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Exercise2-2,ChapterTwo,I.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion,1.Pitchvariationisknownas_whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice2.Conventionallya_isputinslashes(/).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morphemeAnaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare_ofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones4.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?_A.nB.mC.bD.p,A,C,D,A,5.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled_.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones6.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.i:B.uC.eD.i7.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.Consonant,D,Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Write“T”fortrue,“F”forfalse.,1.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.(T)2.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.(T)3.pisavoicedbilabialstop.(F)4.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.(F),Fillintheblanks,Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing_friction_.2.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthetongueandthelips.3.InEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthong,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.4.Consonantsoundscanbeeithervoicelessorvoiced,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.5._Pitch_variationswhichcandistinguishmeaningslikephonemes.,.根据下列语音描述给出国际音标符号,不带声唇齿擦音v带声齿龈后擦音硬腭通音不带声声门擦音h不带声齿龈塞音d中高前展唇元音i:高央圆唇元音低前圆唇元音,.根据国际音标做出语音描述,1.tvoicelessalveolarstop2.dvoicedalveolarstop3.mbilabialnasal4.i:highfronttenseunroundedvowel5.uhighbacklaxroundedvowel6.alowbacktenseunroundedvowel,AnswersforUnit2,IV.Definethetermsbelow1freevariation:Freevariantsindicatesthatthesamewordpronouncedintwodifferentways,thepronunciationmaybeaudibleornotwiththediacriticinIPAsymbols.SuchaphenomenoniscalledFREEVARIATION.,2allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Internationalphoneticalphabet:omitintonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Omit,phonemiccontrast:Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.7.minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.8.roundedvowel:oneofthecriteriausedintheclassificationofvowelsistheshapeofthelips.Ifavowelispronouncedwiththelipsrounded,thenthevowelinquestionisaroundedvowel.,V.Answerquestions,1.whatisstressinaword?Forwordsofmorethanonesyllable,howaretheypronounced?Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable,forwordsofmorethanonesyllable,oneismorestressedthantheother.themorestressedsyllableistheprimarywilethelessstressedsyllableisknownasthesecondarystress,2.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinlanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.,3.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.1)ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchasimportandimport.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:blackbirdisaparticularkindofbird,whichisnotnecessarilyblack,butablackbirdisabirdthatisblack.,2)Themoreimportantwordssuchasnouns,verbsadjectives,adverbs,etcarepronouncedWithgreaterforceandmademoreprominent.Buttogivespecialemphasistoacertainnotion,awordinsentencethatisusuallyunstressedcanbestressedtoachievedifferenteffect.Takethesentence“Heisdrivingmycar.”forexample.Toemphasizethefactthatthecarheisdrivingisnothis,oryours,butmine,thespeakercanstressthepossessivepronounmy,whichundernormalcircumstancesisnotstressed.,3)Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation,knownasthefourtones:Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.Generallyspeaking,thefallingtoneindicatesthatwhatissaidisastraight-forward,matter-of-factstatement,therisingtoneoftenmakesaquestionofwhatissaid,andthefall-risetoneoftenindicatesthatthereisanimpliedmessageinwhatissaid.,4.Whatdoesspeechsoundsforhumanbeing?Humanbeingarecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds,butonlysomeoftheresoundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguagesystem,thereunitsarecalledspeechsoundsforhumanbeing.5.Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphoneme,ornot?Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes.,6.(1)Whatdistinctivefeaturemakes/f/and/v/different?voiced(2)Canyouspecifythedistinctivefeaturesforthefollowingphonemes?(a)/F/fricative+voiceless+palatal(b)/k/velar+voiceless+plosive(c)/n/nasal+voiced+alveolar,
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