英语期末复习.docx

Unit5The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 BC. The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus (宙斯). The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions, representing the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. The Olympics truly took off as an international sporting event after 1924, when the 8th Olympic Games were held in Paris. Some 3,000 athletes from 44 nations competed that year, and for the first time the Games featured a closing ceremony. The Winter Olympics debuted (问世) that year, including such events as figure skating, ice hockey, bobsledding and the biathlon. Eighty years later, when the 2004 Summer Olympics returned to Athens for the first time in more than a century, nearly 11,000 athletes from 201 countries competed, breaking the then record of participating countries.有关古代奥林匹克运动会的最早文字记载可追溯至公元前776年。古代奥运会每4年举办一次，在8月6日与9月19日之间的一个纪念宙斯的宗教节日期间举行。第一届现代奥运会于1896年在希腊雅典举办。奥运会的标志由五个大小相同的套环组成，代表着五大洲的联合和来自世界各地运动员的大聚会。奥运会真正腾飞、成为一项国际体育盛会是在1924年之后，即第8届奥运会在巴黎举办之后。这一年，来自44个国家约3,000名运动员同场竞技，并且第一次在奥运会上增加了闭幕式这一仪式。同年，冬季奥运会首次亮相，比赛项目包括花样滑冰、冰球、雪橇和冬季两项运动。80年后，2004年夏季奥运会在相隔一个多世纪后再次在雅典举办，来自201个国家的近11,000名运动员展开竞技，创下参赛国数量之最。Unit 6Gap year (间隔年) refers to a period of time not necessarily a year in which students take time off and do something other than schooling, such as travel or work. The year out is most commonly taken after high school and before going to university. During this time, a student might travel, engage in volunteer work or undertake (承担) a working holiday abroad.A new trend is to participate in international education programs that combine language study, home stays, cultural exchange, community service, and independent study. The practice of taking a year out developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s. It has grown very popular among students in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. In the United States, however, the practice of taking a year off remains the exception (例外). But in recent years, taking a year out has become slightly more common for Americans. Some 40,000 American students participated in 2013 in gap year programs, an increase of almost 20% since 2006. Universities such as Princeton University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology have formal policies allowing students to defer (延期) admission. 间隔年指的是学生休假不去上学而去旅游或工作等的一段时间，但不一定是一年。间隔年通常选在高中毕业和进入大学之前的一段时间。在这段时间里，学生可以旅游、参加志愿者工作或者在国外边打工边度假。一种新潮流是参加集语言学习、住家、文化交流、社区服务和自主学习于一体的国际教育活动。间隔年的做法于20世纪60年代兴起于英国。它在英国、澳大利亚、新西兰和加拿大已经变得非常流行。但是在美国，间隔年的做法仍然只是个别现象。不过近年来，间隔年对美国人来说变得稍微普遍起来。2013年有大约四万美国学生参加了间隔年活动，比2006年增加了近20%。普林斯顿大学、哈佛大学、麻省理工学院等大学都有明文规定允许学生延迟入学。Unit 7The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs. The most important thing to understand Americans is probably their devotion (深爱) to individualism. They have been trained since very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destiny. Americans view themselves as highly individualistic in their thoughts and actions. They resist being thought of as representatives of any homogeneous (由同类组成的) group. When they do join groups, they believe they are special, just a little different from other members of the same group. Closely associated with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans assign privacy. Americans assume people need some time to themselves or some time alone to think about things or recover their spent psychological energy. Americans have great difficulty understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person and who dislike being alone.在所有美国人的信念中，最基本、最强烈的信念可能就是崇尚个人自由。要理解美国人，最重要的也许就是了解他们对个人主义的热爱。生活中他们很早就开始受到教育，把自己看成独立的个体，对人生中自己的处境以及自己的前途命运负责。美国人认为自己的思想和行为高度个性化。他们不愿被视为任何同质群体的代表。如果确实加入了群体，他们也认为自己有特别之处，与同一个群体中的其他成员有着些许的差别。与美国人对个人主义赋予的价值紧密相关的是他们对个人隐私的重视。美国人认为，人需要有自己的时间或者有时间独处，用来思考事情，或者恢复他们所消耗的心理能量。美国人很难理解那些总想与人结伴、不爱独处的外国人。Unit 8As the worlds only truly universal global organization, the United Nations (UN) has become the foremost forum to address issues that transcend (超越) national boundaries and cannot be resolved by any one country acting alone. The initial goals of the UN are safeguarding (保护) peace, protecting human rights, establishing the framework for international justice and promoting economic and social progress. In recent years, the UN has been faced with new challenges, such as climate change, international terrorism and AIDS. While conflict resolution and peacekeeping continue to be among its primary efforts, the UN, along with its specialized agencies, is also engaged in a wide range of activities to improve peoples lives around the world from disaster relief, through education and advancement of women, to peaceful uses of atomic energy. The UN and its specialized agencies have helped the world become a more hospitable (热情友好的) and livable place and brought great benefits to people around the world.作为世界上唯一一个真正具有普遍性的世界组织，联合国已经成为处理超越国界、而且任何一个国家都无法独立解决的问题的首要论坛。联合国最初的宗旨是维护和平、保护人权、建立国际公平正义的框架以及促进经济和社会进步。近年来，联合国又面临着新的挑战，诸如气候变化、国际恐怖主义和艾滋病等。现在，解决争端及维护和平仍然是联合国最主要的任务。除此之外，联合国及其专门机构还致力于各种旨在改进世界人民生活的活动，从赈灾到教育和妇女进步，再到原子能的和平使用。联合国及其专门机构推动世界成为一个更加友好、更加宜居的地方，为全世界人民带来了福祉。Unit5太极拳（Tai Chi）是一种武术（martial arts）项目，也是一种健身运动，在中国有着悠久的历史。 Tai Chi is a kind of martial arts, and a fitness exercise as well. It has a long history in China. 太极拳动作缓慢而柔和，适合任何年龄、性别、体型的人练习。With slow and gentle movements, Tai Chi is suitable for people of any age, sex, or body type to practice. 太极拳既可防身，又能强身健体，因而深受中国人的喜爱。It can be used to provide self-defense as well as build the body. Therefore, it has become very popular among Chinese people. 太极拳在发展的过程中，借鉴并吸收了中国传统哲学、医术、武术的合理内容（element），成为特色鲜明的一项运动。During its development, Tai Chi borrowed and absorbed desirable elements from traditional Chinese philosophy, medicine, and martial arts, and it has developed into a sport with unique features. 作为中国特有的一种运动形式，太极拳也越来越受到众多外国朋友的喜爱。As a unique sport in China, Tai Chi is also gaining increasing popularity among many foreign friends.Unit6改革开放以来，中国的教育事业得到了快速发展，取得了引人瞩目的成就。 Since its economic reform and opening-up to the world, Chinas education has gone through rapid development and made remarkable achievements. 中国政府把教育摆在优先发展的地位，坚持科教兴国（revitalize the country），全面提倡素质教育 (quality-oriented education)。The Chinese government gives top priority to the development of education, persists in revitalizing the country by science and education, and fully advocates quality-oriented education. 同时，积极推进教育公平，保障人人有受教育的机会。Meanwhile, it actively promotes equality in education to guarantee everyone access to education.中国的教育成就反映在两个不同的层面：一个是全面普及了九年义务教育（nine-year compulsory education），另一个是实现了高等教育大众化（mass higher education）。 Chinas achievements in education can be reflected in two different layers: One is the popularization of the nine-year compulsory education; the other is the realization of mass higher education. 教育的发展为中国的经济发展和社会进步作出了重大贡献。The development of education has made significant contributions to Chinas economic development and social progress. 近年来，为适应社会、经济发展的需要，中国政府不断加快培养各领域的急需人才。In recent years, to satisfy the needs of social and economic development, the Chinese government has sped up the training of qualified personnel urgently needed in various fields.Unit7为人诚信，以和为贵是中华民族的传统美德。Integrity and harmony are traditional Chinese virtues. 和的思想体现在很多方面。Harmony is demonstrated in various aspects. 在处理人与人的关系上，中国传统思想主张和为贵以及家和万事兴，从而创造一个和谐的社会环境。In regard to interpersonal relations, traditional Chinese thoughts hold that Harmony is most precious and A family that lives in harmony will prosper. A harmonious social environment can be created based on these principles. 在人与自然的关系上，人类应当学会认识自然，尊重自然，保护自然。人与人、人与社会、人与自然都需要和谐。As for relations between human beings and nature, people should learn to understand, respect and protect nature. Harmony is essential to interpersonal relations, relations between human beings and society, as well as between human beings and nature. 如今，和谐发展依然是我们的治国之本和管理人才之道。Nowadays, harmonious development is still the way of running the country and managing talented personnel. 随着我国社会经济和文化的发展，和的思想更加深入人心。With the development of Chinas society, economy and culture, the idea of harmony goes even deeper into peoples hearts. 中国正在向构建社会主义和谐社会的目标迈进。China is on its way toward the goal of building a harmonious socialist society.Unit8新中国成立后，中国坚持（persist in）独立自主的和平外交政策，在外交领域取得了巨大成就。Since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, China has persisted in the independent foreign policy of peace, and made tremendous progress in foreign affairs.截至2011年，中国已与172个国家建立了外交关系（diplomatic relations）。 By 2011, China had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries. 近年来，随着中国综合国力的提升（enhancement），中国在国际事务中的作用越来越重要，中国的国际地位得到进一步提升。Over recent years, with the enhancement of its comprehensive national strength, China has been playing an increasingly important role in international affairs, and Chinas international status has been further enhanced.在地区性事务中，中国积极推动各种区域合作，为维护地区和平、促进地区发展作出了重要贡献。 In regional affairs, China actively promotes all kinds of regional cooperation. It has made important contributions in maintaining regional peace and promoting regional development. 中国外交（diplomacy）将高举和平、发展、合作、共赢的旗帜（banner），在和平共处五项原则的基础上，通过全面发展同各国的友好合作，为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界作出不懈的努力（make unremitting efforts）。Chinas diplomacy will hold high the banner of peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit. On the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and through all-round and friendly cooperation with various countries, China will make unremitting efforts to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.Unit5太极拳（Tai Chi）是一种武术（martial arts）项目，也是一种健身运动，在中国有着悠久的历史。 太极拳动作缓慢而柔和，适合任何年龄、性别、体型的人练习。 太极拳既可防身，又能强身健体，因而深受中国人的喜爱。 太极拳在发展的过程中，借鉴并吸收了中国传统哲学、医术、武术的合理内容（element），成为特色鲜明的一项运动。 作为中国特有的一种运动形式，太极拳也越来越受到众多外国朋友的喜爱。 Unit6改革开放以来，中国的教育事业得到了快速发展，取得了引人瞩目的成就。 中国政府把教育摆在优先发展的地位，坚持科教兴国（revitalize the country），全面提倡素质教育 (quality-oriented education)。 同时，积极推进教育公平，保障人人有受教育的机会。 中国的教育成就反映在两个不同的层面：一个是全面普及了九年义务教育（nine-year compulsory education），另一个是实现了高等教育大众化（mass higher education）。 教育的发展为中国的经济发展和社会进步作出了重大贡献。 近年来，为适应社会、经济发展的需要，中国政府不断加快培养各领域的急需人才。 Unit7为人诚信，以和为贵是中华民族的传统美德。 和的思想体现在很多方面。 在处理人与人的关系上，中国传统思想主张和为贵以及家和万事兴，从而创造一个和谐的社会环境。 在人与自然的关系上，人类应当学会认识自然，尊重自然，保护自然。人与人、人与社会、人与自然都需要和谐。 如今，和谐发展依然是我们的治国之本和管理人才之道。 随着我国社会经济和文化的发展，和的思想更加深入人心。 中国正在向构建社会主义和谐社会的目标迈进。 Unit8新中国成立后，中国坚持（persist in）独立自主的和平外交政策，在外交领域取得了巨大成就。 截至2011年，中国已与172个国家建立了外交关系（diplomatic relations）。 近年来，随着中国综合国力的提升（enhancement），中国在国际事务中的作用越来越重要，中国的国际地位得到进一步提升。 在地区性事务中，中国积极推动各种区域合作，为维护地区和平、促进地区发展作出了重要贡献。 中国外交（diplomacy）将高举和平、发展、合作、共赢的旗帜（banner），在和平共处五项原则的基础上，通过全面发展同各国的友好合作，为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界作出不懈的努力（make unremitting efforts）。