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定语从句 一(关系代词的用法)一. 定语从句概念1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词。关系词有关系_ : 有_, _ , _, _, _, _等；关系_ : 有_, _, _等。关系词常有3个作用： 引导定语从句。 代替先行词。 在定语从句中充当一个成分。注意：根据先行词与定语从句之间有无逗号隔开，定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明删除后意思仍完整译法翻译成先行词的定语，“的”通常翻译成主句的并列句限制性定语从句举例：(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.(2) China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例：(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）二.引导定语从句的关系代词1. who指_，在从句中充当_(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.(3) In the meeting I saw Mr. Smith who I met in my birthday party.2. whom指_，在定语从句中充当_，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which 指_，在定语从句中做_或者_，做_时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时，相当于_或者_；指物时，相当于_。在定语从句中做_或者_，做_时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做_(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.= The classroom, the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. = The classroom, of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.【详细讲解】. 关系代词that和which的用法(一) 限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况:1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被the very, the only, just修饰时(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? (二) 当先行词指事/物时, 定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情况:1. 在非限制性定语从句中，只用which(1) Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which made the others envy him.(2) He always stays at home at weekend, which his brother thinks is unbelievable.2. 当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which(1) This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。(2) This is the pen which (/that) Im looking for. (三) 关系代词who, whom和whose的用法1. 先行词指人，在从句中作主语时，用who；(1) She is the girl who/that lives next door.2. 当先行词为those时，用who；(2) Those who will join in my birthday party are my best friends.3. 在There be句型中主语作为先行词指人时，用who；(3) There is a great man who saved his country with his partners.4. 先行词指人，在从句中作宾语时，可以用whom和who；(4) Thats the girl whom/who/that I teach.5. 在定语从句中做定语时，用whose。(5) This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.(6) This is the house whose window broke last night. 关系代词as引导的定语从句 关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中做主语、宾语或表语。(一) 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：1. such + 名词 + as 像一样的，像之类的 the same + 名词 + as 和同样的 其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。(1) We have found such materials as are used in their factory.(2) These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(3) He is not the same man as he was ten years ago. 注意：suchas引导的定语从句与suchthat引导的状语从句的区别：(1) He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(2) He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.2. such as such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”；as在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such。(1) This book is not such as I expect.（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句的区别as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；as有“正如，正像”的意思which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。意为“这一点”。(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which；(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 当非限制性定语从句的宾语是一个复合结构时，只能用which。(6) Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。专项练习 1用that, which, who, whom, whose, as填空1. Is there anything _ you dont understand about the problem?2. All the presents _ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.3. The number of people _ lost homes reached as many as 250,000.4. He was late for the opening ceremony, _ was very surprising to me.5. Those _ cut down the trees should be punished.6. This is so interesting a book _ we all like.7. He gave me some novels with _ I am not very familiar.8. There are many children _ are playing toys on the playground.9. He is no longer the one _ he used to be.10. The river _ banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.11. Jack has won the first prize, _ often happens.12. The worst matter _ Im afraid of happened in the end.13. He failed to make his plan on time, which was strange for his boss.14. This is the very book _ I have been looking for.15. This teacher, with _ son I work, is liked by all the students.仿写练习 组句：将下面句子连成一句话。1. A plane is a machine. The machine can fly._2. The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday._3. She was talking with a lady. Her son was ill._4. The clothes have been cleaned. Im wearing them._5. He is sitting in a chair. It is broken._强化训练 把下列中文用定语从句翻译成英文。1. 他在中国参观的第一个博物馆是历史博物馆。_2. 你有任何关于这个主题的信息都发给我吧。_3. 不到长城非好汉。_4. 那条两边都是树的河一直流向海洋。_5. 妈妈给我买了台电脑作为生日礼物,这正是我所渴望的。_6. 掌握一门外语很有用, 这是大家公认的。_定语从句 二(介词+关系代词的用法)关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose.(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)(5) Tom, on whose bike I went to school is a friend of mine. (T)3. “介词关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.4. “复合介词短语 + 关系代词which” 引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开,定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.总结：判断介词的方法有以下三种：(1) 看从句谓语部分缺少什么介词(习惯搭配)(2) 先行词放在从句中需不需要添介词(3) 通过整个句子整体含义来判断专项练习 2用”介词+关系代词”填空1. They held a meeting, _ the hospital director made a speech.2. The book, _ he paid 6 yuan, is worth reading.3. Is this the man _ house the police found the lost coloured TV?4. Wu Dong, _ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.5. The stories about Long March, _ this is one example, are well written.单项选择6. Do you know who lives in the building _ there is a well? A. in front of it B. in front of whose C. in front of which D. in front which7. The woman _ my brother spoke just now is my teacher. A. who B. to whom C. to who D. whom8. His glasses, _ he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that9. I have bought two ballpens, _ writes well. A. none of which B. neither of which C. none of them D. neither of them10. The Second World War _ millions of people were killed was in 1945. A. during which B. in that C. where D. on which11. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose12. The dictionary, _ I paid 80 dollars, was stolen. A. which B. that C. for which D. to which13. Grandma Liang has two sons, _ are soldiers. A. two of whom B. whom C. both of whom D. one of them14. He arrived half an hour late, _ made use unhappy. A. that B. as C. what D. which15. Jane, _ sisters are famous models in the world, will attend the important ceremony. A. with who B. with which C. with whom D. with whose仿写练习 用介词+关系代词的形式把下列句子翻译成英文。1. Jim是我的外教，从他身上我学到了很多有用的东西。_2. 我喜欢窗子朝南的房子。_3. 他给了我几本我不太熟悉的歌曲。_4. 中国有许多大河流，其中长江和黄河是最重要的河流。_5. 他有两个兄弟，没有一个是教师。_综合强化训练1. It is by no means clear _ the president can do to end the strike. A. who B. which C. that D. as2. I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _ help I would never have got this far. A. who B. whose C. whom D. that3. Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series. A. them B. that C. which D. as4. The air quality in the city, _ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. A. that B. it C. as D. what5. Mrs. Lee will move into the new house next Monday, _ it will be completely finished. A. by which time B. by that time C. by this time D. by the time6. He is such a lovely student _ everyone loves. A. as B. who C. that D. whom7. The student that teacher thinks best played truant(逃学) yesterday, _ made the teacher very disappointed. A. as B. that C. which D. who8. Have you seen the book _ is yellow? A. the cover of it B. which cover C. the cover of which D. whichs cover9. _ is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world. A. As B. Which C. That D. It10. Ellen was painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. A. which B. who C. that D. whom11. Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered. A. that B. in that C. which D. in which12. A lot of language learning, _ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. A. as B. it C. which D. this13. When deeply absorbed in work, _ he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A. that B. which C. who D. what14. In our class there are 46 students, _ half were glasses. A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them15. Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from _ you received gifts? A. which B. them C. that D. whom16. The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination. A. what B. that C. which D. whose17. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, _ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. A. this B. that C. which D. whose18. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _ are built close to each other. A. they B. that C. as D. in which19. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _ had taken more than three years. A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which20. Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. which C. that D. whose21. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whom B. which C. those D. them22. Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. whose C. which D. where23. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which24. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which25. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds. A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
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