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UNIT11 Why does the speaker urge people to be patient? Because he understands that the war is long and tough. it is not to end in months but in years. he tells the people there that however long the war last, the final victory belongs to Britain. but at the same time he makes it clear that not everyday is an opportunity to take action. they have yet to wait and persevere.2 why does the speaker advise the British people to treat triumph and disaster in the same way? Because he thinks that both triumph and disaster are deceptive in that people can make things out far worse than they really are when they are in triumph.what is the change in the widespread mood referred to in p5? When Britain came under the heavy air attacks by Germany .many other nations thought that Britain was finished. As the country stood the ordeal to their great surprise, those nations changed their view.3 why does the speaker change darker into sterner? Because he has a strong conviction of victory. The 2terms have different implications. when used in the text to refer to the days of war, ”darker days” emphasizes the negative aspect of the event and shows the users pessimism. sterner days ,though identical in its reference ,suggests optimism and pride in having the chance to rise the challenge.4 Do you think the speaker had achieved his purpose by the end of his speech? Yes, I do. By paying a visit to Harrow School and making a speech there, Churchill not only encouraged the audience of his speech but the British people in general to continue to fight rather than surrender to their enemy.UNIT21. Why does the writer describe his experience at the bank? Because he wants to show the importance of personal space in maintaining public order. If ones personal space is invaded, he may, in preserving his own space, break into others, personal space. The chain action can cause chaos in public order.2. How is the concept of personal space defined? The author defines personal space as ones individual sphere with the self at the center and a certain distance on each side. It is part of ones privacy, the invasion of which necessarily makes one uneasy.3. what is meant by “this tendency” in p4? How does the author think of its causes? It refers to the phenomenon exemplified in the previous paragraph, that is , the escalation of the invasion of personal space. The writer used to think this was caused by the population explosion via Malthusian logic. Summer dress some people are more attractive. In addition, he suggests, in seriousness or jest, the stimulating effect of caffeine contributes to the escalation of the invasion of personal space too.4. what is the characteristic of personal space as described in p5? The writer mainly describes one important characteristic of personal space: personal space is a relative concept；People in different regions have different concepts of personal space. The size of personal space varies according to where one lives, where one has a spread, he will have a more spacious concept of personal space than those who do not have a large place of their own.5.why is personal space shrinking in general?Because people are more self-absorbed than before. In other words they are paying less attention to the outside world, including personal space, personal space in effect encourages space invasion.U31. what is the authors viewpoint about the benefit of the internet? What dose he see about its negative side? As the author sees it, the internet is most likely to make our global village a better place to live in. it provides a miraculous forum for the globalization of ideas, which contributes to the realization of human potential. Furthermore, it is a powerful tool for the acquisition and application of knowledge. The benefits of the internet, however, may be darkened by the negative consequences. It may deprive the use of his time for necessary interaction with other society members so that the whole world may be further fragmented. In addition, there is a reasonable likelihood that the internet presents too much information, which gives the user a skewed sense of reality by making him cognitively overloaded.2. what happened to the authors friend as regards the internet? What negative consequences did he see about it? His friend was addicted to the internet. He would spend even over 24 hours non-stop on the internet so that he had to force himself to go off line. As he spent so much time in cyberspace, his sense of reality might have been crooked. Moreover, without any face-to-face verbal communication with other people, he felt lonely and depressed.3. what alienated society members before the internet gained popularity? What alienates them in the information age? The alienation of society members had begun long before the internet started to be used worldwide. After World War 2,when the soldiers returned from the battlefields, they devoted themselves to “progress”。Large quantities of cars were manufactured, which fed the creation of suburbs, and consequently people lived far apart from each. The Internet, however, has added to the problem and Internet addicts are far from rare. As illustrated by the example of the authors nephew, it seems to be an irreversible trend that more and more people, old and young, are becoming addicted to the Internet. They will spend many hours non-stop in cyberspace rather than with their families or friends. For lace of communication, they are becoming strangers to other people. Therefore, there is a good reason to believe that society is being further alienated by the Internet.4. what is meant by the “cruel irony” that appears in p4? Means that the Internet provides the user with a convenient means of communicating and making friends with people far apart on the one hand, but on the other, it estranges the user from the people around him by canceling his availability for face-to-face communication even with his families and close friends and for involvement in community activities.5. how, according to the author, can the potential of the internet be realized? The potential of the Internet as a powerful tool for globalizing ideas and for acquiring and applying knowledge can only be realized when user strikes a balance between reality and the Internet. Although the Internet makes it possible for the user to debate, shop, travel and have romance in cyberspace without leaving home, the overuse of this tool probably results in a distorted sense of reality. The only of this tool without losing ones sense of place in the world.U41. why is a view of mountains provided by a picture so significant that it was chosen as the title of the essay? A view of mountains in the distance rather than the wreckage is meant to remind the viewer of the city that was leveled to ground by the atomic bomb and of the normal life that would have been going on there. This is where the significance of the picture lies.2.why are Yamahatas pictures still news? Because it was the first time that Americans had ever seen the pictures since the atomic bombing 50 years ago.3.in what way is the bombing of Nagasaki the fitter symbol of the nuclear danger? The bombing of Nagasaki is regarded as the fitter symbol of the nuclear peril in 2 respects. First, it is evidence that nuclear weapons can be used again to destroy human civilization. Second, the fact that Nagasaki had not been the originally chosen target of the nuclear attacks in the future. That is, every city in the world is liable to nuclear destruction.4. what is the universal meaning of Yamahatas photos? They were intended to demonstrate the devastating power of nuclear weapons and express an apprehension of the nuclear peril menacing the world.5 do Yamahatas pictures fully express the authors intention of writing? Why or why not?No, it only expresses part of it. Because the writer intends not only to express his apprehension of the nuclear threat but more importantly, to call on the people to take actions to banish forever nuclear weaponry from the earth.U51. what did the woman think of the movie Girlfriends? She thought it was a trivial movie, particularly with regard to its dull plot. At the same time she found it gentle and affecting on the grounds that the movie described in detail the characteristics of the friendship between 2 women.2.why did the woman say that the movie camera had shifted its focus?Because in the past men were the exclusive images of friendship depicted in movies and they were presented as the only inheritors of a primitive capacity for friendship. Women , on the other hand, were portrayed as incapable of friendship, taking their pleasure in making critical remarks about each other. Nowadays, however, female friendship was becoming a fashionable theme of movies, taking the place of male friendship.3. what, according to the woman, is the subtle distinction between male and female friendship? Male friendship is established on the need for cooperation in the activities that men are engaged in or in the adverse situations they are confronted with. In other words, without the need to do things together, there would probably be no buddies at all, in contrast, female friendship borders on love, the need for mutual emotional support, women friends desire to be together as a result of spiritual attachment, regardless of whether they are involved in the same act or not.4.what does it show about how men and women establish their own forms of friendship following different courses ? Men become buddies only when they have undergone together competitive, adverse or dangerous situations like sports games and wars, but women are not real friends unless they have exchanged 3 loathsome secrets. This fact shows again that male friendship is activity-oriented while female friendship is emotion-rooted.5. why was the woman shocked at mens description of friendship? Because what men described as friendship was nothing of the kind at all to the woman. As she saw it, when two women see each other only once a year, they cannot count as best friends; when 6. Women do not call each other long distance without a real reason, they do not count as intimates and when 2 women do not have dinner together alone without the company of their spouses, they do not count as chums. But in such situations, men can still describe themselves as bosom friends.U61. Why does the writer hang out the American national flag on July 4 though he knows it attracts little attention in Paris?For one thing, hanging out the American flag is the only thing he can do in Paris to celebrate the Independence Day, which is part of his national heritage. For another, he wants to use this opportunity to teach his children about American history and as a reminder of their American identity.2. Why do the children seldom mix languages up?The children seldom mix languages up because they have acquired French at school and English through communication with their English-speaking parents. And they seem to know when to use which.3. What does the writer think is the benefit of raising children in a foreign culture?The benefits of raising children in a foreign culture, as the writer suggests, include acquiring a foreign language and culture and staying away from the follies of the native culture.4. What impact does globalization have upon the growth of children in a foreign culture? Globalization is like a double-edged sword to the growth of children in a foreign culture. On the other hand, it helps to reduce the differences between the foreign culture and the native culture, and facilitates the physical and spiritual re-entry into the native culture. On the other hand, it unfortunately makes it more difficult than ever for children to be fully immersed in the foreign culture.U71. In what way was Wagner phycially odd? He had a short stature with a disproportionately large head. And he had skin disease.2. Why did he always take himself to be the center of his conversations?He believed he was one of the greatest men in the world, a great composer, a great dramatist combined into one. A man of such arrogance cannot help but take himself to be the center of conservation.3. How would he respond to disagreement?If anyone showed slight disagreement with him, he would make a lengthy and aggressive speech for hours to prove himself to be in the right. This would force his dazed and deafened hearer to surrender.4. What emotional features did he possess?He was emotionally capricious like a child. Rapture in him could easily turn into extreme melancholy. He was heartless and callous to a frightening degree on some occasions. Moreover, his emotional states always found outward expression.5. How does the author justify Wagners arrogance and extravagance?The author says that Wagner was among the greatest dramatists, the greatest thinkers and the most tremendous musical geniuses in our world. His immortal works far exceeded in value the tortures his arrogance inflicted upon others and the debts he owed.6. In what sense may Wagner be said to be a monster?The tremendous creative power, which propelled him to produce so many memorable works in his lifetime, could have crushed his poor brain and body. However, he miraculously survived and made all the immortal accomplishments. In this sense he was a monster rather than a human being.U81. Does the doctor feel guilty of spying on his patients?Why or why not?No, he does not. Instead , he finds the activity justifiable. For one thing, he thinks the activity is well-meant, i.e. he wants to collect more pathological evidence in order to give the patients more effective treatment. For another, his activity is not spying in the true sense, for the act is far from furtive.2. How would you account for the possessions in Room 542?The fact that there are no get-well cards, no small, private caches of food and day-old flowers shows that he has been abandoned by his family and friends.3. Why does the patient ask for shoes time and again?As a blind man, he is restrained in activity. Now without legs he is completely confined to bed. Like s caged bird, he longs for freedom and dreams of going back to his career. Thus it is understandable why he repeatedly asks for shoes.4. Why does the patient throw his plate?This is the way he expresses his wrath with the unfair fate. He is deprived of sight and now his legs. Deserted by society, he is left with very little. Indignant as he is, he can avenge himself upon nobody. What he can do is only to crash his plate against the wall to vent his anger and despair. Moreover, he would rather die in a stroke like the plate than linger in agony.5. What kind of laughter does the patient give?The laughter is unique as is indicated in paragraph11.It comes both from the pleasure after revenge by crashing the plate and the hope to extricate himself from his agony by means of an abrupt death like the plate. Since freedom in this material world is impossible to him, he wishes to have it in the other world.U91. Why could the narrator hardly believe that such good things as described in paragraph 1 could ever happen to him?Because the great achievements were far beyond the expectations of such a poor stutterer as he used to be. When he was young he was completely unable to speak in public due to his serious stuttering .Thus he could never imagine that he would make such good achievements.2. Why does the narrator describe his moving at the age of five as traumatic?Because he felt that the place he moved to was drastically different climatically and culturally from where he had been.3. Why did the narrator quit Sunday school and church?Because he wanted to avoid the humiliation he suffered there for his stuttering.4. Why does the narrator say the farm animals knew he could talk?Because the animals never laughed at him and he was not nervous at all when he talked to them as a way of venting his feelings.5. Why couldnt Professor Crouch stand not being a part of the narrators school?Because he loved English classics, especially poetry, which was one of the subjects taught at the narrators school. His deep love for poetry was vividly described in the metaphor:” He held a book of poems as if it were a diamond necklace, turning pages as if uncovering treasures.6. What event made the narrator open his mouth in public without stuttering for the first time?It was Professor Crouchs trick. When the narrator handed in his poem, Crouch purposefully challenged him for authorship. Consequently the narrator was provoked into reciting his poem in the presence of his classmates without stuttering.U101. What is the purpose of mentioning rats as true city dwellers?The author mentions rats at the beginning of the article for the purpose of contrasting rats with human beings. In a sense, both rats and human beings are city dwellers, but there are differences between them in terms of life in the city. As natural inhabitants of the city, rats are social creatures and lead a stable urbane life. By contrast, most human dwellers do not enjoy urbane life but try to live outside the city boundaries, and they live an individualistic and atomized rather than gregarious life. Therefore, relatively speaking rats are true city dwellers.2. What idiocy is there in the city dwellers trying to live outside the city boundaries?The idiocy of the practice lines in the pretence of the city dwellers. For one thing, they disdain rural life on the hand, and on the other hand, they try to simulate it by creating large or small patches of greenery around their suburb, exurb or rururb residences. For another, while they intend to live a rural life by going to the country, they have in fact spoiled the natural features of the rural areas and create urbane surroundings where they have settled down. As a result their purpose failed in the end.3. Why does the author call the city dwellers journey to work “the first idiocy of his day”?The authors saying so reflects his attitude towards office work in the city. Unlike farming which is part of rural home life, joyless work in the city is separated, both physically and emotionally, from homeless life and consequently causes unnecessary frenzy. The workers going to and returning from work wastes a lot of time and thus is pointless, yet the worker” not only accepts but seeks it “Hence the idiocy of “the journey to work.”4. How do you understand the sentence “The city dweller reels from unreality to unreality through each day”?The quoted statements describes in what environment the city dwellers live and works. With the windows that never open, the modern office artificially cooled in summer and heated in winter, alienates the worker from the true natural world. The home surroundings are no better. They provide the dweller with no true sense of the seasons either. In general, the city dweller is removed from nature and submerged in a man-made environment every day.5. What accounts for the fact that “Americans are the most round-shouldered people in the world”?This phenomenon is caused by the demerits of office work. Compared with physical labor in rural life, office work in the city needs very little exertion, but it requires long-time sitting with the same posture every day. Even the after-work exercises cannot compensate for the damage done to the physical constitution of the work during work hours. This accounts for the round-shoulderedness of Americans.U111. What is meant by“ all the cunning adjustments of a twentieth-century city ”?They refer to the shrewd man made conveniences of life and safeguards in San
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