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.可编辑修改，可打印别找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育资料全册教案，试卷，教学课件，教学设计等一站式服务全力满足教学需求，真实规划教学环节最新全面教学资源，打造完美教学模式Module 1 How to learn EnglishUnit 1 Lets try to speak English as much as possible让我们尽可能多地讲英语Welcome back, everyone!同学们，欢迎回来！Today, were going to talk about good ways to learn English.今天，我们打算谈论一下学习英语的好方法。Ready?准备好了吗？Who has some advice?谁有一些建议?We should always speak English in class.在课堂上我们应该总是讲英语。Good! Lets try to speak English as much as possible.好！让我们尽可能多地讲英语。Why not write down the mistakes in our notebooks?为什么不在我们的笔记本上记下错误呢？Thats a good idea. And dont forget to write down the correct answers next to the mistakes. What else?那是个好主意，而且不要忘记在错误旁边写上正确的答案。还有其他的什么吗？Its a good idea to spell and pronounce new words aloud every day.每天大声拼读生词是一个好主意。Thanks a lot, Lingling. How about listening to the radio?非常感谢你，玲玲。听广播怎么样？Yes, thats good for our pronunciation too. But there are so many new words.是的，那也有益于我们的发音。但有很多生词。You dont need to understand every word. You just need to listen for key words and main ideas.你们不必理解每个单词（的含义）。你们只需要听关键词和主要意思。Thats the same for reading. English stories are so interesting. I get to know a lot about the world through reading.阅读也一样。英语故事如此有趣。通过阅读我逐渐了解了世界上的许多事情。I think writing is also important. Why dont we try to find some English pen friends? We can write to them.我认为写作也很重要。我们为什么不尽量去找些讲英语的笔友呢？我们可以给他们写信。Excellent! I agree with you.太棒了！我同意你（的提议）。Unit 2 You should smile at her!你应该向她微笑！Many students ask for advice about how to improve their English.很多学生咨询如何提高他们英语水平的建议。Here are three questions.这儿是三个基本问题。The first question is about understanding English films and songs.第一个问题是关于理解英文电影和歌曲的问题。Li Hao from Hubei wrote, “I like watching English films and listening to English songs, but I can only understand a little. What can I do?”来自湖北的李浩写道：“我喜欢看英文电影，听英文歌曲，但我只能理解一点儿。我可以怎么做呢？”Watching films and listening to songs are great ways to learn English!看电影和听歌曲是学习英语的很好的方式！Watch and listen several times, and guess the meaning of the new words.看上或听上几遍，并猜测生词的含义。Each time you will learn something new.每一遍你都会学到新东西。I also advise you to talk about the films or songs with your friends.我还建议你和朋友们谈论一下这些电影或歌曲。The second question is about speaking.第二个问题是关于说的。Wang Fan from Jilin wrote, “Our school has a teacher from the US. I am shy and I am afraid to speak to her. What should I do?”来自吉林的王帆写道：“我们学校有一位来自美国的老师。我很腼腆，不敢与她说话。我该怎么办呢？”You can say, “Hello! How are you?” “Do you like China?” These are good ways to start a conversation.你可以说：“嗨！你好吗？”“你喜欢中国吗？”这些都是展开交谈的好方式。And before you begin, you should smile at her!在你开始（讲英语）前，你应该向她微笑！Remember this: Do not be shy. Just try.记住这一点：不要害羞，去试一试。The third question is about vocabulary.第三个问题是关于词汇的。Zhang Lei from Anhui wrote, “I write down new words, but I forget them quickly. How can I remember them?”来自安徽的张雷写道：“我写下生词，但我很快就忘记了它们。我怎样才能记住它们呢？”Do not worry. It is natural to forget new words!不用担心，忘记生词是很自然的！I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.我建议你每天把4个或5个单词写在纸片上并放在你的房间里。Read the words when you see them, and try to use them.看到这些单词的时候就读一读，并且尽量使用它们。Module 2 My hometown and my country我的家乡和我的国家Unit 1 Its taller than many other buildings.它比许多其他建筑物都高。Hey, Daming! How was your weekend? 嘿，大明！你的周末过得怎么样？Pretty good！I went to Shenzhen. 很好！我去深圳了。Wheres Shenzhen? 深圳在哪儿？Well, its on the coast near Hong Kong. 哦，它在靠近香港的海岸线上。It was a small village about thirty years ago, but today its a very big city. 大约30年前它是一个小村庄，但现在它是一个非常大的城市。So its a newer city than Hong Kong? (new-newer) 这么说它是一个比香港更新的城市？Yes, its a very new city. 是的，它是一个很新的城市。In fact, it only became important in the 1980s. 实际上，它只是在20世纪80年代才变得重要起来。Its getting bigger and busier. (big-bigger; busy-busier) 它正变得更大、更繁华。Some day it will become as busy as Hong Kong, Im sure. 我相信有一天它会变得和香港一样繁华。Whats the population of Shenzhen? 深圳的人口是多少？Its over ten million, I think. Thats larger than the population of many other cities in China. (large-larger) (be larger than) 我认为有1000多万，比中国的许多其他城市的人口都多。Its streets are much wider and cleaner too.(wide-wider; clean-cleaner) 它的街道也更宽、更干净。I think its a beautiful city. 我认为它是一个美丽的城市。Id like to go there one day. 我想有一天去那里。Remember to visit the Diwang Tower. Its taller than many other buildings in Shenzhen.(tall-taller) (be taller than) 记住去参观一下帝王大厦，它比深圳的许多其他建筑物都高。Unit 2 Cambridge is a beautiful city in the east of England.剑桥是英格兰东部一座美丽的城市。Cambridge, London and England剑桥、伦敦和英格兰I come from Cambridge, a beautiful city in the east of England. 我来自剑桥，一个位于英格兰东部的美丽的城市。It is on the River Cam and has a population of about 120,000. 它位于康河河畔，人口大约12万。My hometown is especially famous for its university. 我的家乡尤以它的大学而闻名。(be famous for) Many famous people studied here, such as Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin. 许多名人在这儿学习过，比如艾萨克牛顿和查尔斯达尔文。There are lots of old buildings and churches to visit. 这儿有许多古老的建筑和教堂可以参观。Students and tourists enjoy trips along the river by boat. 学生和游客们喜欢乘船沿河旅行。Cambridge is 80 kilometres from London. 剑桥距离伦敦80千米。London is in the south of England and it is on the River Thames. 伦敦在英格兰的南部，位于泰晤士河畔。It has a population of about seven and a half million, so it is bigger and busier than Cambridge. 伦敦人口大约750万，所以它比剑桥更大、更繁华。It is about 2000 years old, and it is famous for Big Ben, Buckingham Palace and Tower Bridge. 伦敦有大约2000年的历史。它以大本钟、白金汉宫和塔桥而闻名。England itself is part of an island, and you are always near the sea. 英格兰本身是一个岛的一部分，（在那儿）你总是在大海附近。The small villages and beaches on the coast are popular for holidays. 海岸上的小村庄和海滩是度假很受欢迎的地方。Tourists like the areas of low mountains and beautiful lakes in the north, and the hills and pretty villages in the south. 游客们喜欢北部低矮的山区和美丽的湖泊，喜欢南部的小山和美丽的村庄。Everywhere in England you will notice how green the countryside is. 在英格兰的任何地方你都会注意到乡村是那么绿。It is never very hot in summer or very cold in winter. （在英格兰），夏天从不很热，冬天也不很冷。So come and see England any time of the year, but bring an umbrella with you. You will need it most days. 所以在一年的任何时间（你）都可以来看英格兰，但要随身带一把雨伞，大多数日子里你需要它。Module 3 Sports运动Unit 1 Nothing is more exciting than playing tennis. 没有什么比打网球更令人兴奋。Hey, Tony. Come and watch the football match on TV! 嘿，托尼。过来观看电视上的足球比赛！OK. Whats the score? 好。比分是多少？Spain scored a minute ago. 一分钟之前西班牙对得分了。Wow! Thats fast! 哇！太快了！Thats right. Last week the match on TV was so boring because no one scored at all. So this weeks match is already more exciting. 是呀。上周电视上的比赛太枯燥了，因为根本没有人进球。所以这周的比赛已经更令人兴奋了。Whats the matter with you, Tony? You look tired. 你怎么了，托尼？你看起来很疲倦。Im really tired after last nights tennis match. And I hurt my knee. 昨天晚上的网球比赛之后我确实很累，我还伤到了我的膝盖。Thats too bad! Sit down and watch the match. Its safer than playing tennis. (safesafer) 太糟糕了！坐下来看比赛吧，这比打网球更安全。Yes, watching is not dangerous and its more relaxing too! 是呀，观看比赛没有危险，也使人更加放松！Well, Im not sure about that. Nothing is more enjoyable than playing tennis. 哦，我不认为是那样。没有什么比打网球更令人愉快。But you enjoyed watching the Olympics on TV, right? 但你喜欢在电视上观看奥林匹克运动会，对吗？Yes, but thats because it was cheaper than buying tickets for all the games.（cheap-cheaper）是的，但那是因为对所有比赛来说，通过电视看（比赛）比买票看（比赛）更便宜。And staying at home was easier than going to the stadium. Oh, look at that！(easy-比较级：easier) 待在家中比去体育场更容易。哦，看！Oh, he missed！Oh, bad luck! 哦，他未射中！哦，运气太差了！Never mind. Theres still plenty of time for them to score. 没有关系。还有很多时间，他们可以得分。Unit 2 This year we practice more carefully.今年我们练习得更认真。Training hard努力训练It is Saturday tomorrow, but I am going to school. 明天是星期六，但我要去学校。I am not going for lessons, but to play football. 我并非去上课，而是去踢足球。I am in our school team and we are going to play against another school next week. 我在校（足球）队，下周我们要与另一所学校比赛。The practice starts at 10 am. 练习从上午10点开始。We all arrive as early as we can so that we have time to warm up. 我们都尽可能早地到校，以便我们有时间做准备活动。We are training harder than usual because the other team beat us last year. 我们比平常更加努力地训练，因为另一支球队去年打败过我们。(hard-harder) This year we want to do better. 今年我们想踢得更好。It is more difficult to practice in winter because the days are short and the weather is cold too. 在冬天训练更加困难，因为白天短，天气也寒冷。It gets dark earlier, so it is important not to be late for after-school practice. (earlyearlier) 夜幕降临得更早，所以不要误了课外训练很重要。Our coach is pleased because we are playing better as a team now. (good-better-best) 我们的教练很高兴，因为现在我们整个足球队配合得更好。Last year we were sometimes careless when we passed the ball and we lost to the other team in the final match. 去年我们在传球的时候有时很粗心，在决赛中我们输给了另一支球队。What a pity！多么可惜啊！This year we practice more carefully. 今年我们更加认真地训练。That means we have a better chance of winning. 那意味着我们有更好的获胜机会。The fan club has fewer people this year. （fewfewer）今年球迷俱乐部的人更少了。We hope to play well so that we have more fans to watch the matches. 我们希望把球踢好，以便我们有更多的球迷观看比赛。It is good to have our fans around. They cheer us on loudly and we feel more confident to win the game. (confidentmore confident) 有我们的球迷在身边很好，他们大声为我们加油，我们更有信心赢得比赛。Module 4 Planes, ships and trains飞机、轮船和火车Unit 1 He lives the farthest from school.他住的离学校最远。I was late for school today. 今天我上学迟到了。Why? What happened? 为什么？发生什么事了？I took the bus. 我坐公共汽车。(take 过去式：took) There was a road accident, and the traffic was very heavy. 路上出了交通事故，且交通很拥挤。But nobody was late, except me. 但除了我，没有别人迟到。Maybe I should go to school by taxi. 或许我应该坐出租车去学校。Its the most comfortable way, but its also the most expensive. 那是最舒服的方式，但也是最贵的。Then what about going by bike? (what about+ving)那么骑自行车去怎么样？ Thats a good choice, but its a bit dangerous. 那是个不错的选择，但有点危险。Theres so much traffic. 交通那么拥挤。But most of my classmates ride bikes, and its quite safe. 但我的大部分同学都骑自行车，而且相当安全。Dont worry. Ill be careful. (Ill= I will)不用担心，我会小心的。 How does Tony go to school? 托尼怎么去上学？He lives the farthest from school, so he takes the underground. (far-farther-farthest)他住的离学校最远，因此他坐地铁去。 (坐地铁take the underground)And what about Lingling? 玲玲呢？Her home is the closest to school, so she walks. (closecloser-closest)她的家离学校最近，因此她步行。 How about Daming? 大明呢？He goes by bus too, the same as me. 他也和我一样坐公共汽车去。But its so crowded! And the traffic is heavy. 但那么拥挤！而且交通繁忙。All right. You can ride your bike to school, but remember to be careful all the time. 好的。你可以骑自行车去学校，但记着始终要小心。Unit 2 What is the best way to travel?旅行的最佳方式是什么?Question: What is the best way to travel from London to Amsterdam?问题：从伦敦到阿姆斯特丹旅行的最佳方式是什么？I am planning to travel from London to Amsterdam. 我打算从伦敦到阿姆斯特丹旅行。How long does the journey take and what is the best way to travel? 旅程花费多长时间？最佳的旅行方式是什么？Could you please tell me about the trains or ships to get there? 你能告诉我坐火车或乘船到那里的情况吗？The more information, the better. 信息越多，越好。Thanks! 谢谢。Best answer: There are four ways to travel. 最佳答案：有四种旅行方式。A journey by train is more relaxing than by coach, but a lot more expensive. 乘坐火车的旅程比乘坐长途公共汽车轻松，但比其贵多了。When you go by train, buy your ticket a long time before you travel. 当你坐火车去时，旅行前很长时间买票。It is usually cheaper. 这通常更便宜。You can go by car and by ship across the North Sea. 你可以乘小汽车及轮船穿过北海。This is the most comfortable way to travel but also the most expensive. 这是最舒服的旅行方式，但也是最昂贵的。Book your ticket before you book your hotel. 在预定你的旅馆之前先订票。Remember that parking in Amsterdam is very expensive, so stay outside the city centre and travel in by bus or by train. 记住在阿姆斯特丹停车很贵，因此住在市中心外面，坐公共汽车或火车旅行。The third choice is by coach. 第三个选择是乘长途公共汽车。This is usually the cheapest, but in summer the coaches sometimes get crowded! 这通常是最便宜的，但夏天公共汽车有时很拥挤！And it takes you about twelve hours to get there. 你花费大约12个小时到那里。However, it will not cost as much as going by train. 然而，它花费不如坐火车多。Finally, you can fly. 最后，你可以坐飞机。It is the fastest and the second cheapest, but you may have to wait for hours at the airport because of bad weather. 它是最快的且是第二便宜的，但因为恶劣天气你可能必须在机场等数小时。Well, I hope this helps! Have a great trip! 好吧，我希望这能有帮助！旅行愉快！Module 5 Lao She Teahouse老舍茶馆Unit 1 I wanted to see the Beijing Opera.我想看京剧。Betty: Lingling and I went to Lao She Teahouse last night. 贝蒂：昨天晚上我和玲玲去了老舍茶馆。Tony: How was it? 托尼：它怎么样？Betty: It was great! You know, I wanted to see the Beijing Opera, so Lingling offered to take me there. We drank tea and watched an opera. 贝蒂：非常好! 你知道，我想看京剧，因此玲玲提议带我去那儿。我们边喝茶边看戏。Tony: Did you understand the opera? 托尼：你懂这部戏吗？Betty: No, it was difficult to understand the words. But the actors and actresses were excellent. 贝蒂：不，很难听懂词。但是那些男女演员很棒。Tony: How long did you stay? 托尼：你们待了多长时间？Betty: We only planned to watch for an hour, but in the end, we stayed for three hours. 贝蒂：我们本来计划仅看一个小时，但最后我们待了三个小时。Tony: Did you enjoy it? 托尼：你喜欢它吗？Betty: Well, it was interesting-thats the main thing. I hope to understand more next time. 贝蒂：嗯，它很有意思-那是主要的事情。我希望下次懂得更多。Tony: Do you often go to see the Beijing Opera, Lingling? 托尼：玲玲，你经常去看京剧吗？Lingling: No, I dont. I wanted to take Betty to the teahouse because its famous. 玲玲：不，我不经常看。我想带贝蒂看看茶馆，因为它很有名。Tony: Who is Lao She? 托尼：老舍是谁?Betty: No idea. Ask lingling. 贝蒂：不知道。问玲玲。Lingling: Lao She is a great writer. Hes especially famous for his play Teahouse. 玲玲：老舍是一位伟大的作家。他尤其以他的话剧茶馆而著名。Unit 2 It describes the changes in Chinese society.它描写的是中国社会的变化。Teahouse is one of Lao Shes most famous plays. 茶馆是老舍最著名的话剧之一。He wrote it in 1957. 他是在1957年写的。The play has three acts and shows the lives of common people in China from the end of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century. 该剧有三幕，展示的是从19世纪末到20世纪中期中国普通人的生活。It tells us the story of Wang Lifa and the customers of his teahouse in Beijing. 它给我们讲述的是王利发和他的顾客在他的北京茶馆里的故事。It describes the changes in Chinese society over fifty years. 它描写了20世纪初期50多年里中国社会的变化。Lao She was born in Beijing in 1899. 1899年老舍生于北京。His mother sent him to a teachers school in 1913. 1913年他母亲把他送到一所师范学校。After finishing school in 1918, he became a head teacher of a primary school. 1918年完成学业后，他成了一名小学校长。In 1924, Lao She left home and went to England. 1924年老舍离开家去了英国。He taught Chinese at a college in London and returned to China five years later. 他在伦敦的一所大学里教汉语，5年后返回中国。He wrote many plays, novels and short stories about peoples lives, and was named “the Peoples Artist”. 他写了许多关于人们生活的话剧、小说和短篇小说，他被誉为“人民艺术家”。Lao She is one of the greatest Chinese writers of the twentieth century. 老舍是20世纪最伟大的中国作家之一。At Lao She Teahouse today, customers can drink tea and eat delicious Beijing food. 在今天的老舍茶馆里，顾客们可以边喝茶边吃可口的北京食品。If you like the Beijing Opera, traditional music or magic shows, you can enjoy them at the teahouse. 如果你喜欢京剧、传统音乐或魔术表演，你可以在茶馆里欣赏到它们。Lao She Teahouse gives a warm welcome to everyone from all over the world. 老舍茶馆热情欢迎来自全世界的每一个人。Module 6 Animals in danger 濒危动物Unit 1 It allows people to get closer to them. 那儿允许人们接近它们。Lingling and Betty are leaving the zoo. 玲玲和贝蒂正要离开动物园。Lingling: Did you like the zoo? 玲玲：你喜欢这个动物园吗？Betty: Yes! I saw the pandas at last! But I am more interested to see the pandas in the Wolong Panda Reserve, because it allows people to get closer to them. 贝蒂：喜欢！我终于见到熊猫了！但我对在卧龙熊猫保护区里看到熊猫更感兴趣，因为那儿允许人们接近它们。Lingling: Its sad to think of the pandas and other animals in danger. 玲玲：想起熊猫和其他濒危动物就让人伤心。Betty: We need to protect them better. 贝蒂：我们需要更好地保护它们。Lingling: Yes. Many wild animals dont have a safe place to live, because villages and farms are growing bigger and are taking away their land and forests. 玲玲：是的。很多野生动物没有安全的地方居住，因为村庄和农场正在扩大，侵占了它们的土地和森林。Betty: Also, often there isnt enough clean water, because weve made it dirty. I think we all need to help animals live in peace. Look, theres a notice. 贝蒂：还有，经常没有足够的干净的水，因为我们已经把它弄脏了。我想我们都需要帮助动物们平静地生活。看，有个告示。Lingling: It says, “Help! We want to save animals in danger, and we need your help.” 玲玲：告示上写着：“求助！我们想拯救濒危动物，我们需要你的帮助。”Betty: But what can we do? 贝蒂：但我们能做什么呢？Lingling: It says, “Your money pays to look after the animals.” That means we can give money to help protect the animals. 玲玲：告示上写着：“你的钱用于照看动物。”这句话的意思是我们可以捐钱帮助保护动物。Betty: Maybe we can raise some money at school. Lets find out what else we can do to save as many animals as possible. 贝蒂：或许我们可以在学校筹集一些钱。让我们想清楚我们还能做什么来拯救尽可能多的动物。Unit 2 The WWF is working hard to save them all.世界自然基金会正在努力拯救它们。为熊猫建立的自然公园-Nature parks for pandas世界自然基金会和濒危动物-WWF and animals in danger熊猫的家园-The pandas home一种濒危动物-An animal in dangerPandas are in danger. 熊猫是濒危动物。There are only about 1,600 pandas living in the wild today. 现在，大约仅有1600只熊猫生活在野外。Zoos and research centres are looking after about 340 pandas. 动物园和研究中心照料着约340只熊猫。Pandas do no have many babies, and baby pandas often die. 熊猫产崽不多，而且幼崽经常夭折。The situation is getting very difficult. 形势正变得很严峻。Scientists are doing a lot of research to help pandas produce more babies and help baby pandas live. 科学家们正在做大量的研究工作来帮助熊猫多产仔，并帮助幼崽活下来。Pandas live in the forests and mountains of Southwest China. 熊猫生活在中国西南部的森林和山区中。Each panda needs to eat a lot of bamboo every day. 每只熊猫每天要吃大量的竹子。The bamboo forests are getting smaller, so pandas are losing their home. 竹林的面积正在缩小，所以熊猫正在失去它们的家园。And there are not many pandas left. 而且（现在）所剩熊猫并不多。In order to protect pandas in the wild, the government is setting up nature parks and developing other plans. 为了保护野外的熊猫，政府正在建造自然公园，也在制订其他的计划。The nature parks will be big and there will be more bamboo to feed the pandas. 自然公园的面积将会扩大。也会有更多的竹子来喂养熊猫。Pandas born in zoos may go back to live in the nature parks. 出生在动物园里的熊猫也可能回到自然公园里生活。The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) wants to protect all animals. 世界自然基金会（WWF）想要保护所有的动物。And it chose the panda to be its symbol. 而且它选择熊猫作为它的标志。We do not want to lose tigers, elephants or any other animals, so the WWF is working hard to save them all. 我们不想失去老虎、大象或其他任何动物，因此世界自然基金会正在努力工作拯救所有的动物。Module 7 A famous story 一个著名的故事Unit 1 Alice was sitting with her sister by the river. 爱丽丝正和她姐姐坐在河边。Tony: Hi, Lingling! 托尼：嗨，玲玲！Lingling: Ssh! Im reading. 玲玲：嘘！我在看书呢。Tony: Sorry! Whats the book about? 托尼：抱歉！是本什么书?Lingling: Its about a girl called Alice. One day, Alice was sitting with her sister by the river and she saw a white rabbit with a watch. It ran past. 玲玲：是关于一个叫爱丽丝的女孩的故事。有一天，爱丽丝正和她姐姐坐在河边，她看到一只带着一块手表的白兔。它从旁边跑过。Tony: Why was it running? 托尼：它为什么跑？Lingling: Because it was late. 玲玲：因为它要迟到了。Tony: And where was it going? 托尼：它要去哪儿？Lingling: To see the Queen of Hearts. Alice followed it and fell down a hole in the ground. 玲玲：去看红桃王后。爱丽丝跟着它，掉进了地上的一个洞里。Tony: Yes! Then she saw the Cheshire Cat. It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone. 托尼：是的！然后她看到了柴郡猫。它坐在树上，正在朝大家微笑。Lingling: Then Alice arrived at the March Hares house. He was sitting with the Mad Hatter and a mouse. They were having a tea party in the garden. 玲玲：然后爱丽丝到了三月兔家，他正同疯帽匠和一只老鼠坐在一起。他们正在花园里举办茶会。Tony: And then Alice met the Queen of Hearts. She was playing a strange game！托尼：然后爱丽丝遇到了红桃王后，她正在玩一个奇怪的游戏！Lingling: Do you already know the book? 玲玲：你早已知道这本书了吗？Tony: Yes, its Alices Adventures in Wonderland. Everyone in Britain knows the story. 托尼：是的，这本书是爱丽丝漫游奇境记。在英国，人人都知道这个故事。Lingling: Then why did you ask me all those questions? 玲玲：那么你为什么问我那些问题？Tony: To see if you remember the story! Ha ha托尼：看一看你是否记得这个故事！哈哈Unit 2 She was thinking about her cat.她正在考虑她的猫。Alice was sitting with her sister by the river and her sister was reading a book. 爱丽丝正和她姐姐坐在河边，姐姐在看书。Alice had nothing to do. 爱丽丝没有什么事可做。Once or twice she looked into the sisters book. 她偶尔看几眼姐姐的书。 “And wha
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