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,fromChinesetoEnglish,TranslationofMedicalEnglish,AliciaXu,1.adj.+n.2.in+abstractnoun3.onestem,andtwobranches4.adjectivesusedtoexpressdegree5.“asetofadjectives+thesamenoun”6.predicateadjective+prep.,UsefulstructuresinTranslation,7.ofphrase8.onabasis9.n.+infinite10.n+be+infinite11.Themorethemore(less)12.participlephrase,adj.+n.“发病率高”（n.+adj.）“highincidence”（adj.+n.）e.g.伤口血肿差不多都是由止血不完善所致。Woundhematomaisalmostalwayscausedbyimperfecthemostasis.,如果婴儿的饮食中维生素D含量不足就会引起佝偻病。RicketswillresultifthereisaninsufficientamountofvitaminDinthedietofaninfant.我们的研究显示20例这类儿童中有8例神经系统预后不良。Ourstudyreportedthat8of20suchchildrenhadpoorneurologicaloutcomes.,口臭可由口腔卫生不好和脓溢或者由扁桃体、腺样组织以及鼻腔黏膜的慢性感染而引起。Anodorousbreathmayresultfromimproperoralhygieneandpyorrheaorfromchronicinfectionofthetonsils,adenoidornasalmucosa.,血气恶化可能表示心血管功能下降，而不是肺疾病的恶化。Deterioratingbloodgasesmayindicatedecreasingcardiovascularfunctionratherthanaprogressionofthepulmonarydisease.,例1：这些药物的成分是不同的ThecompositionofthesepillsaredifferentThesepillsaredifferentincomposition例2：白细胞的数量比红细胞少得多，数量之比约为1：600Thewhitecellsaremuchfewerinnumberthantheredcells,aboutoneto600.,2.in+abstractnoun,例3：无论是酸性、碱性还是中性，多数药物主要是从小肠吸收的。Mostdrugs,whetheracidic,basic,orneutralincharacter,areabsorbedmainlyfromthesmallintestine.例4：人眼的结构和功用很像一个照相机。Theeyeismuchlikeacamerainstructureandaction.,每条染色体上的基因成对地排列，有严格的次序，每一个基因占据特定的位置（又称基因座）。Thegenesoneachchromosomearearrangedinpairsandinstrictorder,witheachgeneoccupyingaspecificlocationorlocus.,3.Onestem,andtwobranches,以名词为中心词，后面跟两个介词短语。第一个介词往往时of，第二个是其他介词，两个介词短语都修饰中心名词，综合起来构成一个复杂的概念。写作中运用这种结构，可以使得句子语言简洁，突出概念，言简意赅。,例1：感染物吸入到肺是肺脓肿的最常见病因。Aspirationofinfectiousmaterialintothelungisthemostcommoncauseoflungabscess.例2：像呕吐一样，腹泻也是身体防止中毒的一种自然保护作用。Likevomiting,diarrheaisanaturalprotectionofthebodyagainstpoisoning.,例3：将小鼠短期暴露于苯（的蒸汽中）能引起其体内粒细胞总数增加，包括粒细胞的祖代细胞和循环中的粒细胞。Short-termexposureofmicetobenzeneledtoanincreaseinthetotalnumberofgranulocyte,includingprogenitorcellsandcirculatinggranulocytes.,例4：治疗无排卵子宫出血的首要目标应是将增生型的子宫内膜转化为分泌型的子宫内膜。Thetreatmentofanovulatorybleedingshouldhaveasitsfirstaimthetransformationofproliferative(endometrium)intosecretoryendometrium.,有时，名词后面可有三个介词短语。这种损伤导致体液从血液向组织渗漏。Suchdamageresultsintheleakageoffluidfromthebloodintothetissues.第二个短语也可以是不定式短语肾小管对这些物质的吸收能力不是无限的。Thecapacityofthetubulestoabsorbthesesubstancesisnotunlimited.,Thebodyneednutrition.Theneedofbodyfornutrition,4.Adjectivesusedtoexpressdegree,尿中出现可以检测到的（一定量的）葡萄糖称为糖尿。Thepresenceofappreciableamountsofglucoseintheurineisknownasglycosuria.血液中出现了尿酸的明显增多。Therehasbeenanappreciableincreaseofuricacidintheblood.,AppreciableConsiderableMarkedSignificantappreciable/considerable/marked/significantincrease,这种药（依地酸钙钠）对急性和慢性铅中毒是有效的，它可引起明显增加的尿铅排出。Thedrug(sodiumcalciumedetate)iseffectiveinacuteandchronicleadpoisoning;itproducesamarkedincreaseintheurinaryexcretionoflead.,骨盆检查显示外阴有明显的炎症。Pelvicexaminationshowsthatthereisconsiderableinflammationofthevulva.AD患者血浆中P物质浓度相对于对照组有显著增加(P0.01);PatientswithADhadsignificantincreaseinplasmalevelofSubstancePcomparedwithcontrols(P0.01).,如果血液被过多摄入的液体所稀释，尿的排出就会增加。Ifthebloodisdilutedbyanexcessiveintakeoffluidstheoutputofurineisincreased.,普萘洛尔确实有效，它可较大程度地增加很多患者的运动耐受性。Propranololdoeshaveademonstrableeffect,andinmanypatientsitwillincreaseexercisetoleranceconsiderably.demonstrable,先天畸形可引起相当比例的婴儿死亡。Congenitalabnormalitiescauseafairproportionofinfantdeaths.fair这种有轻微麻醉作用的药物在腹部手术中是有价值的。Thedrugisofvalue,withlightanesthesia,inobtaininggreaterrelationinabdominalsurgery.light,大出血必须及时加以控制，否则就需进行手术。Massivebleedingmustbebroughtundercontrolimmediately,otherwiseanoperationisindicated.Massive,当你剧烈运动时，体内产生废物，这些物质对于神经系统具有轻度的毒性。Whenyouexercisevigorously,wasteproductswhichactasmildpoisonstothenervoussystemareformed.mild(slight),除了主动脉反流，如果还存在有一定程度的主动脉狭窄，通常会出现（左心室）中度扩张。Ifconsiderableaorticstenosisexistsalongwithregurgitation,moderateenlargementistherule.moderate,普萘洛尔在降低动脉血压上也有适当的作用。Propranololalsohasamodesteffectinreducingarterialbloodpressure.Modest,这些事实几乎结论性地表明吸烟习惯与随后发生的冠状动脉疾病之间的紧密联系。Thesealmostconclusivelyindicateastrongassociationbetweenthehabitofcigarettesmokingandthesubsequentdevelopmentofcoronaryarterydisease.Strong,5.“asetofadjectives+thesamenoun”todifferentiatevariousdegrees.,asmall(limited)numberofacertainnumberofalargenumberofanenormous(vast)numberof,Anumberof少数有一些很多极多,MinimumamountofaninsufficientamountofMinor(small)amountsofappreciableamountsofvastamountsofaverylargeamountof,A(an)amountof/amountsof最低量不足量的少量一定数量大量超大量的,Ofimportance没什么重要oflittle(no)importance不太重要ofminorimportance十分重要ofmajorimportance极其重要ofessential(fundamental/great)importance,格外重要ofparticularimportance至关重要ofvitalimportance最为重要offirst(prime/primary/utmost/paramount)importance,有深远意义ofprofoundimportance有治疗意义oftherapeuticimportance压倒一切的重要意义ofoverridingimportance,Ofvalue作用不大oflittlevalue极大的价值ofgreat(most/considerable)value有无价值，是有争议的ofdebatablevalue,e.g.患风湿热时经常发生的这些临床特征，具有很小的诊断价值。Theseclinicalfeaturesfrequentlyoccurringinrheumaticfeverareofminordiagnosticvalue.,Atintervals交替，间隔有规律地交替出现atregularintervals例：疟疾是一种慢性、复发性的感染，以规律交替出现寒战和高热为其特征。Malariaisachronic,relapsinginfectioncharacterizedbychillsandhighfeveratregularintervals.例：每4小时重复一次At4hourintervals/atintervalsof4hours,Payattentionto应有的注意相当地注意充分关注非常重视密切注意Particularattentionmustbegivento,paydueattentiontopayconsiderableattentiontopayadequateattentiontopaygreatattentiontopaycloseattentionto,6.predicateadjective+prep.,adj.+forbeavailablefor有效的例：人工自动免疫对白喉、麻疹、腮腺炎、脊髓灰质炎、狂犬病、落基山斑疹热、猩红热、破伤风、伤寒和百日咳等疾病均有效。Artificialactiveimmunizationisavailablefordiphtheria,measles,mumps,poliomyelitis,rabies,RockyMountainspottedfever,scarletfever,tetanus,typhoidfever,andwhoopingcough.,becriticalforbeeffectiveforbesuitablefor,adj.+inbedeficientin缺乏的例：因为机体主要缺乏水和电解质，而不是缺血或血浆，所以补液主要以盐水溶液为主。Sincethebodyisdeficientchieflyinwaterandelectrolytes,ratherthanbloodorplasma,fluidreplacementshouldconsistmainlyofsalinesolutions.beinadequatein不足的,adj.+ofbecharacteristicof以为特征beconsciousof意识到bedevoidof不受影响例：没有副作用bedevoidofsideeffectsbedevoidofsideeffectsbeindependentof不受影响或支配beignorantof不清楚beindicativeof是的预兆,besuggestiveof提示例：一般说来，以干燥性鳞屑红斑类型为表现的手癣提示红色毛癣菌感染。GenerallytineamanumofdryscalyanderythematoustypeissuggestiveofTrichophytonrubruminfection.,adj.+tobecentralto成为的中心环节bedetrimentalto对有害bedeleteriousto对有害bevulnerableto易受的损伤,besusceptibleto易受到损伤的，易发病的例：本研究指出，抑郁者更易心脏病发作。Ourstudyhasindicatedthatpeoplewithdepressionaremoresusceptibletoheartattacks.,adj.+withbecompatiblewith与相符合becontiguouswith与接触，与相连beisotonicwith与等渗的besynchronouswith与一致（同步）的,例：该婴儿的临床表现与宫内感染是相符合的。Thisinfantsclinicalpictureiscompatiblewithanintrauterineinfection.例：子宫的杂音与母体的脉搏是一致的。Theuterinesoufflissynchronouswiththematernalpulse.,7.Ofphrase,Usedatthebeginningofsentencesasadverbialmodifier,indicatingrangeorscope.在研究的全部手术病例中，40是Ofthetotaloperationsstudied,40percentwere,在入院的64例患者中，35人接受了手术治疗，29人接受了药物治疗。Ofthe64patientsadmitted,35weretreatedsurgicallyand29medically.,(Of短语也可以用在后面)有64例患者住进我们医院，其中35人接受了手术治疗，其余29人接受了药物治疗。Sixty-fourcaseswereadmittedtoourhospital,ofwhom35weretreatedsurgicallyandtheremaining29medically.,8.Onabasis,此短语的功能相当于形容词或名词的副词形式所起的状语作用。onaregularbasis=regularlyonamoment-to-momentbasisfrommomenttomoment必须对患者进行仔细的体格检查并且定期复查。Ameticulousphysicalexaminationmustbeperformedandrepeatedonaregularbasis.,对患者进行逐个分析时，病损大小在10mm及以上者（总数为63），其空气对比钡剂灌肠敏感度为48，CT结肠造影为59，结肠镜检率为98。Whenanalyzedonaper-patientbasis,forlesions10mmorlargerinsize(n=63),thesensitivityofaircontrastbariumenema(ACBE)was48%,computedtomographiccolonography(CTC)59%,andcolonoscopy98%.,视个体情况而定onanindividualbasis=individually频繁地onafrequentbasis=frequently实验性质地onaexperimentalbasis=experimentally世界范围内地onaworldbasis=worldwide,长期地，永远地onapermanentbasis=permanently不定时偶尔的onatime-contingentbasis=time-contingently每天地onadailybasis=daily,9.n+infinite,名词的后置定语多用介词短语，分词短语或定语从句。但有时不定式也可以，主要限于一些抽象名词。,激光影像镜检最突出的一点是能使手术操作创伤性小而又省钱。Themostremarkablethingaboutvideolaseroscopyisitspotentialtomaketheprocedureslessinvasiveandcostly.手术消毒所需的时间取决于被消毒物品的性质。Thetimeofoperationtoachievesterilitydependsonthenatureofthematerialbeingsterilized.,10.n+be+infinite,40岁以上的患者近期开始出现消化不良的症状时，首先应排除的是胃癌。Whenconfrontedwithdyspepticsymptomsofrecentorigininapatientover40yearsthefirstnecessityistoexcludegastriccancer.,11.Themorethemore(less),胎膜破裂的时间越长，宫内感染发生的可能性就越大。Thelongerthemembranesareruptured,thegreaterthelikelihoodofintrauterineinfection(is).,12.participlephrase,写作中句子语言结构的变化还表现在对分词短语的运用上，其定语和状语功能都有助于我们提升句子的结构和紧密性。,分词短语位于句首：对句中的谓语起状语作用，表示时间或原因。该研究的作者们在3月24日出版的科学杂志中报道说，这种方法可能能够消灭感染人卵巢癌细胞的小鼠的肿瘤。ReportingintheMarch24issueofScience,thestudysauthorssaytheapproachappearedtokillofftumorsinmiceinfectedwithhumanovariancancercells.,分词短语位于句末：起方式伴随状语的作用，也可表示结果（分词前加thus等词）发病率增加的最值得注意的具体例子是妇女肺癌发病率，平均每年增加9吸烟的直接结果。Themostsignificantspecificincreasewaslungcancerinwomen,averaging9peryearadirectresultofcigarettesmoking.,急诊超声心动图检查可迅速诊断心包积液，从而避免盲目进行心包穿刺。Emergencyechocardiographycanrapidlyidentifypericardialeffusions,thusavoidingtheneedforblindpericardiocentesis.,分词独立结构：分词前面有名词做为逻辑上的主语（非语法上的主语），构成分词独立结构，对句子谓语起方式伴随作用。为缓解神经痛的症状而进行的治疗有时疗效极小，许多病例对采取的各种措施都无反应。Treatmentforreliefofsymptomsofneuralgiaissometimesoflittleuse,manycasesprovingrefractorytoallmeasures.,放射性被发现后，我们在医学方面取得很大进展。Radioactivitydiscovered,wemadegreatprogressinmedicine.,TheEnd,
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