英语语言学概论复习.docx

英语语言学概论课程复习题集 (1-6章)2013-6-1 Chapter I Introduction2012I. Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE: T1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.F2. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure.F3. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.T4. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.F5. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.F6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. T7. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. T8. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. T9. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. T10. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. F11. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. T12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. F13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. T14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. T15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. T16. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. T17. Social changes can often bring about language changes. T18. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. T19. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. F20. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history.F21. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. T22. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.F23. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. T24. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. F25. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.F26. Features that contrast words in meaning are called design features are said to be in complementary distribution.F27. Linguistic symbols are arbitrary.F28. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear some natural relationship to their meaning.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: descriptive1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_.knowledge2. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal users k_ of the rules of his language. abstract3. Langue refers to the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. Duality 43. D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. arbitrary5. Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication. Sociolinguistics 6. S is the study of language in relation to society.syntax7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_. genetic 8. Human capacity for language has a g _ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. Parole 9. P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. applied10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a_ linguistics.productive11. Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be12scientifc12. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _ study of language.social13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s function of language. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. A1. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a _ study.A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. systematicD2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _. A. sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics C. computational linguistics D. Applied LinguisticsC3. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic D4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness A5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable D6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above C7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _ approach to language study.A. synchronic B. diachronicC. prescriptive D. descriptive B8. A historical study of language is a _ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative C9. According to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language B10. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas A11. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmissionB12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _ early last century. A. American linguist N. Chomsky B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure C. American linguist Edward Sapir D. British linguist J. R. Firth A13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is .A. arbitrary B. rational C. logical D. culturalIV. Answer the following question:1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?2. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: T1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. F3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. F4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. T5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. T6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. F7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. F8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.T 9. The soundzis a voiced alveolar stop.T9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.F10. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf. T11. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. F12. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. F13. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. T12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. F13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. T14. The English consonants can be classified in terms of place and manner of articulation.F15. The qualities of vowels depend on the positions of lips.F16. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. F17. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. F18. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. T19. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. F20. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. T21. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. T22. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. T23.Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.T24.The speech sounds in almost every language can be divided into two major natural classes: consonants and vowels.T25. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.F26.Suprasegmental features are distinctive features of segmental phonemes.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: aspiration27 A_ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. articulatory28A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Bilabial 29 The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ sounds. Tongue 30Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. place31English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation. stop32 When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_. suprasegmental33 S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. sequential 34 The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s _ rules. narrow35 The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription. intonation36 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_. phonology37 P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. alveolar38. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal. oral39 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity. tone40 T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. sentence41 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: A1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called _ phonetics.A. acoustic B. articulatory C. auditory D. allomorphic D2. The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricativeC3 Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords A4The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal B5_ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ D6The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar A7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair D8The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative C9. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle D10. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. n B. h C. w D. jD11. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairs B. allomorphsC. phones D. allophonesC12. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features D13. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme D14The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones C15. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _, respectively.( C ) A. stops B. fricatives C. affricates D. plosives IV. Answer the following question:1. How are the English consonants classified?2. Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:T1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.F2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. T3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.T4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.F5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.T6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.T7. Almost every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.F8. The allomorph is an abstract unit.T9. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.F10. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.F11. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.T12. Phonetically, the stress of a compound often falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.F13. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.F14. The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: Root1. R is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. Morpheme 2. M _ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Bound 3. B_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.derivational 4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_ affixes.suffix5. A s_ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.Compounding 6. C_ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.compound7. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: D1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme D2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the