大学英语实用写作.ppt

大学英语实用写作,PracticalCollegeEnglishWriting,BriefIntroduction,Thisbookincludesfivechapters.Chapter1Sentence(造句)Chapter2Paragraph（段落）Chapter3EssayWriting（短文写作）Chapter4PracticalWriting（应用文写作）Chapter5CET-4Writing（四级写作）Appendix(附录)Charactersofthebook:1.Easycontents!Easyunderstood!2.Multipleexamplesfromoriginalbooks,magazines,newspapersandspeechesbythenative,whichareusedtoimproveourappreciatingabilityandwidenourhorizon.3.Alotofexercisesaimingtostrengthenwhatwevelearnedinclass.,ChapterOneLetsBeginWithSentence,TypesofsentenceCommonErrorsSentenceVariety,Typesofsentences(句子种类),1.按使用目的，句子可分为四类：Declarative(陈述句),Interrogative（疑问句）,Imperative（祈使句）,Exclamatorysentences（感叹句）2.按句子结构可分三类：Simplesentence(简单句)，compoundsentence(并列句),complexsentence(复合句)3.从修辞角度，可分为三类：Loosesentence(松散句)，periodicsentence(圆周句)，antithesissentence（对偶句)4.从句子的字数，长短来看，可分为两类：Longsentence(长句)，shortsentence(短句),1，按使用目的来分4种：DeclarativeSentence,特点：说明事实，或陈述一种看法。主语位于句首。DeclarativesentencesarewidelyusedinwritingandarethebasicwritingskillsfortheEnglishlearners.Itusuallyfollowstheorderofsubject+predicate+Eg:Iwasbornintheyear1632.Idontthinkhecanpasstheexam.,InterrogativeSentence,特点：提出问题，由助动词（do,be,will,have),情态动词（must,should,ought,may,would,could),疑问词（w-,h-）来开始句子。Fourquestions：1GeneralQuestion(一般疑问句)Areyoustudent?注：用助动词提问，用是或不是来回答。2Wquestion,H-question(特殊疑问句)Whatdoyoudo?注：用疑问词来提问，根据疑问词回答问题。3AlternativeQuestion(选择疑问句)Areyouastudentorateacher?注：不一定有提问词，但一定有并列连词or。4Tag-question(反意疑问句)Youareastudent,arentyou?注：Tag本意为附加词，所以反意疑问句也叫附加疑问句，其特点是句子分两部分，前半部陈述，逗号后开始提问，提问词必须与前半句时态保持一致，而且前半句肯定，后半句要用否定提问，反之亦然。Youareastudent,arentyou?Youarenotastudent,areyou?Yes,Iam.Yes,Iam.No,Iamnot.No,Iamnot.,ImperativeSentence,特点：提出请求，建议或发出命令。形式上是动词原形起句，主语省略。Eg:Help!救命！Standup!起立！Getout!滚开！Leavemealone!让我自己呆会儿！,ExclamatorySentence,特点：表达一种情绪。形式上是修饰性短语modifier后接主语和be。主语和be可以省略。一般有两种引导方式:what+noun+subject+beHow+adjoradv+subject+be/v.Eg:HowshinyNicoleKidmanis!WhatashinywomanNicoleKidmanis!Howfastyourun!TextBookExamplesP1-3Exercises:P7,2.按句子结构可分为3种：,SimpleSentence（只含有一个主谓结构的句子）特点:onesubject+onepredicateEg:Iamsinging.onesubject+severalpredicatesEg:Iamsinging,laughinganddancing.severalsubjects+onepredicateEg:Tom,JaneandIaresinging.severalsubjects+severalpredicatesEg:Tom,JaneandIaresinging,laughinganddancing.注：简单句中的一个或多个主语与一个或多个谓语一定是主谓关系。,CompoundSentence（包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子）,特点：句与句之间用并列连词或分号连接。各分句间在意义上有紧密的联系。Eg:Itisraining,soIhavetofindashelter.Itisraining;Ihavetofindashelter.注：逗号只能跟并列连词共同使用才能连接并列句。不然就构成逗号割裂。Eg:Ilikeplayingfootball,helikesplayingbasketball.()Ilikeplayingfootball;helikesplayingbasketball.()Ilikeplayingfootball,andhelikesplayingbasketball.()注：，coordinatingwords=;它们与句号的区别在于前后两句话连接紧密。Todayisafineday.Ihavetodomyhomework.,Coordinateconjunction:And,but,for,or,so,yet,nor,ComplexSentence(包含一个主句和几个分句的句子),特点：要用从属连词subordinateconjunction来连接分句。注：本身不能独立表达完整的意思而只在句子中作句子结构的一部分者叫做从句（clause）。用以连接从句使其在主句中发挥表达功能的词叫做从属连词（SubordinateConjunction:where,when,if,though,because,if,that,though/although,unless，when)Eg:Imetthemanwhosavedaboyfromtheaccident.(定语从句)IfIhave10thousandyuan,Iwillbuyyouanecklace.（条件状语从句）Ithinkthatheisaqualifiedteacher.(宾语从句)Wherethereiswill,thereisaway.(地点状语从句)Homework:findoutallthesubordinateconjunctionsfromthepassage.P9TheGettysburgAddress(葛底斯堡演说)Textbook:ExamplesP7-9PracticeP9,3.从修辞角度分,Loosesentence句子中，先介绍主要信息，再介绍次要信息，就是松散句.特点：结构松散，各部分能表达独立的意思。由于主要意思在前，可将句号移前而不影响理解。松散句没有高潮，用于轻松，自然的表达观点或列举同等重要的事实。注：并列句是松散句。复合句当主句在前就是松散句,反之是圆周句。Eg:IdidntpasstheexambecauseIfeltmymindemptywhenIsatintheclassroom.(松散句)Eg:BecausewhenIsatintheclassroom，Ifeltmymindempty,Ididntpasstheexam.（圆周句）简单句根据主干及附属成分的关系判断。Eg:Themeetingwillbeheldtomorrow.(松散句)Eg:Tomorrowthemeetingwillbeheld.(圆周句),Periodicsentence圆周句,句子中，先介绍次要信息，再介绍主要信息，直到句子结束意思才完整的表达清楚，就是圆周句，也叫掉尾句。特点：结构紧凑，吸引读者读到最后。往往是为表强调和获得句子高潮。Eg:Thoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallycametothisinstitutetostudyEnglish.Eg:Yesterdaymorning,onthewaytoschool,withmylonghairfliedtomyeyes,Ibumpedintoabigrock.注：松散句与圆周句的转换Eg:Frombreakfasttolunch,fromlunchtodinner,fromdinnertomidnightsnack,heisthinkingonlyonething,thenextmeal.Eg:Heisthinkingonlyonething,thenextmeal,frombreakfasttolunch,fromlunchtodinner,fromdinnertomidnightsnack.,Antithesissentence对偶句,一个句子中如果含有两个或更多的在语法形式和作用上相同的成分，便是具有了平行结构（balancestructure）的句子,就叫做对偶句。特点：富有节奏感，读起来铿锵有力，富有文采，感染读者。Eg:Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.读史使人明智；读诗使人灵秀；数学使人周密；科学使人深刻；伦理学使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辩。（论读书）Examplesoftextbook:Exercises:P15,按句子字数，长短来分Longsentenceandshortsentence,Longsentence特点：结构复杂，容量大，用于准确表达复杂的思想，修饰语较多，可用与解释及说明。精确，严密，但缺乏灵活。Shortsentence:特点：结构简单，短小精悍，明白易懂，用于陈述重要事实。简洁，明快，有力，但不利于表达复杂的内容。Eg:Icame;Isaw;Iconquered.Warishell.Eg:Asappliedtocolleges,thiswouldmeanthatstudentswouldgatherinpleasantinformalsurroundingsanddiscussintelligentlymatterswithacommonappeal,aswedoneintheuniversity.Notonlywouldtheyenrichtheirknowledge,buttheywouldalsolearnhowtocompromiseandseeeachothersviewpointbyobtainingwhichinsteadoftheoneoursystempresents,thestudentswouldlearntoknowtheirownmindsandthinkobjectivelyinsteadofreceivingopinionsonasilverplatter.注：短句转换成长句（增加并列或从属连词）Examplesoftextbook:Exercises:P19,Commonerrors(常见句法错误),Run-onsentence(串句)Ilikeplayingbasketballhelikesplayingfootball.SentenceFragments(残缺句即破句)Becauseitisraining.Wehavetofindashelter.Misplacedmodifiers(误置修饰语)Hekilledthemanwhobeathimwithaknife.Danglingmodifier(垂悬修饰语)Goingthroughtheredlight,thetrafficpolicestoppedhim.FaultyParallelism(错误平行结构)Sheisbeautiful,smartandhastwodogs.,Run-onsentence(串句),串句就是误将两个或更多独立的成分合写在一个句子里而不用适当的分离标记。特点：意思含糊不清，读者无法理解各部分的关系。两种串句：1，融合句（Fusedsentence）句子中没有标点符号和连接词。Eg:Tomdecidedtogiveupsmokinghedidntwanttodieoflungcancer.2，逗号连接（commasplice）没有连接词，只用逗号将两个完整的意思连接起来。Eg:Tomdecidedtogiveupsmoking,hedidntwanttodieoflungcancer.五种修改方法：1，句号分隔（两句之间关系不是很紧密）2，分号分隔（分句间关系较为紧密）3，逗号并列连词（分句间关系密切且存在一定的逻辑关系）,4，分号连接副词逗号（分句间关系密切且存在一定的逻辑关系）Eg:ChinaisbiggerthanJapan;however,JapanisricherthanChina.5,用从属连词、关系代词、关系副词连接，将其中一句变成另一句的从句。从属连词：if,after,though,incase,since,till,nowthat,unless,inorderthat,as.关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,whoever关系副词：where,when,why,how,wherever,whenever(=介词关系代词which)连接副词：however,hence,still,otherwise,consequently,namely,therefore,nevertheless,anyway,thus,moreover.Examplesofthetextbook:P22,Exercises:P24,SentenceFragments(残缺句，破句)不能独立成句的句子片段,由从属连词引起的破句（Dependent-wordFragments）方法：1，合并残缺片段与主句2，根据意思和结构删除从属连词Eg:AfterIarrivedinBeijing.Icheckedintoaroom.()AfterIarrivedinBeijing,Icheckedintoaroom.()IarrivedinBeijingandcheckedintoaroom.()由分词或不定式引起的破句（ingandtofragments）方法：1，根据句意合并残缺片段与主句2，在残缺片段前加主语，使其成为一句话Eg1:Recognizingthestar.Tomrushedtohim.()Recognizingthestar,Tomrushedtohim.()TomRecognizedthestarandrushedtohim.()Eg2:Topasstheexam.Ididntgotobeduntil12oclock.()Topasstheexam,Ididntgotobeduntil12oclock.(),由添加细节所引起的破句（Added-detailFragments）细节词：forexample,except,suchas,including,especially方法：1，根据句意合并残缺片段与主句2，给残缺片段加主语或谓语使其成为一句话3，根据句意替换某些动词使句子片段与主句形成完整意思Eg:Ilikesports.Forexample,swimmingandrunning.()Ilikesports,forexample,swimmingandrunning.()Ilikesports.Forexample,Ilikeswimmingandrunning.()ThesportsIlikeareswimmingandrunning.()缺少主语引起的破句（Missing-subjectFragments）方法：1，加主语2，合并残缺片段与主句Eg:Igotoschoolat6am.Andgobackhomeat8pm.()Igotoschoolat6am.AndIgobackhomeat8pm.()Igotoschoolat6amandgobackhomeat8pm.()Examplesofthetextbook:P29Exercises:P34,MisplacedModifiers（误置修饰语）,把修饰词放错了位置，导致句子意思混淆，产生歧义。方法：把修饰词（定语、状语、短语、从句）尽可能的靠近所修饰的成分。SquintingModifiers(歧义修饰语或偏斜修饰语)既可以修饰前面又可以修饰后面的修饰语叫做歧义修饰语。Eg:Studentswhostudyoftengethighgrades.()Studentswhooftenstudygethighgrades.()Studentswhostudygethighgradesoften.()注：1，only,nearly,almost,just,even,hardly,scarcely,simply等这类形容词或副词在作修饰词时，具有明显的限定意义。根据这些修饰语在句中的不同位置，其意义也可不同。要尽可能靠近所修饰的词语，一般在前。Eg:Inearlyearned100$lastweek.()Iearnednearly100$lastweek.(),2,将句中表示时间，地点，方式的状语或状语从句放到句首，不会造成歧义。,Eg:ThenewcoupledecidedtogetmarriedonarainyJuneday.()OnarainyJuneday,thenewcoupledecidedtogetmarried.()3,将看似放在哪都不合适的状语放在句首。Eg:Ikilledthebeethatstungmewithanewspaper.()Ikilledthebeewithanewspaperthatstungme.()Withanewspaper,Ikilledthebeethatstungme.()4,由which和that引导的定语从句要紧跟先行词。Eg:Iateanappleonbedthatwasverydelicious.()Iateanapplethatwasverydeliciousonbed.()ExamplesfromtextbookP40ExercisesP42,垂悬修饰语（Danglingmodifiers）,当分词和短语做修饰语时，修饰语的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，这就是垂悬修饰语。两种修改方法：改前面，改后面。1,垂悬-ing动词（Danglingingverbs）Eg:Swimmingintheriver,arockcutmyfoot.()Swimmingintheriver,myfootwascutbyarock.()Swimmingintheriver,Ifeltarockcutmyfoot.()Swimmingintheriver,Ihadmyfootcutbyarock.()WhenIwasswimmingintheriver,arockcutmyfoot.()2,垂悬不定式（Danglinginfinitive）Eg:Topasstheexam,goodpreparationisneeded.()Topasstheexam,youneedgoodpreparation.()Ifyouwanttopasstheexam,goodpreparationisneeded.(),3,垂悬介词短语（Danglingprepositionalphrase）Eg:Atthetopofthemountain,carslookedlikefishinthestream.(),Atthetopofthemountain,wefoundthatcarslookedlikefishinthestream.()Whenwewereatthetopofthemountain,carslookedlikefishinthestream.()4,垂悬省略从句（DanglingEllipticalclause）Eg:Wheneatingmydinner,threemosquitoesbitme.()WhenIwaseatingmydinner,threemosquitoesbitme.()Wheneatingmydinner,Iwasbittenbythreemosquitoes.()ExamplesfromtextbookP46ExercisesP48,平行结构错误（FaultyParallelism）,两个或两个以上意思并列的成分，若是用不同等的语法成分表达出来，那么就构成了错误的平行结构。Eg:Sheisbeautiful,smartandhastwodogs.()Sheisbeautiful,smartandshehastwodogs.()Sheisbeautifulandsmart,andshehastwodogs.()1,并列连词（coordinatingconjunction）And,but,or,so,for,yet.Eg:Sheisanadult,marriedandhasyoungdaughter.()Sheisanadult,marriedwomanandmotherwithayoungdaughter.()Eg:Idontlikereading,towriteandspoke.()Idontlikereading,writingorspeaking.()2,关联连词（correlativeconjunction）Notonlybutalso,bothand,eitheror,neithernor,whetheror关联连词要成对出现，且前后所跟的成分应具有相同的语法结构。Eg:Aftergraduation,IwilleithergotoAmericaortogotoCanada.()Aftergraduation,IwilleithergotoAmericaorgotoCanada.()Aftergraduation,IwillgotoeitherAmericaorCanada.(),3,一系列平行词（wordsinaseries）,4,对比和比较的词（than,as）Eg:Myeyesarebiggerthanyou.()Myeyesarebiggerthanyours.()Myeyesarebiggerthanthoseofyours.()5,虚词6,介词7,冠词8,不定式9,引导词(andwho,andwhich一定是前面出现了who,which后才可以使用)Eg:MaryisanAmericangirlandwholikesChinesefoodverymuch.()MarywhoisanAmericangirlandwholikesChinesefoodverymuch.()MarywholikesChinesefoodverymuchisanAmericangirl.(),第三节多姿多彩的句子（SentenceVariety）,句型多样化是指一个段落中的短句，长句，简单句，并列句，和复合句错杂使用，使句子灵活多变多姿多彩。方法：7种方法1，使用并列连词（sentencevarietythroughcoordinators）Eg:Mysonisstudyingcomputer.Mydaughterismajoringincommunication.Mysonisstudyingcomputerandmydaughterismajoringincommunication.Eg:Wearewateringthetrees.Wedonthaverainforamonth.Wearewateringthetreesforwedonthaverainforamonth.2,使用从属连词（SentenceVarietythroughSubordinations）Eg:Theboywasinamotorcycleaccident.Theboylimps.Theboywholimpswasinamotorcycleaccident.Theboywhowasinamotorcycleaccidentlimps.Eg:Themoviedisgustedtheaudience.Theywalkedoutafter10minutes.Becausethemoviedisgustedtheaudience,theywalkedoutafter10minutes.,3，使用介词短语（SentenceVarietythroughPrepositionalPhrases）,Eg:Shemarriedapoorshepherd.Herparentsdisagreedwithit.Againstherparents,shemarriedapoorshepherd.Overherparentsprotest,shemarriedapoorshepherd.4,使用分词（SentenceVarietythroughParticiples）Eg:Sherefusedtogetoutofbed.Shepulledablanketoverherhead.Pullingablanketoverherhead,sherefusedtogetoutofbed.Refusingtogetoutofbed,shepulledablanketoverherhead.Eg:Hecrossedthefinishingline.Hewasinspiredbyhisgirlfriend.Inspiredbyhisgirlfriend,hecrossedthefinishingline.5,使用同位语（SentenceVarietythroughAppositives）Eg:AndyLaujumpeddownthestagetorescuehisfanfromguards.AndyLauismyfavoritesinger.AndyLau,myfavoritesinger,jumpeddownthestagetorescuehisfanfromguards.,6,使用独立结构（SentenceVarietythroughAbsolutePhrases）,独立结构的实质和类型所谓“独立结构”（AbsoluteConstruction）实质就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句.分为不定式“独立结构”，-ing分词“独立结构”，-ed分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。Eg:Shestaredatme.Hereyesareglaring.Eyesglaring,shestaredatme.Eg:TheTrojanswereasleep.TheGreeksoldierscreptoutofthehollowwoodenhorse.TheTrojansasleep,theGreeksoldierscreptoutofthehollowwoodenhorse.7,使用修饰语开头的句子（SentenceVarietythroughModifiers）Eg:Sheisintelligentandbeautiful.Sheholdsmanyboysattention.Intelligentandbeautiful,sheholdsmanyboysattention.,第二章段落的写作（LetsTryaParagraph）,第一节段落的基本结构（basicstructureofaparagraph）Outline(aplanforyourwriting)TopicSentenceA:FirstmainpointB:SecondmainpointC:Conclusion,TopicSentence,DevelopmentSentence,ConcludingSentence,Themostgeneralandimportantstatement.,Specific,concrete,exactdetails,Sumup,general,Sub-point1,Sub-point2,Sub-point1,Sub-point2,DevelopmentSentence,Writeanoutlinefortheparagraphbelow,Livingwithmyex-roommatewasunbearable.Shethoughteverythingsheownedthebest.Ifsomeonecomplicatedmypants,shewouldpointthatherdesignerjeanslookedbetterandwouldlastlongerbecausetheyweremadeofbettermaterial.Furthermoreshepossessednumerousfilthy（肮脏的）habits.Herdeskandclosetsoverflowedwithheaps(堆)ofdirtyclothes,books,andcosmetics.Sheneverbrushedherteeth.Pilesof“best-brand”tissueswereregularlydiscardedfromherupperbunk(上铺)andstrewn(撒)thefloor.Livingwithsuchroommateisanightmare.TopicSentence:Livingwithmyex-roommatewasunbearable.A:Shethoughteverythingsheownedthebest.1,pantsB:shepossessednumerousfilthyhabits1,deskandclosets2,neverbrushedherteeth3,“best-brand”tissuesConclusion:Livingwithsuchroommateisanightmare.,1.主题句（TopicSentence）,特点：概括段落的中心思想包括：主题（Topic),主旨（Controllingidea）主题是作者讨论的对象，主旨是作者对讨论对象的观点。Eg:Writinganoutlineisanaidtoorganizingacomposition.Topic:WritinganoutlineControllingidea:isanaidtoorganizingacompositionEg:Goingtocollegerequiresmoreindependencethangoingtoschool.Topic:GoingtocollegeControllingidea:requiresmoreindependencethangoingtoschool.2,发展句（Developingsentence）支持，解释，论证主题句特点是要统一和连贯3，结论句（Concludingsentence）出现在段尾，总结，归纳全段内容，进一步强调段落的中心思想。,第二节段落的开展方法（Waysofdevelopingaparagraph）,1,时间（Paragraphdevelopmentbychronologicalorder）记叙文，按时间先后顺序排列句子。2,过程（Paragraphdevelopmentbyaanalysisofaprocess）说明文，用来叙述一件事应遵循的程序或步骤。3,空间（Paragraphdevelopmentbyspatialorder）说明文，按物体的空间位置，上到下，里到外，左到右等展开段落。4,分类（Paragraphdevelopmentbyaclassificationscheme）说明文，按一定标准对事物进行分类。5,举例（Paragraphdevelopmentbyaseriesofclosely-relatedshortexamples）议论文居多，用典型，具体，生动的事例来证明。6,因果分析（Paragraphdevelopmentbycause-effectsequence）说明文，通过分析事物发生的原因，自然的说明所导致的结果，或是由结果推断原因。7,类比和比较（Paragraphdevelopmentbycomparison/contrast）议论文。先叙述单方面的全部细节，或是逐个问题对两方面进行对比。8,下定义（Paragraphdevelopmentbyadefinition）9,综合法（Paragraphdevelopmentbyacombinationofthesetechniques）,第三节好的段落（EffectiveParagraph）,1,统一性（Unity）要求发展句（developingsentence）为（topicsentence）服务，紧扣中心思想。同时保持人称，文体及时态的一致。2，连贯性(Coherence)要求段落按照逻辑顺序展开，将事实按照一定逻辑关系组织成一段有意义的，前后相互关联的话。3，过渡性（Continuity）要求各句之间有一系列的逻辑关系组成，并列、因果、递进、转折、让步。由过渡词完成textbookP59Examplesoftextbook:P91,第三章短文写作（EssayWriting）,第一节英语短文的构成（StructureofEnglishessays）一，引言段（IntroductoryParagraph）方法：1，开门见山，点明主题Eg:Livingwithmyex-roommateisunbearable.2，引经据典，名言谚语Abadbeginningmakesabadending.不善始者不善终。Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.事实胜于雄辩。Afallintoapit,againinyourwit.吃一堑，长一智。Agoodbeginningishalfdone.良好的开端是成功的一半。Agoodconscienceisasoftpillow.不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。3，介绍背景，引出主题Eg:21thcenturyisflourishingageinwhichindustryhasbeendeveloping.Sohaspollution.4,个人经历，传奇故事5，统计数据，客观事实6，提出问题，引起注意Eg:Ispart-timejoboffcampusgoodforcollegestudents?,三，结尾段,1，总结全文，重申主题Eg:Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthatpollutionhasbroughtandwillbringmoreproblemstotheearth.2，提出问题，引出思考Eg:Computerplayssuchanimportantrolethatitundeniablybecomesthebiggestconcernofthepresentworld.Therecomesaquestion:isitablessingoracurse?3，引述评论，强调主题Eg:Itseemstomethatthemainpropositionscanbesummarizedinonesaying:actionsspeaklouderthanwords.4,围绕主题，提出希望或是建议Eg:Butallinall,Iwouldsaytheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages.Withtheadvanceofsociety,ifweencouragethemeritsandeliminatethedrawbacks,allpeoplewillenjoyabetterlife.5，分析主题，得出结论Eg:Whatwemustdoistoencouragethestrengthanddiminishtheweaknessestotheleastextent.,第二节如何编写提纲（Waysofdevelopinganoutline）,写作前的构思提纲顺序：罗马数字（,）英文大写（A,B,C）阿拉伯数字(1,2,3)小写(a,b,c)Topic:_Thesis:_:_A:_(1)_(2)_B:_:_两种形式：题目式提纲：以题目的方式把内容罗列出来，一般由名词或动词不定式短语组成。句子式提纲：由完整的句子构成，内容详细。,对比两种提纲的区别：,Sentenceoutline:Topic:MyfamilyThesis:Beingtheonlymaninmyfamilywithmythreedaughtersandmywifeisquiteanexperience.:Ihavebathroomproblems.A:Thebathroomisalwaysoccupied.(1)Thereisalwayssomeoneshowering,hair-dryingandputtingonmakeup.(2)Ihavetogetupat5Amfortoilet.:IfoundthatIcantjointhem.A:Thereiscontinuouswomantalkaboutboys,clothes,makeupetc.B:Theyconstantlyremindmeofmybigbelly,longtoenailsandstrangedressing.:Iwillnevertradethemforanythingintheworld.A:TheyaresosmartandlovelyandIamproudofthem.B:Theyloveme.,Topicoutline:Topic:MyfamilyThesis:Beingtheonlymaninmyfamilywithmythreedaughtersandmywifeisquiteanexperience.:bathroomproblems.A:alwaysoccupied.(1)showering,hair-drying,puttingonmakeup.(2)getupat5Amfortoilet.:cantjointhem.A:womantalk,boys,clothes,makeupetc.B:bigbelly,longtoenails,strangedressing.:nevertradethemforanythingA:smart,lovely,proudofthem.B:loveme.,第三节英语短文的类型,四类：记叙文（Narration)描写文（Description）说明文（Exposition）议论文（Argumentation）1,记叙文（Narration)用记叙的手法来描写事件和人物的文体。多用第一，三人称。明确五个“W”和一个“H”即：What(什么事)，Who(什么人)，When(什么时候)，Where(什么地点)，Why(什么原因)，How(怎么样)。LastweekItookpartinthefinalpianocontestattheschool.Onthatnight,IwassonervousthatIcouldhardlymovemyfingers.AsIwaitedformyturntoappearonthestage,IwassureIhadforgottentheopeningnotesofmypieceofmusic.Ibeganthinkingofwaystorunaway;maybeIcouldfaintorpretendtobeverymuchill.Butthenatthelastminutemypianoteachercamebytowishmeluckandsaidsomethingthatsuddenlychangedeverything.Whenmyturncame,Iplayedwitheaseandconfidence.Althoughtheresultsofthecontestweredisappointing,IwaspleasedthatIhadconqueredoneofmymajorenemies-stagefright.,2,描写文（Description）,以描写的手法来刻画人物，事件，景物，地点的内容，表达其形态，性质和特点的文体。Mybedroomisverycozy.Itisasmallroomwiththickcarpetandlightbluewalls.Belowthenorthwindowsismydoublebedcoveredwithanimitationleopardskinbedspread.Totheleftofthebedagainstthewallisawalnutnight-standwithareadinglamp,aclockandaradio.Atthefootofthebediswoodenstandholdingmyportableblack-and-whiteTVandstereo.Inallfourcornersoftheroommyspeakersaremountedjustbelowtheceiling.Behindthewoodenstandandinfrontoftheclosetarethreeredbeanchairsthataresaggingfromyearsofuse.Ontheeastandwestwallsarepostersofrockgroups,andafamilyofstuffedmonkeyssitsonthenorthandsouthwindowledges.Myroomissmallandhas“living-in”feelingIlike.,3,说明文（Exposition）,以说明的表现手法来对客观事物的形态，结构性质特点等作科学阐述或解释的文体。Whendidsportbegin?Ifsportis,inessence,play,theclaimmightbemadethatsportismucholderthanhumankind,for,asweallhaveobserved,thebeastsplay.Dogsandcatswrestleandplayballgames.Fishesandbirdsdance.Theapeshavesimplepleasurablegames.Frolicking(闹着玩的)infants,schoolchildrenplayingtag,andadultarmwrestlersaredemonstratingstrong,transgenerationalandtransspeciesbondswiththeuniverseofanimalspast,present,andfuture.Younganimals,particularly,tumble（摔倒）,chase,runwrestle,mock,imitate,andlaugh(orsoitseems)tothepointofdelightedexhaustion.Theirplay,andours,appearstoservenootherpurposethantogivepleasuretotheplayers,andapparently,toremoveustemporarilyfromtheanguishoflifeinearnest.,4，议论文（Argumentation）,以逻辑推理的方法证明和阐述作者的立场观点或对某件事做的判断和建议的文体。Myeffortstodefineworkaholismandtodistinguishworkaholicsfromotherhardworkersproveddifficult.Whileworkaholicsdoworkhard,notallhard-workersareworkaholics.Moonlighters,forexample,maywork16hoursadaytomakeendsmeet,butmostofthemwillstopworkingwhentheirfinancialcircumstancepermits.Accountants,too,seemtoworknon-stop,butmayslowdownaftertheApril15taxdeadline.Workaholics,ontheotherhand,alwaysdevotemorntimeandthoughttotheirworkthantheirsituationdemands.Evenintheabsenceofdeadlinestomeet,mortgagestopay,promotionstoearnorbosstoplease,workaholicsstillworkhard.Whatsetsthemapartistheirattitudetowardwork,notthenumberofhourstheywork.,英语四级作文分类详解,四级改革和写作变化2005年1月的作文题目是要求学生以导游的身份写一篇演讲稿，不仅包含欢迎辞(表态)行程安排，(说明)，而且包含安排的理由(说理)。2005年6月作文题目是校园文化旅游，要求学生就此阐述不同的观点。2006年1月是个竞选演说，如果我当选学生会主席，我会给大家做点什么事情(说明)。2006年6月17日的四级考试则是一个海报，要求考生构想一个招募志愿者的海报，其中包括应聘人必备的资历和应准备的材料等(说明)。2006年6月24日新题型的作文是传统的议论文形式，讨论大学生选择任课老师相关的问题。2007年1月作文也是传统的议论文形式，探讨对春节晚会所持的不同观点。2007年6月份是欢迎同学加入俱乐部的海报(