EnglishRhetoricDevices英语常用修辞手法.ppt

英语修辞(EnglishRhetoricDevices),Figuresofspeech(修辞)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Rhetoricdevicesmakeyourspeeches,essaysetc.moreinterestingandlivelyandhelpyoutogetandkeepyourreaders/listenersattention.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.,Simile：(明喻）,Itisanexpressedlikeness,whichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as.as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.e.gAscoldwateristoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.Reasonistofaithastheeyetothetelescope.Hebellowedlikeabullseekingcombat.,Metaphor：(暗喻）,Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.e.gTheworldisastage.Thefountainofknowledgewilldryupunlessitiscontinuouslyreplenishedbystreamsofnewlearning.Youreyeisthelampofyourbody;whenyoureyeissound,yourwholebodyisfulloflight;butwhenitisnotsound,yourbodyisfullofdarkness.,Analogy:(类比）,Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Thepatternis:aistobascistod借助一些共同的相似之点来做平行的比较，比明喻和暗喻着眼点更广阔。e.gShoeistofootastireistowheelFollowersaretoaleaderasplanetsaretoasunShellsweretoancientculturesasdollarbillsaretomodernculture,Personification:(拟人）,Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想。感情与行为方式。e.gThewindwhistledthroughthetrees.Moneytalks;moneyprints;moneybroadcasts;moneyreigns.,Hyperbole:(夸张）,Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。e.gHealmostdiedlaughing.Hamlet:IloveOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.Hiseloquencewouldsplitrocks.Mylegsweighthreetons.,Understatement:低调陈述/含蓄陈述,Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingitorminimizingtheimportance,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。YouknowIwouldbealittledisappointedifyouweretobehitbyadrunkdriverattwoa.m.,soIhopeyouwillbehomeearly.Thefacewasntabadone:ithadwhattheycalledcharm.(正话反说，反映说话者的矜持)Themanisnofool.这个人决不是个傻瓜Yes,Iknowalittleaboutrocks.(Arockexpertsays),Euphemism:(委婉）,Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.用比较温和的词代替粗鲁的词或使人不愉快的词，用通行的词代替禁忌的词。e.gCharlesShively,94,passedawayathomeandwenttobewiththeLordonApril22,2004,fromnaturalcauses.Hewenttosleeppeacefullybutforever.(becalledtoGod;benomore;gotohislonghome;begonetoabetterland)Funeralmemorialservicegraveyardmemorygarden.,Metonymy(转喻/借代）,Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemeaningofonethingforthatofanother.用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词e.gThepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces/war).Bewareofbottle.(谨防喝醉酒)Theredeyeswalkedintotheclassroom.Hehasagoodearformusic.他善于欣赏音乐。Hehasasharptongue.他言语尖刻。,Synecdoche(提喻）,Synechdocheissomekindofgeneralizationorspecificationthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.用局部代替整体，单个代替类别，具体代替抽象；或反过来。Theysaytheresbreadandworkforall.Turningourlongboatroundonthelastmorningrequiredallhandsondeck(hands=people)Troopshaltthedrivers(troops=soldiers)Sheworegoldaroundherneck.(gold=chain),Pun:(双关语）,Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.一个词在上下文中有双重或更多的含义。英语中常用同形异义词（拼写相同但意义不同）或同音异义词（发音相同或相似，拼写与意义不同）来造成双关的效果。e.gAcannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here“arms”hastwomeanings:apersonsbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)e.gAskformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.(graveman，即是严肃的人，又是坟墓中的死人。),Zeugma:(轭式搭配/拈连）,Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.用一个形容词修饰两个名词，其中一个修饰是通顺的、规范的，另外一个修饰则是勉强的、不规范的。Withweepingeyesandgrievinghearts-Withweepingeyesandheartse.gThesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Heremoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)Shewasdressedinamaidscapandabrightsmile.Itisbettertohaveapatchedjacketthantohaveapatchedcharacter.Prideoppresseshumility;hatredlove;crueltycompassion,Irony:(反语/讽刺）,Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.即通常所谓的说反话，反意正说，正意反说。常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合.e.gWearelucky.(whensomethingbadhappens)Whatyousaidmakesmefeelreallygood.(whensomeonesayssthunplesant)Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.,Sarcasm:(讽刺）,Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinabittermanner,anditsaimistoridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.e.gLawsarelikecobwebs（蜘蛛网）,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwasps（黄蜂）breakthrough.,Paradox:(似非而是的隽语),Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.e.gMorehaste,lessspeed.Whatapitythatyouthmustbewastedontheyoung.,Oxymoron:(矛盾修饰）,Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(结合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不协调)terms一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，e.gadeafeningsilence震耳欲聋的沉默;amournfuloptimist悲伤的乐观.bitter-sweetmemories;orderlychaos(混乱);proudhumility(侮辱).,Climax:(渐进/层进）,ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor“ladder”andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.一层层地推进与加强最终达到高潮或顶点。e.gIcame,Isaw,Iconquered.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Theaudiencesmiled,chuckled（窃笑）,andfinallyhowled（捧腹大笑）.Wearelow,wearevery,verylow,aslowaslowcanbe.,Anti-climaxorbathos:(突降）,ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingonesthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.采用突然下降的手法使句意从严肃、深刻、重要等等的概念中急转到滑稽、平庸、琐细等的概念上，从而造成一种语义上的大的反差而获得一种鲜明、幽默的交际效果。WhatshallIdo?Ihavelostmyloverandlipsticktoo.AnearlymorningwalkinthefoothilloftheHimalayasliftshisspiritabovematerialconcernsandinspiresinhimnoblethoughts.Italsomakeshimhungry.,TransferredEpithet:(移就/转类形容词）,Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修饰)toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.e.gIspentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.ForgetfulsnowHeclosedhisbusylifeattheageof80.DoyouthinkIwillhavebloodmoney?TheAmericansocietysawagnawing虫咬般痛苦的povertyduringtheGreatDepression.TheytalkedtotheforeignersinhesitantEnglish（结结巴巴的英语）.Hecrasheddownaprotestingchair.Thethiefmadeatremblingconfessionofhiswrongdoings.,Parody（仿拟）,模仿别的固定表达方式而新创的语言表达方式Youaregin-drunk;Iamcreed-drunk.你是酒醉，我是信条迷醉。Ihadnooutlook,butanuplookrather.Myplaceinsocietywasatthebottom.我没有人生观，但我有“上爬观”，我的地位在社会的最低层。Afriendinneedisafriendtobeavoided.走别人的路，让別人无路可走。,chiasmus（回文/交错法）,Agrammaticalfigurebywhichtheorderofwordsinoneoftwoofparallelclausesisinvertedintheother.Oneofthemostfascinatingfeaturesofchiasmusisthis“markingwithanX”e.g.Pleasuresasin,andsometimessinsapleasure1)Itsnotthemeninmylifeitsthelifeinmymen.2)Homeiswherethegreataresmallandthesmallaregreat3)Oneshouldeattolivenotlivetoeat,Alliteration:(头韵）,Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesameinitialconsonantsoundatfrequentintervals(间隔).在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音e.g.PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers.thewildwindsofwinter;thewhitefoamflew;thefurrowfollowedfree.,Onomatopoeia:(拟声）,Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.以相似的语音描摹非语言的声音。Iheartheclockticktacking,andtimegoesby.Noonetalksinthesefactories.Everyoneistoobusy.Theonlysoundsarethesnip,snipofscissorsandthehumofsewingmachines.Click滴答声clink丁当声coo咕咕声mew猫叫声moo牛叫声,Antithesis:(对偶/对照）,Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.两个或多个句子，结构相同，但含义相反，或者含义形成对比.Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.Extremisminthedefenseoflibertyisnovice,moderationinthepursuitofjusticeisnovirtue.AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.Thatsonesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind.-NeilArmstrong,Parallelism（平行结构/排比）,Similarityofstructureinapairorseriesofrelatedwords,phrases,orclauses.e.g.Marylikestohike,swim,andrideabicycle.Themediocreteachertells.Thegoodteacherexplains.Thesuperiorteacherdemonstrates.Thegreatteacherinspires.(WilliamA.Ward)Themistakesofthefoolareknowntotheworld,butnottohimself.Themistakesofthewisemanareknowntohimself,butnottotheworld.(CharlesCalebColton)TellmeandIforget.TeachmeandImayremember.InvolvemeandIwilllearn.(BenjaminFranklin),Repetition（反复）：,repeatingwordsorphrases:Wordsorphrasesarerepeatedthroughoutthetexttoemphasizecertainfactsorideas.一次地使用同一词语或句子。Down,down,down.Wouldthefallnevercometoanend!IwonderhowmanymilesIvefallenbythistime?shesaidaloud.Down,down,down.Therewasnothingelsetodo,soAlicesoonbegantalkingagain.,Anaphora:（首语重复法）,successiveclausesorsentencesstartwiththesameword(s)Everychildmustbetaughttheseprinciples.Everycitizenmustupholdthem.Andeveryimmigrant,byembracingtheseideals,makesourcountrymore,notless,American.InbooksIfindthedeadasiftheywerealive;inbooksIforeseethingstocome;inbookswarlikeaffairsaresetforth;frombookscomeforththelawsofpeace.Slowlyandgrimlytheyadvanced,notknowingwhatlayahead,notknowingwhattheywouldfindatthetopofthehill,notknowingthattheyweresoneartoDisneyland.,Anaphora,Amanwithoutambitionisdead.Amanwithambitionbutnoloveisdead.Amanwithambitionandloveforhisblessingshereonearthiseversoalive.(PearlBailey)Weshallfightontheseasandoceans,weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.,rhetoricalquestion(反问句),questionwithoutadirectanswerButhowcanweexpecttoenjoythescenerywhenthesceneryconsistsentirelyofgarish(brightlycolored)billboards?.Forifwelosetheabilitytoperceiveourfaults,whatisthegoodoflivingon?Isjusticethentobeconsideredmerelyaword?Orisitwhateverresultsfromthebarteringbetweenattorneys?,Allusion引经据典,indirectreferencetoaperson,eventorpieceofliteratureAllusionisusedtoexplainorclarifyacomplexproblem.Notethatallusionworksbestifyoukeepitshortandrefertosomethingthereader/audienceisfamiliarwith,e.g.:famouspeoplehistory(Greek)mythologyliteraturethebible,Examplesofallusion:tomeetonesWaterloo(allusiononNapoleonsdefeatintheBattleofWaterloo)Ifyoutakehisparkingplace,youcanexpectWorldWarIIalloveragain.Overnight,theUnitedStatesperceivedaswardofDamoclessuspendedoveritshead.(impendingdangerevil)Planahead:itwasntrainingwhenNoahbuilttheark.,Appositive（同位语）,Anounornounsubstituteplacednextto(inappositionto)anothernountobedescribedordefinedbytheappositive.Theappositivecanbeplacedbeforeorafterthenoun:HenryJameson,thebossoftheoperation,alwaysworearedbaseballcap.Anotoriousannualfeast,thepicnicwaswellattended.Thateveningwewereallattheconcert,areallyelaborateandexcitingaffair.IsyourfriendGeorgegoingtorunforoffice?,Others,ellipsis(省略)：句子成分有所省略Inversion:倒装Parenthesis:插入语,WishYouSuccessHappyEveryDay,