资源描述
,河,中,考,英,语,2019,第三部分中考题型过关,题型三阅读理解,CONTENTS,目录,PART01考情帮,PART01考情帮,命题点,考情总结,阅读理解有四篇语言材料,每篇设置5个小题,每小题2分,分值占试卷总分的1/3,比重较大。阅读理解着重考查考生理解各种题材和体裁的书面材料的能力以及从各种材料中获取信息的能力(包括图文转换能力等信息的获取和处理能力)。阅读理解具有以下特点:一、文章难度适中、循序渐进,小题设计梯度明显,深层理解题目对能力的要求较高,但总体符合学生的认知水平;二、语言地道,题材新颖,体裁多样,体现了语言是文化的载体,是社会文化的反映;三、具有知识性、文化性和教育性;四、文章内容积极向上,贴近学生生活。题型设置上前三篇为选择型阅读,近两年的中考题新调整之后A篇为应用文,B篇为记叙文,C篇为说明文;D篇为任务型阅读,2018年考查的形式是还原段落,20112017年考查的形式是还原句子。,PART02方法帮,方法帮,类型1选择型阅读理解(1)细节理解题关键词法有关基本信息的题目,答案几乎可以直接从原文中获得,找到关键词即可找到原文中含相关信息的句子。查读法先看题目,带着问题读文章,从而快速寻找答案。在阅读时,标记出who(何人),what(何事),when(何时),where(何地),how(如何),why(为何)等常考的细节内容,以便解题时迅速、准确地查找。(2)推理判断题理解文章内容不仅要弄懂字面意思,更要理解引申意义,通过作者所给的提示进行合理的推理和判断。以原文为依据要在原文内容的基础上进行合理推测,不能掺杂个人观点。排除法推理判断题通常有一定的难度,可以采用排除法,逐一排除错误选项,作出最终选择。,方法帮,(3)词义猜测题利用上下文语境指定词的含义,往往在上下文中有体现,可借助上下文进行推测。利用定义或解释性的线索有些生词之后有对该词进行解释、说明的短语或句子,利用它们可猜出词义。利用文章的逻辑关系并列、对比、因果、转折等逻辑关系有助于理解指定词的含义,注意标志词but,or,however,so,because等。利用构词法熟记一些前缀、后缀所表达的意思,不仅可以扩大词汇量,而且可以帮助我们猜测词义。,方法帮,(4)主旨大意题主旨大意题考查学生对全文或某一段落的整体把握能力,考查方法有:归纳文章(或段落)大意,概括中心思想或选择文章标题等。做这类试题时,可遵循以下几种方法:抓主题句很多文章都有主题句,抓住了主题句也就抓住了文章的中心。主题句通常在文章开头或结尾,因此要仔细阅读文章的首尾句。抓高频词文章都是围绕一个主题展开的,因此文章中会反复出现一个中心词,即高频词,抓住了它,也就抓住了文章的中心。注意绝对化用词选项中如果出现绝对化用词,可以直接排除该选项。以偏概全不能选干扰项中往往出现文章中提到的某一点或某一部分,这类选项以偏概全,不能作为正确选项。,方法帮,【典例1】2018河南中考,阅读C篇Thespringseasonbringswarmweather,flowersandotherchangesforpeopletoenjoy.Forsomerestaurantcooks,themostexcitingspringarrivalisramps.RampsareawildplantintheeasternmountainsofNorthAmerica.Theyareoneofthefirstplantsthatgrowinthespring,usuallybetweenAprilandMay.Theyarerecognized(识别)bytheirredstem(茎),andtwolongandwidegreenleaves.Theyarealsofamousfortheirstrongtaste,similartoonions(洋葱).Rampsarenotaswell-knownasothervegetables,buttheyhavealonghistoryintheUnitedStates.IntheAppalachianMountains,rampshavebeenanimportantfoodforalongtime.Duringspring,itiscommonforsmalltownsintheAppalachianareatoholdlargerampdinnersforthecommunity.However,overthelast30years,rampspopularityhasgrownquickly.Theyarenowahighly-desiredvegetableformanynicerestaurantsincitieslikeNewYorkandWashingtonD.C.,方法帮,Onereasontheplantispopularisthatitgrowsinthewild.Itisdifficulttogrowthemonfarms.Mostrestaurantsgetthemfromforagers,whocollectrampsbysearchingforestsforsomesmallpiecesoflandwheretheygrow.Rampshaveashortseason.Withinafewweeksoffullgrowth,theplantisdonefortheyear.Thisshortlifeissomereasonfortheirpopularity.AndthatpopularitycouldleadtotheirdisappearancefromEarth.In1995,thelocalgovernmentinQuebec,Canada,stoppedpeoplesellingtheplanttobusinessesinordertoprotecttheplantagainstbeingover-dug.Theseasonisshort,butithasnotendedyet.Ifyouareintherightplace,youstillhavetimetotryatasteoframpsyourself.,方法帮,根据材料内容选择最佳答案。56.WhyarerampssopopularinNorthAmerica?A.Becausetheygrowinspring.B.Becausetheyhaveagoodtaste.C.Becausetheyarehardtoget.D.Becausetheyhavealonghistory.57.Whichofthefollowingisthepictureofaramp?,方法帮,58.Whatdoesthewordtheyreferto(指的是)?A.foragersB.rampsC.customersD.restaurants59.Whywerepeoplestoppedfromsellingrampstobusinesses?A.Becauserampswereingreatdanger.B.Becauserampssmellpollutedtheair.C.Becauseitcosttoomuchtogrowramps.D.Becausethegovernmentwantedtomakemoney.60.Whatsthebesttitleforthetext?A.AmericansgocrazyforrampsinthespringB.AmericanshavediscoveredanewvegetableC.RampswereoncepopularinNorthAmericaD.Rampswillsoonbeenjoyedallovertheworld,方法帮,【短文大意】本文是关于北美野韭(ramps)的介绍。它是生长在北美东部山区的一种野生植物。本文介绍了它的特征、味道以及受欢迎的原因等方面的内容。56.C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第五段中的Onereasontheplantispopularisthatitgrowsinthewild.Itisdifficulttogrowthemonfarms可知答案为C。57.D【解析】考查细节理解及学生的图文转换能力。根据第二段中的Theyarerecognized(识别)bytheirredstem(茎),andtwolongandwidegreenleaves可知,对应的图片是D。58.B【解析】考查学生的推理判断能力。结合上下文可知,此处they指代的是ramps。59.A【解析】考查学生的推理判断能力。根据第六段中的AndthatpopularitycouldleadtotheirdisappearancefromEarth以及.stoppedpeoplesellingtheplanttobusinessesinordertoprotecttheplantagainstbeingover-dug可推断,不让人们再售卖这种植物是因为它濒临灭绝了。故答案为A。60.A【解析】本题属于标题归纳题,考查学生对材料信息的归纳总结能力。通读全文可知,本文介绍了一种名叫北美野韭的植物,它在春天生长,美国人很喜欢吃这种植物,故A项最适合作本文的标题。,方法帮,【典例2】2017河南中考,阅读B篇NotonlykidsofTigerMomsgotoHarvard.DawnLogginsofLawndale,N.C.,isonherwaytoHarvard,oneoftheeightworld-famousuniversitiesintheeasternUS.Nobodyencouragedhertostudyorpaidforherspecialclasses.Thisgirlcreatedherownfuture.Theteenwasabandonedbyherfamilylastsummer,whenherparentsandtwosistersmovedtoTennessee.Shefoundherselfhomelessandhadtospendthenightonfriendssofas.TheschoolbusdriverlearnedaboutDawnssituationandinvitedDawntomoveinwithherfamily.Soon,DawnhadajobatBurnsHighSchool.Sheworkedfrom6a.m.to7:40a.m.beforethefirstschoolbellrang.Shesweptfloorsandpickeduptrashagainintheafternoons,beforedivinginto(全心投入)herstudiesintheevenings.,方法帮,Dawnshardworkpaidoff.Shefinishedschoolwitha3.9GPAandscored2,110ontheSAT.ThereweretimeswhenIfeltlikeitwouldbeeasiestifIgaveup,the18-year-oldsaid.Butitwasneverinmetogiveup,becauseIrealizedthatIwasnevergoingtobesuccessfulunlessIgotaneducation.EvenbeforeDawnsfamilylefther,sheledadifficultlife.Herfamilywaspoorandcupsofnoodleswereoftentheonlyfood.Dawnstudiedbycandlelightbecauseherparentscouldntaffordtopaytheelectricitybill(电费).Dawnhasnowreconnectedwithherfamily.Theyreproudofheraccomplishments(成就)andareattendingherhighschoolgraduation.,方法帮,根据材料内容选择最佳答案。51.WhydidntDawngiveupherstudies?A.Toreconnectwithherfamily.B.Tothankthosewhohadhelpedher.C.Togetaneducationtobesuccessful.D.TorealizeherdreamofgoingtoHarvard.52.WhohelpedDawnwhenshefoundherselfhomeless?A.Herteachers.B.Herneighbors.C.ATigerMom.D.Aschoolbusdriver.,方法帮,53.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordabandonedmeaninChinese?A.宠爱B.抛弃C.鼓励D.虐待54.WhichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribesDawn?A.Open-minded.B.Good-natured.C.Strong-willed.D.Warm-hearted.55.Whatsthebesttitleforthetext?A.AnotherHarvardgirlB.AgirlincandlelightC.FromhomelesstoHarvardD.TheroleofTigerMoms,方法帮,【短文大意】DawnLoggins被家人抛弃,无家可归,一位好心的校车司机收留了她。Dawn意识到如果自己不接受教育就不会成功,所以她努力学习,最终以优异的成绩考取了哈佛大学。51.C【解析】考查细节理解。根据倒数第三段中的Butitwasneverinmetogiveup,becauseIrealizedthatIwasnevergoingtobesuccessfulunlessIgotaneducation可知答案为C。52.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第四段中的TheschoolbusdriverlearnedaboutDawnssituationandinvitedDawntomoveinwithherfamily可知答案为D。53.B【解析】本题属于词义猜测题,考查学生根据材料内容对所给词汇进行猜测的能力。结合下文中的Shefoundherselfhomeless可推断,Dawn被她的家人抛弃了,故答案为B。54.C【解析】考查学生的推理判断能力。Dawn面对生活的种种磨难,自强不息,结合整篇文章内容可推测,Dawn应是一个意志坚强的人,故答案为C。55.C【解析】本题属于标题归纳题,考查学生对材料信息的归纳总结能力。通读全文可知,四个选项中只有C项从无家可归到哈佛大学最能概括文章的内容,故选C。,方法帮,类型2任务型阅读理解方法一根据题目特点,巧用答题步骤1.先读选项,初步排序;2.详读文章,逻辑推理;3.试填答案,先易后难;4.回读文章,再次确认。方法二关键词法细读五个选项,找出关键词,再去原文中查读相对应的关键词,关键词在文中通常出现在空格处的上句或下句,由此可初步确定答案。,方法帮,方法三过渡词法为使行文连贯,结构清晰,文章中常常会使用一些过渡词,如besides,then,but,however,and,first,second,third等。利用过渡词可以提高答题效率。方法四选项排序法分析选项间的逻辑关系,结合文章内容逻辑,给选项排序,该顺序可作为回填的初步顺序。方法五代入法不知道怎么选时,可以分别把五个选项代入空格处试读,看哪个读起来通顺且符合逻辑,由此选出正确选项并以此类推。,方法帮,【典例1】2018河南中考,阅读D篇DearLinda,61.AsItoldyouyesterday,IaminRometoday.TomorrowwearegettingthetraindownintothesouthofthecountryandthentheshipacrosstoGreece.62.WestartedinEnglandandwespenttwodaysinLondonandanotherdayinCanterbury.Wesawalotofgreathistoryandtheonlybadthingwastheweatheritrainedforthewholetimewewerethere.Canyoubelieveit?63.,方法帮,Well,IhavetosayIprefertheAmericanDisneyland.ButwemetsomenicepeoplefromCanadaandspenttwogreatdayswiththem.Oneofthem,Clive,isgoingtoyouruniversitynextyear.Howsthatforacoincidence(巧合)!64.Afterthat,wewentsouthintoSwitzerland.Itwasveryexpensiveandwecouldntstayaslongaswewantedto,sothatswhywereinItalynow!65.Seeyousoon.Mike,方法帮,根据材料内容,从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项,使文章意思通顺、内容完整。A.OK,thatsenoughfrommefornow.Iwanttopostthisletternowsoyoucangetitbytheweekend.B.IcantwaittoarriveinAthenstoseeallthathistory.Letmetellyousomethingaboutwherewehavevisitedsofar.Iknowyouwanttocomehereonvacationtoooneday!C.CliveandhiswifeleftusoncewegottoGermanybytrain.TheywentupintoDenmarkbutwecontinuedtoMunich.Wowwhatagreatcity!Iboughtyouasurprisegiftthere.Ihopeyoulikeit.,方法帮,D.AtleastwhenwegottoParis,thesunwasshining!WeonlystayedforoneafternoonintheFrenchcapitalbecausemyfriendsreallywantedtovisitEuroDisneywhichistotheeastofParis.E.Howarethingswithyou?Itwasgreattalkingtoyouyesterdaybyphone.,方法帮,【短文大意】本文是Mike写给Linda的一封信,他在信中讲述了自己在旅行中的经历和见闻。【备选项释义】A.好了,现在这些关于我的信息已经足够。我现在要把这封信寄出去,这样你在周末前就可以收到了。B.我迫不及待想到雅典去了解那些历史。让我告诉你到目前为止我们参观的一些情况吧。我知道你也想有朝一日到这里来度假。C.我们乘火车一到德国,克莱夫和他的妻子就离开我们了。他们北上去丹麦了,但是我们继续去了慕尼黑。噢多么漂亮的一个城市啊!我在那里给你买了一个惊喜礼物。我希望你会喜欢它。D.至少当我们到达巴黎的时候,阳光明媚。我们在法国首都只待了一个下午,因为我的朋友们非常想去位于巴黎东边的欧洲迪士尼乐园。E.你一切还顺利吗?昨天给你打电话真的非常愉快。,方法帮,【答案解析】61.E本篇材料是一封书信,挖空处位于书信正文的第一段,一般开头处会是问候;第二段的开头为AsItoldyouyesterday,由此可知E选项中的Itwasgreattalkingtoyouyesterdaybyphone与其呼应。62.B根据地理常识可知希腊的首都是雅典,第二段末尾提及了thentheshipacrosstoGreece,由此可知B选项中的IcantwaittoarriveinAthens.与之衔接最紧密。63.D根据挖空处下一段的首句Well,IhavetosayIprefertheAmericanDisneyland可知D选项中提及的EuroDisney是作者比较的对象。64.C挖空处的上一段出现了Clive,挖空处后提及了Afterthat,wewentsouthintoSwitzerland。C选项中提及了Clive,并谈及了Clive与作者不同的行程安排,所以C选项放在此处衔接自然。65.A结合挖空后的Seeyousoon可知信已写到末尾。所以A选项中谈及要寄出信等就合乎情理。,方法帮,【典例2】2017河南中考,阅读D篇Startinghighschoolisagreatexperienceforanyteenager.Whetheryouarecomingfromamiddleschool(gradessixthrougheight)orajuniorhighschool(gradesseventhroughnine),therearemanythingsabouthighschoolthataredifferentfromyouroldschoolenvironment.61.Youwillfacebeinginanewschool,makingnewfriendsinanunfamiliarclassandgettingtoknownewteachers.Thesenewteacherswillusuallyhavehigheracademic(学术的)levelsthanyourmiddleandjunior-highschoolteachers.62.Inreturn,theyexpectyoutoworkhardanddevelopyourskills.,方法帮,Ontopofallthis,peerpressure(同伴压力)todrinkandsmokeoftenincreasesinhighschool.63.Althoughthereisalotofpressure,itisnothingyoucannotdealwith.Ifyouarefeelingpressuretodosomethingthatyoufeeliswrong,talktoafriend,parent,orcounselortofindasolution(解决方法).64.Ifyouarenotsucceedingacademically,findsomeonetohelpyou.Ifyoufeellonely,trytojoinaschoolcluborgrouptomakenewfriends.65.Withtime,youwillcometobethankfulforeverythingaboutyourexperience.Onthepointofstartingyourhighschool,areyouready?,方法帮,根据材料内容,从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项,使短文意思通顺、内容完整。A.Youwillexperiencemanychanges.B.Theywanttohelpyougetintocollege.C.Highschoolmayseemdiscouragingatfirst.D.Theyaretheretohelpyougetintothisgreatnewtimeinyourlife.E.Besides,thepressurecouldalsocomefromgrades,lonelinessandsoon.,方法帮,【短文大意】本文为即将进入高中的学生提出了一些建议。【备选项释义】A.你会经历很多变化。B.他们想要帮助你进入大学。C.起初,高中(生活)也许看起来令人沮丧。D.他们会在那里帮助你适应你生活中美好的新时期。E.除此之外,压力还可能来自分数、孤独等。,方法帮,【答案解析】61.A文章第一段中提及了上高中对于任何一个青少年来说都是一次重要的体验,有很多高中里的事情和原来的学校不同。下面两段讲的是可能会面临的不同体验,所以A选项放在此处符合逻辑。62.B上文说Thesenewteacherswillusuallyhavehigheracademic(学术的)levelsthanyourmiddleandjunior-highschoolteachers,下文说Inreturn,theyexpectyoutoworkhardanddevelopyourskills,由此可以看出B选项中的they指的是Thesenewteachers,此处是说,这些老师想要帮助你升入大学。63.E第三段首句提到了同学让你喝酒、抽烟的压力。设空处应是说,当然,压力不限于这些,还有来自分数和孤独等的压力。64.D第四段说的是升入高中后遇到问题时的解决之道。设空前提到,如果觉得过得不如意,你可以向朋友、家长或导师倾诉,故空处应为他们会帮助你适应新的生活。65.C有了C选项起初,高中(生活)也许看起来令人沮丧,才会有设空处后面的假以时日你会感谢你所经历的一切。,
展开阅读全文