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,我国著名翻译家严复对写作及翻译提出来“信，达，雅”三字标准。这个“雅”的一个体现是：修饰语,修饰语理解的原则,*“右到左”原则：“M+of+N+of+M”(No.2)(No.1)1)Petroleumisthelargestsourceofliquidfuel.2)Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind.,“先看本质”原则：“表事物本质的词描述其他的（颜色，新旧，大小等）”1）itsrecognitioncouldsignificantlycontributetothenewinternationaleconomicorderifitleadstoawideacceptanceoftheneedforstructuraladjustmentintheshort-,medium-,andlong-termbyalleconomies.2)Hitlerrealized,astheconfidentialGermanpapersandsubsequenteventsmakeclear,thatChamberlainsactionwasagodsendtohim.3)Allcompetentuniversityscientistsshouldbesupportedtotheworksoftheirownchoice.,练练吧,1)Manypepolebelieve,hovwever,thatourprogressdependsontwodifferentaspectsofscience.2)Next,weinstitutedthelargestprogrammeofeducationalexpansionthatthecountryhaseverseen.3)itisadocumentwhichmustbeconsideredaspositivesupportforthesecondUnitedNationsDevelopmentDecade.4)Whatiscalled“moderncivilization”isnottheresultofabalanceddevelopmentofallmansnature,butofaccumulatedknowledgeappliedtopracticallife.,使用修饰语时的时候,我们出现的错误：误置修饰语（misplacedmodifiers）悬置修饰语（danglingmodifiers）,误置（misplacedmodifiers）,做定语或状语的词，短语必须尽可能靠近所修饰的成分1)Pleasegivethebooktotheboywithbluecover.Pleasegivethebookwithbluecovertotheboy.2)Hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.Hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman.3)Therobberwasdescribedasasix-foottallmanwithamustancheweighing150pounds.asa150pounds,six-foottallmanwithamustanche4)Theequipmentwithouttheaccessoriessoldthebest.soldthebestwithouttheaccessories,Eg.Weagreedonthenextdaytomaketheadjustments.,“看我变身”：1.Weagreedtomaketheadjustmentsonthenextday.2.Weagreedthatonthenextdaywewouldmaketheadjustments.3.onthenextday,weagreedtomaketheadjustments4.onthenextday,weagreedwewouldmaketheadjustments.,特别注意这些副词的位置：,always,even,hardly,just,merely,nearly,often,only,scarcely-修饰语一般放在被修饰的词前，否则不合逻辑，甚至改变句意。,悬置（danglingmodifiers）,与句子主语不能构成逻辑关系的修饰语。Towritetheproposal,researchmustbedone.Towritetheproposal,theprofessormustfirstdosomeresearch.,1）悬置分词a)Lookingupatthesky,thesunwentunderacloud.Lookingupaythesky,hesawthesungounderacloud.b)Reading,thedoorbellrang,Reading,Liuheardthedoorbellring.,2)悬置动名词,Byinstallingabirthday,thebirdsweregivenasourceofwater.Byinstallingabirthday,wegavethebirdsasourceofwater.b)Afterfinishingtheresearch,thepaperwaseasytowrite.Afterfinishingtheresearch,Ifindthepapereasytowrite.,3)悬置不定式,*Toskiproperly,asourceofinstructionisnecessary.Towritewell,goodbooksmustberead.&Toskiproperly,abeginnershouldtakeasourceofinstruction.Towritewell,Imustreadgoodbooks.,4)悬置从句,Whileclimbingthehill,therainbegantofall.-shefelttherainbeginningtofall*Whenonlyasmallboy,myfathertookmewithhimtoChiacgo.-WhenIwasonlyasmallboy-,“秘籍”,找出句子中隐含的主语，对修饰的短语提供行为者，既承担动作行为的人或物（直接，“九阳真经”）补足悬垂短语或省略从句必要的成分，扩展成为一个完整的句子，由行为者做主语（间接，“九阴真经”）,请仔细翻阅P29-33，takeexercise.,“ladiesandgentlemen,我想死你们啦”-冯巩“ladiesandgentlemen,我们该下啦”,Bey-bey-,现在能不能表述的“雅”一点呢？,
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