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MyersPSYCHOLOGY,Chapter2NeuroscienceandBehavior,NeuralCommunication,BiologicalPsychologybranchofpsychologyconcernedwiththelinksbetweenbiologyandbehaviorsomebiologicalpsychologistscallthemselvesbehavioralneuroscientists,neuropsychologists,behaviorgeneticists,physiologicalpsychologists,orbiopsychologistsNeuronanervecellthebasicbuildingblockofthenervoussystem,NeuralCommunication,Dendritethebushy,branchingextensionsofaneuronthatreceivemessagesandconductimpulsestowardthecellbodyAxontheextensionofaneuron,endinginbranchingterminalfibers,throughwhichmessagesaresenttootherneuronsortomusclesorglandsMyelinMY-uh-linSheathalayeroffattycellssegmentallyencasingthefibersofmanyneuronsenablesvastlygreatertransmissionspeedofneutralimpulses,NeuralCommunication,NeuralCommunication,ActionPotentialaneuralimpulse;abriefelectricalchargethattravelsdownanaxongeneratedbythemovementofpositivelychargedatomsinandoutofchannelsintheaxonsmembraneThresholdthelevelofstimulationrequiredtotriggeraneuralimpulse,NeuralCommunication,NeuralCommunication,SynapseSIN-apsjunctionbetweentheaxontipofthesendingneuronandthedendriteorcellbodyofthereceivingneurontinygapatthisjunctioniscalledthesynapticgaporcleftNeurotransmitterschemicalmessengersthattraversethesynapticgapsbetweenneuronswhenreleasedbythesendingneuron,neuro-transmitterstravelacrossthesynapseandbindtoreceptorsitesonthereceivingneuron,therebyinfluencingwhetheritwillgenerateaneuralimpulse,NeuralCommunication,NeuralCommunication,SerotoninPathways,DopaminePathways,NeuralCommunication,NeuralCommunication,Acetylcholineah-seat-el-KO-leenaneurotransmitterthat,amongitsfunctions,triggersmusclecontractionEndorphinsen-DOR-fins“morphinewithin”natural,opiatelikeneurotransmitterslinkedtopaincontrolandtopleasure,NeuralCommunication,TheNervousSystem,NervousSystemthebodysspeedy,electrochemicalcommunicationsystemconsistsofallthenervecellsoftheperipheralandcentralnervoussystemsCentralNervousSystem(CNS)thebrainandspinalcordPeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)thesensoryandmotorneuronsthatconnectthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)totherestofthebody,TheNervousSystem,TheNervousSystem,Nervesneural“cables”containingmanyaxonspartoftheperipheralnervoussystemconnectthecentralnervoussystemwithmuscles,glands,andsenseorgansSensoryNeuronsneuronsthatcarryincominginformationfromthesensereceptorstothecentralnervoussystem,TheNervousSystem,InterneuronsCNSneuronsthatinternallycommunicateandintervenebetweenthesensoryinputsandmotoroutputsMotorNeuronscarryoutgoinginformationfromtheCNStomusclesandglandsSomaticNervousSystemthedivisionoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcontrolsthebodysskeletalmuscles,TheNervousSystem,AutonomicNervousSystemthepartoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcontrolstheglandsandthemusclesoftheinternalorgans(suchastheheart)SympatheticNervousSystemdivisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatarousesthebody,mobilizingitsenergyinstressfulsituationsParasympatheticNervousSystemdivisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatcalmsthebody,conservingitsenergy,TheNervousSystem,TheNervousSystem,TheNervousSystem,Reflexasimple,automatic,inbornresponsetoasensorystimulus,TheNervousSystem,NeuralNetworksinterconnectedneuralcellswithexperience,networkscanlearn,asfeedbackstrengthensorinhibitsconnectionsthatproducecertainresultscomputersimulationsofneuralnetworksshowanalogouslearning,TheBrain,Lesiontissuedestructionabrainlesionisanaturallyorexperimentallycauseddestructionofbraintissue,Electroencephalogram(EEG),anamplifiedrecordingofthewavesofelectricalactivitythatsweepacrossthebrainssurfacethesewavesaremeasuredbyelectrodesplacedonthescalp,TheBrain,CT(computedtomography)Scanaseriesofx-rayphotographstakenfromdifferentanglesandcombinedbycomputerintoacompositerepresentationofaslicethroughthebody;alsocalledCATscanPET(positronemissiontomography)ScanavisualdisplayofbrainactivitythatdetectswherearadioactiveformofglucosegoeswhilethebrainperformsagiventaskMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)atechniquethatusesmagneticfieldsandradiowavestoproducecomputer-generatedimagesthatdistinguishamongdifferenttypesofsofttissue;allowsustoseestructureswithinthebrain,PETScan,MRIScan,TheBrain,Brainstemtheoldestpartandcentralcoreofthebrain,beginningwherethespinalcordswellsasitenterstheskullresponsibleforautomaticsurvivalfunctionsMedullamuh-DUL-uhbaseofthebrainstemcontrolsheartbeatandbreathing,TheBrain,TheBrain,ReticularFormationanervenetworkinthebrainstemthatplaysanimportantroleincontrollingarousalThalamusTHAL-uh-mussthebrainssensoryswitchboard,locatedontopofthebrainstemitdirectsmessagestothesensoryreceivingareasinthecortexandtransmitsrepliestothecerebellumandmedulla,TheBrain,Cerebellumsehr-uh-BELL-umthe“littlebrain”attachedtotherearofthebrainstemithelpscoordinatevoluntarymovementandbalance,TheBrain,LimbicSystemadoughnut-shapedsystemofneuralstructuresattheborderofthebrainstemandcerebralhemispheresassociatedwithemotionssuchasfearandaggressionanddrivessuchasthoseforfoodandsexincludesthehippocampus,amygdala,andhypothalamus.Amygdalaah-MIG-dah-latwoalmond-shapedneuralclustersthatarecomponentsofthelimbicsystemandarelinkedtoemotion,TheBrain,Hypothalamusneuralstructurelyingbelow(hypo)thethalamus;directsseveralmaintenanceactivitieseatingdrinkingbodytemperaturehelpsgoverntheendocrinesystemviathepituitaryglandislinkedtoemotion,TheLimbicSystem,TheLimbicSystem,Electrodeimplantedinrewardcenter,TheCerebralCortex,CerebralCortextheintricatefabricofinterconnectedneuralcellsthatcoversthecerebralhemispheresthebodysultimatecontrolandinformationprocessingcenterGlialCellscellsinthenervoussystemthatsupport,nourish,andprotectneurons,TheCerebralCortex,FrontalLobesinvolvedinspeakingandmusclemovementsandinmakingplansandjudgmentsParietalLobesincludethesensorycortexOccipitalLobesincludethevisualareas,whichreceivevisualinformationfromtheoppositevisualfieldTemporalLobesincludetheauditoryareas,TheCerebralCortex,TheCerebralCortex,MotorCortexareaattherearofthefrontallobesthatcontrolsvoluntarymovementsSensoryCortexareaatthefrontoftheparietallobesthatregistersandprocessesbodysensations,TheCerebralCortex,TheCerebralCortex,FunctionalMRIscanshowsthevisualcortexactivatedasthesubjectlooksatfaces,VisualandAuditoryCortex,AssociationAreas,Moreintelligentanimalshaveincreased“uncommitted”orassociationareasofthecortex,TheCerebralCortex,Aphasiaimpairmentoflanguage,usuallycausedbylefthemispheredamageeithertoBrocasarea(impairingspeaking)ortoWernickesarea(impairingunderstanding)BrocasAreaanareaoftheleftfrontallobethatdirectsthemusclemovementsinvolvedinspeechWernickesAreaanareaofthelefttemporallobeinvolvedinlanguagecomprehensionandexpression,SpecializationandIntegration,SpecializationandIntegration,Brainactivitywhenhearing,seeing,andspeakingwords,BrainReorganization,Plasticitythebrainscapacityformodification,asevidentinbrainreorganizationfollowingdamage(especiallyinchildren)andinexperimentsontheeffectsofexperienceonbraindevelopment,OurDividedBrain,CorpusCallosumlargebandofneuralfibersconnectsthetwobrainhemispherescarriesmessagesbetweenthehemispheres,Corpuscallosum,OurDividedBrain,Theinformationhighwayfromtheeyetothebrain,SplitBrain,aconditioninwhichthetwohemispheresofthebrainareisolatedbycuttingtheconnectingfibers(mainlythoseofthecorpuscallosum)betweenthem,SplitBrain,“Lookatthedot.”,Twowordsseparatedbyadotaremomentarilyprojected.,“Whatworddidyousee?”,or,“Pointwithyourlefthandtothewordyousaw.”,DisappearingSouthpaws,Thepercentageofleft-handersdecreasessharplyinsamplesofolderpeople(adaptedfromCoren,1993).,BrainStructuresandtheirFunctions,TheEndocrineSystem,EndocrineSystemthebodys“slow”chemicalcommunicationsystemasetofglandsthatsecretehormonesintothebloodstream,NeuralandHormonalSystems,Hormoneschemicalmessengers,mostlythosemanufacturedbytheendocrineglands,thatareproducedinonetissueandaffectanotherAdrenalah-DREEN-elGlandsapairofendocrineglandsjustabovethekidneyssecretethehormonesepinephrine(adrenaline)andnorepinephrine(noradrenaline),whichhelptoarousethebodyintimesofstressPituitaryGlandundertheinfluenceofthehypothalamus,thepituitaryregulatesgrowthandcontrolsotherendocrineglands,
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