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Translation,Basictheories,Contrastivestudyoftwolanguages,Translationskills,Translationappreciationandcriticism,Practice,Whatistranslation?(definition)Whatisagoodtranslation?(criteria),Nida:Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.,许钧：翻译是以符号转换为手段，意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。,E.g.,Heissuggestivelysilent.他一声不吭，似有隐衷。Hemanagedtoraiseacropof200miracletomatoesthatweigheduptotwopoundseach.他居然种出了二百个神奇的西红柿，每个重达两镑。,e.g.,1.了解过去有助于了解现在，了解现在有助于预知未来。2.她一想到那次交通事故，就双腿僵硬，难以走路。,1.Anacquaintanceofthepastishelpfultotheacquaintanceofthepresent,whichisinturnhelpfultothepredictionofthefuture.2.Thethoughtofthetrafficaccidentmadeherlegsbecomestiffenedunderherandunabletowalk.,e.g.,Oneofthemoststartlingpiecesofevidencethatshowspeoplearenotintouchwithwhatsreallygoingonintheirpartnershipsisthefactthatthemajorityofpeoplewhofilefordivorcesaytheydidntthinktherewasarelationship-threateningproblemjustsixmonthspriortobreakingup.,大多数申请离婚的人都说，就在感情破裂的六个月前，他们都还没有感到什么情感危机。这一令人惊讶的事实表明人们对自己的婚姻状况还不甚了解。,严复：信达雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.傅雷：神似spiritualconformity,Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.强调原作神韵再现。钱钟书：化境sublimedadaptation.FocusonthetranslatorssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.刘重德：信、达、切faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.,鲁迅：宁信而不顺-rathertobefaithfulthansmooth。梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信-rathertobesmooththanfaithful鲁迅目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋目的：可读性强，便于交流。,信faithfulness?达expressiveness?雅elegance?,Equivalence:(1)semanticequivalence(2)stylisticequivalence,SomeCategoriesofTranslationCriteria,直译vs意译LiteraltranslationvsLiberaltranslation形似vs神似FormalconformityvsSpiritualconformity异化vs归化ForeignizationvsDomestication,AdvantagesandDisadvantages,?,FactorsInfluencingYourTranslation,YourcompetenceandyourtemperamentContext(textualandcultural)Expectedreaders,ReferenceBooks,陆谷孙英语大词典上海译文出版社吴光华汉英大词典上海交通大学出版社冯庆华实用翻译教程上海外语教育出版社陈宏薇新实用汉译英教程湖北教育出版社郭著章英汉互译实用教程武汉大学出版社刘宓庆文体与翻译中国对外翻译出版公司柯平英汉与汉英翻译教程北京大学出版社,Choiceofwordmeaning,partofspeechContextCollocationStyle,1.,Chinese,English,头Head,头发次序为前事物残余部分面子、面貌,OnesideofacointailIndividualpersonMovetowards,?,Examples,1.她正在梳头。2.让我从头讲起吧。3.这还是我头一次来杭州呢。4.最近镇上来了几个有头有脸的人物。5.我们对待事情不能只顾一头。,Examples,1.Thedinnercostusfivedollarsahead.2.Thelecturewasabovemyhead.3.Headsortails?4.Letsdiscussthequestionunderfiveheads.5.Heheadedstraightforthebar.,跑run,逃跑runaway跑腿儿runerrands跑材料runaboutcollectingmaterial跑生意runbusiness,Examples,1.他十多岁就学会了杂耍，已经跑江湖数十年了。2.你在公司里不过是个跑龙套的角色。3.车胎跑气了。,Examples,runinto/rundown/runafter/runagainst/runin/runoutrunafever/runacar/runintodebt/runafactory/runforpresidency/runoil/runtheriskof/runsb.intodifficulties,Examples,1.Theidearunsinhismind.2.Thenewsrunsrapidlyinthetown.3.Themachinerunswell.4.Thestreetrunsnorth.,Man,Beaman!manandhiswifeofficersandmen,Sophisticated,sophisticatedmansophisticatedwomansophisticateddriversophisticatedelectronicdevicesophisticatedweapon,ToChooseaWordMeaninginaWiderContext,1.Pleasetellmeifyoucanhelpus.2.ImsureIllbeatJohnthistime.3.Wehavenospringhere.,Exercises,1.IneveryChinesecity,wegotintothestreets,shops,parks,theatresandrestaurants.,2.yet,assometimeshappensthatapersondepartshislife,whoisreallydeservingofthepraisesthestone-cuttercarvesoverhisbones;whoisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodchild,agoodwifeoragoodhusband;whoactuallydoeshaveadisconsolatefamilytomournhisloss,2.ExtendingtheWordMeaning(differencesinCULTUREandWORD-FORMING),鸳鸯,Referentialmeaning,Linguisticmeaning,Pragmaticmeaning,Akindofwaterfowl,Alliterationsingle-morphemeword,Anaffectionatecouple,2.1ConcreteAbstract,TheoreticalBasis:SLTLcultureimagenocultureimage,Examples,鸡毛蒜皮狗急跳墙单枪匹马生龙活虎开门见山,Examples,eatlikeabirdlicksbsbootswalkonairbreaktheice,他万万没想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎。这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干嘛？,IllbreakmynecktogetthisdonebyFriday,butIcantpromiseforsure.Heisarollingstone,Idontthinkhecanlayupanymoney.Everyoneisforbreadandbutterinlife.,2.2AbstractConcrete,TheoreticalBasis:SLTLnocultureimagecultureimage,Examples,verytimidkeepquietacceleratethespeedbefullofanxietyandworrybeveryanxioustoreturnhome,Examples,简言之鲁莽的人截然不同觉得可疑,他每天都要处理许多棘手的问题。我们决不能姑息坏人。Althoughtheydecidedtogoinoppositedirections,theyhadnotcutoffrelationscompletely.,AbstractConcrete(2),TheoreticalBasis,SyntheticVs.AnalyticEnglishChinese形态变化、词序和虚词是表达语法意义的三大手段。,Definition,Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.WebstersNinthNewCollegiateDictionary,Definition,Ananalyticlanguageischaracterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.TheRandomHouseCollegeDictionary,EmotionalParticleinChinese,下雨了。下雨了吗？下雨了吧？下雨了啊!你带上这本书。你带上这本书吗？你带上这本书吧!,AuxiliaryVerb,HecanfinishthetaskbyMonday.HemustfinishthetaskbyMonday.HeshouldfinishthetaskbyMonday.Canyouopenthewindow?Couldyouopenthewindow?Willyouopenthewindow?,Example,Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.,AveryimportantquestionAquestionofgreatimportanceThereisnoinconsistencyinwhathesaid.Thereisnothinginconsistentinwhathesaid.,SomeAffixationsinEnglish,Prefixes:Inter-相互Trans-跨Multi-多Ultra-超Meta-超越、超出Pre-之前,Suffixes:-ment行为的结果、手段、工具、过程-ness性质、状态-tion动作、状态、结果-ism主义、学说、信仰、行为-ship情况、身份、职业-hood身份、资格、性质、状态-ing动作或动作的过程、结果、产物、对象、与某一事物有关的动作-ance性质、行动、过程、程度-ence动作、性质、状态,Examples,HewasdescribedasimpressedbyDengsflexibility.Whattheywantedmostwasanendofuncertainties.Weweregreatlymovedbyhisloftiness.,Thestarstwinkledintransparentclarity.Italkedtohimwithbrutalfrankness.,Tip,Withcategorywords,concretewords,images,etc.,youcantranslateabstractwordsinEnglishintoconcreteChineseones.,MoreExamples,DisintegrationArdentloyaltyPerfectharmonyWithgreateagernessLackofperseveranceFeedonfancies,Therehadbeentoomuchviolenceinthatregion.Theblackpeoplewerefightingagainstthesegregationofthegovernment.Thepharmacologistsaremakingacarefulstudyoftheallergyofthemedicine.,Exercises,Tohelpmyselflivewithoutfault,ImadealistofwhatIconsideredthe13virtues.Thesevirtuesare1Temperance,2Self-control,3Silence,4Order,5Firmnessofmind,6Savings,7Industry,8Honesty,9Justice,10Cleanliness,11Calmness,12Morality,13Humbleness.BenjaminFranklin,NominalizationinEnglishandConversionofPartsofSpeech,1.Warmingup,1)要想知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝一尝。2)别人劝说也好，恳求也好，他都无动于衷。,1)要想知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝一尝。C.f.Ifyouwanttoknowthetasteofpudding,youneedtoeatoneyourself.Theproofofthepuddingisintheeating.,2)别人劝说也好，恳求也好，他都无动于衷。C.f.Howeverotherpeoplepersuadedhimorentreatedhim,hewasnottobemoved.Hewasnottobemovedbyeitherpersuasionsorentreaties.,ConductaninvestigationintoTakeintoconsiderationMakecontactwithHaveaquarrelwithUndertakeastudyof,-ing,suffix(tion,ment,ness)VerbNoun,2.TypicalChineseSentencesasContrast,他想办法摆脱了困境。连动式我们请她唱歌。兼语式你去教室把他叫回来。把字式+兼语式我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。被动式+连动式,达到理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。(主、宾)他不停地来回走动，激动得说不出话来。(状、补)革命不是请客吃饭。(表),E:STATIVEnounadjectiveC:DYNAMICverbadverb,3.LanguageFeatureContrast,4.TranslationApproachAnalysis,Thedoctorsextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.？医生极其快速的到达和对病人不同寻常的细致检查带来他的迅速康复。Thedoctorarrivedextremelyquicklyandexaminedthepatientuncommonlycarefully;soherecoveredveryspeedily.,DynamicAdjustment,5.1(NounVerb)Thisnoveldefieseasyclassification.C.f.这部小说违背简单的分类。这部小说不好分类。Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.C.f.我干重活的能力使我免于早早的解雇。要不是我能干重活，早就被解雇了。,5.Examples(EC),5.2(Prep.Verb),1.Hehassomeonebehindhim.2.Millionsofthepeopleinthemountainousareasarefinallyoffpoverty.3.Hewasbetweensheetsbyeleven.,5.3(ZeroVerb),Afterthefootballmatch,hesgotanimportantmeeting.Hedismissedthemeetingwithoutaclosingspeech.See.TextbookP58.,6.1(VerbNoun),仔细比较一下，就能看出他们的不同。C.f.Ifwecomparethemcarefully,wecanfindtheirdifference.Carefulcomparisonwillrevealtheirdifference.,6.Examples(CE),他能吃能睡。C.f.Heeatswellandsleepswell.(Isheveryrich?)Hecaneatandsleep.(Whocannot?)Heisagoodeaterandgoodsleeper.,我儿子拉洋车。C.f.Mysonpullsrickshaw.Mysonisarickshawpuller.你们今天老是看着表等下班啊。,6.2(VerbPrep.),1.许多学生反对他。2.我永远支持你。3.这趟火车是开往芝加哥的吗？,7.Appreciation,经过学校的门口，也改换了名称和模样，于我很生疏。(在酒楼上)WhenIpassedthegateoftheschool,thattoohadchangeditsnameandappearance,makingmefeelquiteastranger.,空气是这样的清香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅。(创业史)Theairwasfreshandfragrant;itgavepeopleafeelingofexceptionalcoolnessandcomfort.街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色里。(家)Everythingwasgraduallydisappearingintoapallofgrey.,8.Exercises,1.Jack,enthusiasticandaggressive,wasoftenunjustlyaccusedofbeingapolitician.2.EverybodyIknewwasinthebondbusiness.3.Iamnodrinker,norsmoker.4.Everyonewasawayonholiday.,Substitutionitcanbeimpersonal,butthewholesentenceusuallycannotbesubjectless.,TranslationofSomeRelativeClauses,Examples(1.1),1.Mypublisher,withwhomIhaveexcellentrelations,alwaysgivemynewbookswidepublicity.2.Thecurrent,whichisveryrapid,makestheriverdangerous.3.Electricity,whichcanbeeasilytransmittedandchangedintootherformsofenergy,hasfoundwideapplicationindailylife.,(1.2),1.Canyouthinkofanyonethatcouldlookafterhimabitforthenextfewdays?2.Werecognizetheneedtoestablishanddevelopinstitutionswhichhelptotametheunbridledexerciseofpower.,(1.3),1.Assheturnedthecornershehadanewideawhichmadeherstop.2.Therearelotsofmistakesinthisblueprint,whichhastakenusmuchtimetocorrect.,(1.4),1.Thearmedrebellion,whichlookedveryseriousatfirst,wassoonputdownbythegovernment.2.ManyAmericanboyswhohavehadfewadvantagesintheiryouthhaveworkedtheirwayintoprominence.,(1.5),1.Accurate,legiblenotesareinvaluableaidstothestudentswhoareenrolledinalecturecourse.,(1.6),1.Hewouldbearashmanwhoshouldventuretoforecasttheresultofthisevent.不到长城非好汉。2.Howcananyonehopetobeapoliticalleaderwhodoesntknowwhattheneighborhoodarethinking.,(1.7),1.TheLondonteam,whichplayedsowelllastseason,hasdonebadlythisseason.2.Thesun,whichhadshonebrightlyinthemorning,wasovercastbynoon.,Example(2),1.IhavesomethingimportantthatIwanttotellthemanagerhimself.3.Youhaveanumberoftopicsfromwhichyoucanchoose.4.Iamnomatchforhiminskillwhohasoperatedthelathefortenyears.,TranslationofDisjunctiveModifier,TrytoTranslatetheFollowingSentences,1.Shewasremarkablysilentwhentheothergirlsalltalkedandlaughed.2.“Whatgooddotheydoforthecommonpeople?”hereportedlyasked.1.别的女孩一个个有说有笑，她却沉默不语，显得与众不同。2.据有人称，他曾问道：“他们对普通人有什么好处吗？”,Tip,For“disjunctiveadverbials”,separatephrasesorevenindependentclausesarepreferredinChinesetranslation.,Examples,1.Heissuggestivelysilent.他一声不吭，似有隐衷。2.JordancannotpolitelyturndowntheinvitationtoanArabforeignministersconference.约旦若拒绝接受阿拉伯外长会议的邀请，这在礼貌上是说不过去的。,3.Bydusk,wedfilledeightballoonsandleftthemfestivelyalongthedriveway.4.Theaccidentwasstillhorrifyinglypresentinthebackofhermind.,Nounsofculturalandassociativemeaningsandtheirtranslation,Principle:1.Trytoborrow/lend(maintain)thewordwithcertainconnotationfrom/totargetculture.2.Ifanexistingcounterpartcanbefoundintargetculture,tryreplacingthewordinsourceculturewithitscounterpart.3.Ifthewordwithcertainconnotationisunacceptableorincomprehensibleintargetculture,wehavetogiveuptheimageandrepresentitsassociativeorculturemeaning.,colors,Red(scarlet):Redinkinthered:Thatnewcompanyisalreadyinthered.Redcarpet:Werolledouttheredcarpetfortheforeignguests.Letsgivehimtheredcarpettreatment.RedfaceRed-letterday,Redtape:bureaucracyPaintthetownred:Tomandhisfriendpaintedthetownredafterworkonweekend.Mysinsarescarlet.AscarletwomanRed-lightdistrict,红：红颜、红榜、红装、红运、红人又红又专、红卫兵红茶、红糖,灯红酒绿SceneofdebaucheryLivealuxuryanddissipationlife红白事Weddingandfuneral,Blue:E.g.Hisfacewasbluewithcold.Ourbossseemstobefeelingratherbluetoday.Hospitalitycuredmyblues,andmyjourneywaskeptalive.Hisprospectsofgettingajoblookratherblue.,outoftheblueHervisitcameoutoftheblue.intotheblueMyponyranfartherandfarther,tillhedisappearedintheblue.,BluecollarBlueribbonBluebloodBluebookBluepencilBluemoviebluelawbluenoseTrueblue:Heisatrueblueconservative.Bluemoon:Itisonlyonceinabluemoonthatyougetanopportunitylikethat.,Yellow:E.g.Heistooyellowtostandupandfight.Yellow-bellyYellowjournalismYellowboy,黄：黄帝、黄马褂、黄道吉日、黄粱美梦黄口小儿、黄毛丫头Suckingchild,infant;achitofagirl,Green:GreenfoodThegreenyearsGreenshoots,Shewasgreenwithjealousy.Green-eyedDoyouseeanygreeninmyeye?Shewasntsogreenastoexpectsuspiciouscharacterstolooksuspicious.Greenhand,Green-horn:一窍不通的外行Greenthumb:擅长园艺的人使戴绿帽：cuckold,Black:black-marketblackartblackbookblack-faced,黑：黑幕insidestoryofaplot黑社会GangdomgangsterdomMyheartisasblackasyours.,White:AwhitelieAwhitesoulItsverywhiteofyou.Oneofthewhitedaysofsbslifethewhitearmyawhitepartywhiteterror,cooking,一、以主料开头,1.介绍菜肴的主料和辅料：公式：主料(形状)+(with)辅料杏仁鸡丁chickencubeswithalmond牛肉豆腐beefwithbeancurd西红柿炒蛋Scrambledeggwithtomato,2.介绍菜肴的主料和味汁：公式：主料(形状)+(with,in)味汁芥末鸭掌duckwebswithmustardsauce葱油鸡chickeninscallionoil米酒鱼卷fishrollswithricewine,二、以烹制方法开头,1.介绍菜肴的烹法和主料：公式：烹法+主料(形状)软炸里脊soft-friedporkfillet烤乳猪roastsucklingpig炒鳝片Stir-friedeelslices,2.介绍菜肴的烹法和主料、辅料：公式：烹法+主料(形状)+(with)辅料仔姜烧鸡条braisedchickenfilletwithtenderginger,3.介绍菜肴的烹法、主料和味汁：公式：烹法+主料(形状)+(with,in)味汁红烧牛肉braisedbeefwithbrown/soysauce鱼香肉丝friedshreddedporkwithSweetandsoursauce清炖猪蹄stewedpighoofincleansoup,三、以形状或口感开头,1.介绍菜肴的形状(口感)和主料、辅料：公式：形状(口感)+主料+(with)辅料芝麻酥鸡crispchickenwithsesame陈皮兔丁dicedrabbitwithorangepeel时蔬鸡片Slicedchickenwithseasonalvegetables,介绍菜肴的口感、烹法和主料：公式：口感+烹法+主料香酥排骨crispfriedspareribs水煮嫩鱼tenderstewedfish香煎鸡块fragrantfriedchicken,3.介绍菜肴的形状(口感)、主料和味汁：公式：形状(口感)+主料+(with)味汁茄汁鱼片slicedfishwithtomatosauce椒麻鸡块cutletschickenwithhotpepper黄酒脆皮虾仁crispshrimpswithricewinesauce,四、以人名或地名开头,1.介绍菜肴的创始人(发源地)和主料：公式：人名(地名)+主料麻婆豆腐MaPobeancurd四川水饺Sichuanboileddumpling/Shuijiao,2.介绍菜肴的创始人(发源地)、烹法和主料：公式：人名(地名)+烹法+主料东坡煨肘DongPostewedporkjoint北京烤鸭RoastBeijingDuck,DifferentExpressions,1.sautedchickencubeswithpeanuts2.Gongbaochickencubes/KungPaoChicken3.dicedchickenwithchilliandpeanuts,Exercise,1.西芹炒百合、炝炒豆芽2.板粟烧鸡3.萝卜炖排骨4.瓦罐鸡5.蚂蚁上树6.白切鸡7.毛血旺,
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