.如:Iwaspracticingviolinat8oclockyesterdaywhenshecalled.Whenthepolicearrived,theywerehavingdinner.Wereachedthelakejustasthesunwasrisingaboveit.Soonthewholetownwastalkingaboutthisthing.Iwenttothedoctoryesterday.Iwashavingalotoftroublewithmyskinrecently.,Itwassnowinghardasthemedicalteammadeitswaytothefront.Hewascrossingtheroadwhenhewassuddenlyhitbyaracingcar.过去进行时表将来Hetoldherhewascomingsoon.Hesaidhewasmeetinghissisteratthetrainstationthenextday.Wasitnextmonththeysaidtheywerecoming?,将来进行时,表示在将来某一个时间段正在进行的动作.常表已经安排好了的事,一般只与表离现在较近的将来,与表将来的时间状语连用.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?Thetrainwillbeleavinginasecond.Maybenobodywillbesmokingin50years.Youwillbehearingfrommesoon.你很快会收到我的信的.Pleasecomeuptomorrowafternoon,Iwillbehavingameetingthen.Ifyoudontwrite,Iwillbewonderingwhathashappenedtoyou.Stopthechild,orhewillbefallingdown.,Therosewillbecomingoutsoon.MydutieswillendbyJuly,andIwillbereturningtoArizonaintheUS.Mybrotherwilltakecareofyou.Iwillcallhimandhewillbeexpectingyouthen.Itisnotoktoseehimthisevening,causehewillbehavingalectureat7p.m.thistoday.,十二.过去将来进行时,表示的是过去某个时间段正在进行的动作.常和表达过去将来的时间状语连用.时间状语有时也可省略.它还有一个特点,就是常常在宾语从句中使用.JohntoldusthatMarywouldbecomingnextday.IneverrealizedthatIwouldbelivinginChinasomeday.Shesaidshewouldbesettingoffonthe11oclocktrain.ThenewnamehewouldbeusingwasJackJones.Thecarstarted.EllenJameswouldbedrivingofftotheuniversity.,十三.现在完成进行时,表示动作从过去某一个时间段开始一直持续到现在,或离现在不远的时间.其动作是否继续,则由上下文决定.这个时态常用于下列动词:live,stay,lie,learn,sit,wait,stand,rest,study等等,并常和allthistime,thisweek,thismonth,allright,allthemorning,recently等状语及since和for引导的状语短语和从句连用.如:Whathaveyoubeendoingallthisdays?Ihavebeenwritinglettersallthismorning.Howlonghaveyoubeenlivinghere?Youhavebeensayingthatfor5years.IhavebeenpuzzlingeversinceIsetmyeyesonyouwhenIsawyoubefore.自从我以前在那个地方看见了你之后,我就一直在纳闷.,MymotherhasbeenteachingEnglishfor20years.Toomuchhasbeenhappeningtoday.Fiddlesticks!Whohasbeentellingyousuchstuff?Youhavebeenworkingtoohard.Wehavebeencleaningthisclassroom.Myhandsaredirty,Ihavebeenpaintingthedoor.Whathaveyoubeeneatingtohavegottensofatlikethis?Sincethatunfortunateaccidentlastweek,Ihaventbeensleepingwellatall.Whohasbeeninsultingyou?谁欺负你了?,十四.过去完成进行时,过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一个时间之前开始,一直延续道这一过去时间.动作是否继续下去,由上下文决定,和过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提.IhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundit.Theyhadonlybeenwaitingforthebusafewmomentswhenitcame.Thetelephonehadbeenringingfor3minutesbeforeitwasanswered.Hewastired.Hehadbeenworkingallday.Thedoctoraskedwhathehadbeeneating.Ihadonlybeenreadingafewminuteswhenhecamein.Shehadonlybeenstudyingherlessonfortenminuteswhenherlittlesisterinterruptedher.,十五.将来完成进行时.shall/willhavebeendoing,表示的动作从某一个时间开始到将来某一个时间,是否继续,要看上下文而定.这个时态常和表示将来某一时间的状语连用.Ishallhavebeenworkinghereinthisfactoryfortwentyyearsbytheendofthisyear.Ifwedonthurryup,thestorewillhavebeenclosingbeforewegetthere.TheplayiscomingoffinAugust.Bythentheplaywillhavebeenrunningforthreemonths.,十六.过去将来完成进行时would/shouldhavebeendoing,过去将来完成进行时表动作从过去某一个时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间.动作是否延续下去,由上下文决定.HesaidthatbytheendoftheSpringtermhewouldhavebeenstudyingEnglishforthreeyears.,