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- 1 - 2000（ 20） : 133 . a in by of to to in a be is as a as as as in of on of a in a in is of at is is at to to to in of of a of to in is or of to to of is on a - 2 - be in on or is 1) be (2) 3) is is on of to as a of in or be as 1 in it in to in to 972 in of of it is to to a of is A of in 970s of on 972 973 in on of in by A 1974 of a a “ on of a by a a be by a to to an of In 980s 990s, - 3 - of of of on at no of of of to it is it of of of as a is to of to A on is on to a a of in of to is to of of or In an on be on be by of 990s, on or of 990s, “to in of on by by as N s 1 1 is as a of of At of In to as is to in - 4 - is a in of of be to be in A of by 992; 995; 997). As of of at s to 997 in of a of as on s of 2 of of a of is as in of to to s 855 to a in up to s 889. be as to In in a to 919 - 5 - be at a by in a in I. in to to in s 1944 s “a to by to of to to 980s a of in to to in of in 990s a of in of a of on in or in at as 991 ct in of to to A of to In of to in a or to at - 6 - 3 so at of to a of to of a a a of is a of on of in of so to in of of on or in at a of of of at of a a of a to as to be a to an of in an s it to be to by or s of at as of s of A of to in - 7 - to in a of of in by of if to of at or of 1998, is in a be to it to as in at 992, 399). of to be as to of to on of is on a to to in 1 I. M. 1991. 2 W. 1991. of 980s. of 7(2): 1363 1992. A to (1): 1114 1990. in 5 . 1993. in 6 1993. 7 1976. of 8 1996. a - 8 - 2000（ 20） : 133 都市规划的可持续发展 斯蒂芬惠勒 加州大学 摘 要 本文建立了这样的框架，通过调查在城市发展中应用可持续性概念及其意义 的起源，来考虑可持续发展在大城市中的情况。测量历史方法用来规划城市区域和分析环境，用在被创造区域的可持续发展规划。可持续发展被看作是需要一个历史的、长远的规划方法，以及某些直接的总政策，例如减缓城市形成，减少汽车的使用，生态系统的保护以及促进公平。基于三个样本地区的经验，研究提出了在视觉陈述、联盟建设、制度发展、政府间的激励框架、指标、公众参与和社会学习方面的一项长期战略，越来越有可能帮助创造一个可持续发展的区域环境。 关键词 高层建筑 办公大楼 巨型结构 绿色建筑 简介 可持续发展的许多方面是大都会区域 规模的最好论述。受益主体特别是区域协调，包括土地使用、运输、空气质量、水质、生态保护、便宜住房规定和维护社会公平。问题是，这种最困难的水平通常是随着政治意愿和机构能力而改变。这些困难在北美尤为巨大，那里的区域规划结构已经变淡，从而经常缺乏刺激都市地区的长期稳定性。不过，许多都市的稳定联系优先权被自主控制住了，还有更多的可能出现于未来。目前的问题是规划者，政治家，和积极分子能如何更好的发展它们或帮助它们取得成功。 正文 本文将探讨可持续发展理念的起源和它应用于城市发展的涵义，简要调查规划城市地区的历史方法，并 分析了都市可持续发展规划的可能实现条件。最大的重点是关于如何 创建一个环境使都市可持续发展规划发生，而不是在于特定技术或政策方向。这是因为 (1) 尽管具体的策略仍被争论，但许多一般可持续发展的规划方向已经众所周知； (2)现有都市可持续发展计划在北美才刚起步，很少提供评价理由； (3)许多观察家最迫切的问题是持续的努力将如何实现。以下讨论是基于文献回顾，同时与区域规划可持续发展和使用为例的三个北美都市 波特兰、多伦多及旧金山海湾，由于各种各样的进步的区域规划措施，以这样或那样的方式被看作用来推广可持续发展。 - 9 - 1 大城市的可持续发展情况 尽管它起源于 19 世纪晚期，“持续产生”的林地活动原产于德国，
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